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Disk Operating System (specifically) and disk operating system (generically), most often abbreviated as DOS (not to be confused with the DOS family of disk operating systems for the IBM PC compatible platform), refer to operating system software used in most computers that provides the abstraction and management of secondary storage devices and the information on them (e. DOS, short for "Disk Operating System" is a shorthand term for several closely related Operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to Computer components devices and recording media that retain digital g. , file systems for organizing files of all sorts). In Computing, a file system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing Computer files and the data they contain to make A computer file is a block of Arbitrary Information, or resource for storing information which is available to a Computer program and is usually Such software is referred to as a disk operating system when the storage devices it manages are made of rotating platters (such as hard disks or floppy disks). A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased

In the early days of microcomputing, memory space was often limited, so the disk operating system was an extension of the operating system. microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. This component was only loaded if needed. Otherwise, disk-access would be limited to low-level operations such as reading and writing disks at the sector-level. In the context of Computer Disk storage, a sector is a subdivision of a track (Figure 1 item A on a Magnetic disk or Optical disc

In some cases, the disk operating system component (or even the operating system) was known as DOS.

Sometimes, a disk operating system can refer to the entire operating system if it is loaded off a disk and supports the abstraction and management of disk devices. Examples include DOS/360 and FreeDOS. Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or simply DOS, was an Operating system for IBM mainframes It was announced by IBM on the FreeDOS (formerly Free-DOS and PD-DOS) is an Operating system for IBM PC compatible computers On the PC compatible platform, an entire family of operating systems was called DOS. IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT.

Contents

History

In the early days of computers, there were no disk drives; delay lines, punched cards, paper tape, magnetic tape, magnetic drums, were used instead. Punched tape or paper tape is a largely obsolete form of Data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data Magnetic tape is a medium for Magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of Plastic. Drum memory is a magnetic Data storage device and was an early form of Computer memory widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s invented by Gustav Tauschek And in the early days of microcomputers, paper tape or audio cassette tape (see Kansas City standard) or nothing were used instead. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound The Kansas City standard ( KCS) or Byte standard, is a digital data format for audio cassette drives In the latter case, program and data entry was done at front panel switches directly into memory or through a computer terminal / keyboard, sometimes controlled by a ROM BASIC interpreter; when power was turned off after running the program, the information so entered vanished. A front panel was used on early electronic computers to display and allow the alteration of the state of the machine's internal registers and memory. A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is used for entering data into and displaying data from a Computer or a Computing In Computer programming, BASIC (an Acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of High-level programming languages

Both hard disks and floppy disk drives require software to manage rapid access to block storage of sequential and other data. A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased When microcomputers rarely had expensive disk drives of any kind, the necessity to have software to manage such devices (ie, the 'disk's) carried much status. To have one or the other was a mark of distinction and prestige, and so was having the Disk sort of an Operating System. As prices for both disk hardware and operating system software decreased, there were many such microcomputer systems.

Mature versions of the Commodore, SWTPC, Atari and Apple home computer systems all featured a disk operating system (actually called 'DOS' in the case of the Commodore 64 (CBM DOS), Atari 800 (Atari DOS), and Apple II machines (Apple DOS)), as did (at the other end of the hardware spectrum, and much earlier) IBM's System/360, 370 and (later) 390 series of mainframes (e. The US company SWTPC started in 1964 as DEMCO (Daniel E Meyer Company The Atari 8-bit family is a series of 8-bit Home computers manufactured from 1979 to 1992 Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics A home computer was a class of Personal computer entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s Commodore DOS, aka CBM DOS, was the Disk operating system used with Commodore 's 8-bit computers. Atari DOS is the Disk operating system used with the Atari 8-bit family of computers Apple DOS refers to Operating systems for the Apple II series of microcomputers from 1979 through early 1983 International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. The IBM System/370 (often S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 ESA/390 (Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 was introduced in September 1990 and is IBM 's last 31-bit -address/ 32-bit -data mainframe computing IBM mainframes, though perceived as synonymous with Mainframe computers in general due to their marketshare are now technically and specifically IBM 's line of business g. , DOS/360: Disk Operating System / 360 and DOS/VSE: Disk Operating System / Virtual Storage Extended). Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or simply DOS, was an Operating system for IBM mainframes It was announced by IBM on the Most home computer DOS'es were stored on a floppy disk always to be booted at start-up, with the notable exception of Commodore, whose DOS resided on ROM chips in the disk drives themselves (the computer itself had no DOS, just a form of a BIOS for communicating with peripherals). In Computing, booting ( booting up) is a bootstrapping process that starts Operating systems when the user turns on a Computer system Commodore64 fdd1541 backjpg|thumb|325px|Back panel view of the Commodore 1541 disk drive In Computing, the BIOS (ˈbaɪoʊs For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology sociology politics computer hardware and other fields see the The Lt. Kernal hard disk subsystem for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 models stored its DOS on the disk, as is the case with modern systems, and loaded the DOS into RAM at boot time. Lt Kernal was the name given to a SCSI Hard drive Subsystem developed for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 Home computers A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device The Commodore 128 ( C128, CBM 128, C=128) home / Personal computer was the last 8-bit machine which was commercially In Computing, booting ( booting up) is a bootstrapping process that starts Operating systems when the user turns on a Computer system

