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Ditches at the Ouse Washes nature reserve.
Ditches at the Ouse Washes nature reserve. The Ouse Washes are an area in The Fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, England. nature reserve ( natural reserve, nature preserve, natural preserve) is a Protected area of importance for Wildlife, flora
For other uses, see Ditch (disambiguation).

A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel water. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops A trench can be defined as a long narrow ditch. A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground Trenches are generally defined by being deeper than they are wide (as opposed to a wider Gully or Ditch Ditches are commonly seen around farmland especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in eastern England and the pro-water management Netherlands. In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for The Fens, also known as the Fenland, is a geographic area in eastern England, in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Roadside ditches can provide a hazard to motorists, especially in poor weather conditions. Driving is the controlled operation of a land Vehicle, usually a Motor vehicle such as a Truck or a car. The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. It is not an uncommon sight in some rural areas to see cars, motorbikes, or bicycles that have crashed into ditches, or to hear of such accidents. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind

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Fortification

In military engineering and fortification, a distinction is made between a ditch and a trench. A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for A ditch is an obstacle, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is cover, intended to provide protection to the defenders. In Military Combat, the concept of cover refers to anything which is capable of physically protecting an individual from enemy fire In Medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall to hinder mining and escalade. Medieval fortification is the military aspect of Medieval technology that covers the development of Fortification construction and use in Europe See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors Mining, undermining, or sapping was a Siege method used since antiquity against a Walled city, Fortress or Castle Escalade is the act of scaling Defensive walls or ramparts with the aid of Ladders and was a prominent feature of Siege warfare in medieval When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat. A moat is deep broad Trench, usually filled with Water, that surrounds a structure installation or town normally to provide it with a preliminary line of Later star forts of Vauban and others comprised elaborate networks of ditches and parapets, carefully calculated so that the soil for the raised earthworks was provided, as nearly as possible, entirely by the excavations whilst also maximising defensive firepower. A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to A parapet is a wall-like barrier at the edge of a Roof or structure. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of Soil or unformed rock. Fire power is a military capability to direct force at an enemy Today ditches are obsolescent as an anti-personnel obstacle, but are still often used as anti-vehicle obstacles (see also berm). A berm is a level space shelf or raised barrier separating two areas

Sustainability of drainage ditches

Drainage ditches play major roles in agriculture throughout the world. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place Improper drainage systems accelerate water contamination, excessively desiccate soils during seasonal drought, and become a financial burden to maintain. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply Industrial earth-moving equipment facilitates maintenance of straight drainage trenches, but entrenchment results in increasing environmental and eventually profound economic costs overtime. [1]

Sustainable channel design can result in ditches that are largely self-maintaining due to natural geomorphological equilibrium. Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" Slowed net siltation and erosion result in net reduction in sediment transport. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of Encouraging development of a natural stream sinuosity and a multi-terraced channel cross section appear to be key to maintain both peak ditch drainage capacity, and minimum net pollution and nutrient transport. A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment [2]

Flooding can be a major cause of recurring crop loss -- particularly in heavy soils-- and can severely disrupt urban economies as well. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Subsurface drainage to ditches offers a way to remove excess water from agricultural fields, or vital urban spaces, without the erosion rates and pollution transport that results from direct surface runoff. However, excess drainage results in recurring drought induced crop yield losses and more severe urban heat or desiccation issues. In Agriculture, crop yield (also known as "agricultural output" is not only a measure of the Yield of cereal per unit area of land under cultivation An urban heat island ( UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying

Controlled subsurface drainage from sensitive areas to vegetated drainage ditches makes possible a more optimal balance between water drainage and water retention needs. The initial investment, allows a community to draw down local water tables when and where necessary without exacerbating drought problems at other times. The water table is the level at which the ground water pressure is equal to Atmospheric pressure. [3]

References

  1. ^ See also hypoxia, dead zone, nonpoint source pollution, desertification, and urban heat island
  2. ^ Geomorphic Characteristics of Drainage Ditches in Southern Minnesota, and the concept of a Two-Stage Ditch Design (Brad Hansen, Bruce Wilson, Joe Magner, and John Nieber) http://d-outlet.coafes.umn.edu/presentations/DrainForum06/J.%20Nieber-2-stage%20ditch%20design.pdf
  3. ^ Drainage Water Management Updates (G. For other uses of the term "hypoxia" see Hypoxia. Hypoxia or oxygen depletion is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments Nonpoint source (NPS pollution is Water pollution affecting a water body from diffuse sources rather than a point source which discharges to a water body at a single Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting primarily from human activities and influenced by climatic variations An urban heat island ( UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Sands) http://d-outlet.coafes.umn.edu/presentations/DrainForum06/G.%20Sands-WTM%20Updates.pdf See also Watertable control

External links

Dictionary

ditch

-noun

  1. A trench; a long, shallow indentation, as for irrigation or drainage.

-verb

  1. (transitive) To discard or abandon.
  2. (intransitive) To deliberately crash-land an airplane on the sea.
  3. (intransitive) To deliberately not attend classes; to play hookey.
  4. (intransitive) To dig ditches.
  5. (transitive) To dig ditches around.
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