In large machines there were other disk operating systems, such as IBM's VM, DEC's RSTS / RT-11 / VMS / TOPS-10 / TWENEX, MIT's ITS / CTSS, Control Data's assorted NOS variants, Harris's Vulcan, Bell Labs' Unix, and so on. RT-11 ('RT' for Real Time) was a small single-user Real-time operating system for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 family of 16-bit Open Virtual Memory System ( OpenVMS) initially known just as Virtual Memory System ( VMS) is the name of a High-end Computer server The TOPS-10 System was a computer Operating system from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC for the PDP-10 released in 1964, the resulting systems The TOPS-20 Operating system by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC was the second proprietary OS for the PDP-10. ITS, the Incompatible Timesharing System (named in comparison with the Compatible Time-Sharing System also in use at MIT was an early revolutionary and influential This article is about the MIT Computation Center operating system A network operating system (NOS is software that controls a network and its Message (e Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer In microcomputers, SWTPC's 6800 and 6809 machines used TSC's FLEX disk operating system, Radio Shack's TRS-80 machines used TRS-DOS, their Color Computer used OS-9, and most of the Intel 8080 based machines from IMSAI, MITS (makers of the legendary Altair 8800), Cromemco, North Star, etc used the CP/M-80 disk operating system. microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. Technical Systems Consultants was a US software company that was instrumental in the first wave of the personal computer revolution The FLEX single-tasking Operating system was developed by Technical Systems Consultants (TSC of West Lafayette, Indiana RadioShack Corporation (formerly Tandy Corporation) (  is a chain of electronics retail stores in the United States, as well as parts of North America TRS-80 was Tandy Corporation 's desktop Microcomputer model line sold through Tandy's Radio Shack stores in the late 1970s and early TRS-DOS (which stood for the T andy R adio S hack - D isk O perating S ystem was the Operating system for the The Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer (also called Tandy Color Computer, or CoCo) was a Home computer launched in 1980 OS-9 is a family of real-time, process-based, multitasking, Multi-user, Unix-like Operating systems developed in the 1980s Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems ( MITS) was an Albuquerque, New Mexico company founded in 1969 by Forrest Mims and Ed Roberts The MITS Altair 8800 was a Microcomputer design from 1975 based on the Intel 8080 CPU and sold as a mail-order kit through advertisements in Cromemco was a Mountain View California Microcomputer company known for its high-end Z80 -based S-100 bus computers in the early days of the The North Star is the prominent Pole star that lies closest in the sky to the north celestial pole and which appears (approximately directly overhead to CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers is an Operating system originally created for Intel 8080 / 85 based Microcomputers by Gary Kildall See list of operating systems. Operating systems can be categorized by technology ownership licensing working state usage and by many other characteristics

Usually, a disk operating system was loaded from a disk. Only a very few comparable DOSes were stored elsewhere than floppy disks; among these exceptions were the British BBC Micro's optional Disc Filing System, DFS, offered as a kit with a disk controller chip, a ROM chip, and a handful of logic chips, to be installed inside the computer; and Commodore's CBM DOS, located in a ROM chip in each disk drive. The Disc Filing System (DFS is a computer File system Commodore, the commonly used name for Commodore International, was a US-American Electronics company based in West Chester Pennsylvania Commodore DOS, aka CBM DOS, was the Disk operating system used with Commodore 's 8-bit computers.

Examples of disk operating systems that were extensions to the OS

Examples of disk operating systems that were the OS itself

Main article: DOS
The best known family of operating systems named "DOS" is that running on IBM PCs type hardware using the Intel CPUs or their compatible cousins from other makers. IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. DOS, short for "Disk Operating System" is a shorthand term for several closely related Operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market Any DOS in this family is usually just referred to as DOS. DOS, short for "Disk Operating System" is a shorthand term for several closely related Operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market The original was 86-DOS, which would later become Microsoft MS-DOS. 86-DOS was an operating system developed and marketed by Seattle Computer Products for its Intel 8086 -based computer kit Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft. It was also licensed to IBM by Microsoft, and marketed by them as PC-DOS. IBM PC-DOS is a DOS operating system for the IBM Personal Computer, sold throughout the 1980s and 1990s Digital Research produced a compatible variant known as DR-DOS, which was eventually taken over (after a buyout of Digital Research) by Novell, then by Caldera International. Digital Research Inc (aka DR or DRI; originally Intergalactic Digital Research) was the company created by Dr DR-DOS is a DOS -type Operating system for IBM PC - compatible Personal computers, originally developed by Gary Kildall Novell Inc ( is a global Software Corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE The SCO Group Inc ( TSG, informally SCO;) is a software company formerly called Caldera Systems and Caldera International. This became Novell DOS, then the open source OpenDOS, before being changed back to DR-DOS. OpenDOS is a Freeware DOS -like and MS-DOS -compatible Operating system. There is also a free, open-source version named FreeDOS. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified FreeDOS (formerly Free-DOS and PD-DOS) is an Operating system for IBM PC compatible computers

See also

References

An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination
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