Disgust is an emotion that is typically associated with things that are perceived as unclean, inedible, or infectious. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours SpecialShortpages.-- In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin wrote that disgust refers to something revolting. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals is a book by the British naturalist Charles Darwin published in 1872, on how Humans Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Primarily in relation to the sense of taste, as actually perceived or vividly imagined; and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling, through the sense of smell, touch, and even of eyesight. Disgust is one of the basic emotions of Robert Plutchik's theory of emotions. Robert Plutchik (died April 29 of 2006 at 78 was a psychologist. Disgust invokes a characteristic facial expression, one of Paul Ekman's six universal facial expressions of emotion. Paul Ekman (born 1934 is a Psychologist who has been a pioneer in the study of Emotions and their relation to Facial expressions He is considered one of It is also associated with a fall in heart rate, in contrast, for example, to fear or anger. Fear is an Emotional response to Threats and Danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific Stimulus, such as Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage ^[1]

Disgust may be further subdivided into physical disgust, associated with physical or metaphorical uncleanness, and moral disgust, a similar feeling related to courses of action. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings

Contents 1 Origins and development 2 Disgust and shame 3 Brain structures 4 Huntington's disease 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Origins and development

Disgust is thought to have its origins in (and in some cases to be identical to) instinctive reactions that evolved as part of natural selection for behavior which tended to prevent food poisoning, or exposure to danger of infection. Instinct is the inherent disposition of a living Organism toward a particular Behavior. Disgust is frequently associated with waste products such as feces or urine, secretions from the human body (such as mucus), and with decomposing flesh, and insects, such as maggots, associated with it. WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Decomposition (or spoilage) refers to the break down of tissue of a formerly living Organism into simpler forms of matter Flesh is the soft part of the body of a person or animal which is between the skin and the bones Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Maggot is the common name of the Larval phase of development in insects of the order Diptera (flies

As in other human instinctual drives, disgust has an instinctual and a socially constructed aspect. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A social construction or social construct is any phenomenon "invented" or "constructed" by participants in a particular Culture or Society Psychologist Paul Rozin has studied the development of feelings of disgust in children. Paul Rozin (born 1936 is a Psychology professor at the University of Pennsylvania.

Jonathan Haidt is a researcher whose work involves exploring the relationship between disgust and various traditional concepts of morality. Jonathan Haidt is associate professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings His theory of social intuitionism seeks to explain the apparently irrational and visceral reactions to violations of the moral order. Social intuitionism is a movement in moral Psychology that arose in contrast to more heavily Rationalist theories of morality like that of Lawrence

William W. McCorkle Jr. is an evolutionary anthropologist whose research has focused on the ritualized compulsion to handle dead bodies in special ways with regards to the activation of disgust and contagion systems in humans. William "Lee" Wagner McCorkle Jr is an evolutionary anthropologist interested in the interface between Cognition culture and religion. McCorkle argues that contagion is not triggered by an actual threat, such as a toxicity of the human body; however, he proffers the theory that dead bodies trigger an aggregate number of mental systems involved in agency, Theory of Mind, and other systems linked to social intelligence which signal the potential threat of the corpse and any surrounding areas or predatory threats to individuals in the vicinity. " Theory of mind " is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs intents desires pretending knowledge etc This activation causes individuals to perform ritualized behaviors to corpses (and their remains/cremains). Ritualization is a behavior that occurs typically in the member of a given Species in a highly Stereotyped fashion and independent of any direct Physiological Moreover, McCorkle theorizes that contagion is an evolved psychological mechanism that utilizes biological warning systems such as disgust to trigger precautionary tags to sensory input in human minds from the environment for survival.

Disgust and shame

Martha Nussbaum, a leading American philosopher, wrote a book published in 2004 entitled Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law which examines the relationship of disgust and shame to a society's laws. Martha Nussbaum (born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher with a particular interest in ancient Greek and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Shame is variously an affect emotion cognition state or condition

A recent study found that women and children were more sensitive to disgust than men. CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder Researchers attempted to explain this finding in evolutionary terms. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 While some find wisdom in adhering to one's feelings of disgust, some scientists have asserted that "reactions of disgust are often built upon prejudices that should be challenged and rebutted. "

Brain structures

Functional MRI experiments have revealed that the anterior insula in the brain is particularly active when experiencing disgust, when being exposed to offensive tastes, and when viewing facial expressions of disgust. Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI is a type of specialized MRI scan The insular cortex (abbrev insula) is a structure of the Human brain. ^[2]

Huntington's disease

Many patients suffering from Huntington's disease, a genetically transmitted progressive neurodegenerative disease, are unable to recognize expressions of disgust in others and also don't show reactions of disgust to foul odors or tastes. Huntington's disease, also called Huntington's chorea, chorea major, or HD, is a genetic neurological disorder characterized after ^[3] The inability to recognize disgust in others appears in carriers of the Huntington gene before other symptoms appear. ^[4]

See also

• foodborne illness
• taboo
• phobia
• nausea

References

External links

• Nancy Sherman, a researcher investigating disgust
• Jon Haidt's page about the Disgust Scale
• Moral Judgment and the Social Intuitionist Model, publications by Jonathan Haidt on disgust and its relationship with moral ideas
• Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law
• Shame and Group Psychotherapy
• "Is repugnance wise? Visceral responses to biotechnology" Nature Biotechnology
• Purity and Pollution by Jonathan Kirkpatrick (RTF)
• Paper on the economic effects of Repugnance
• Anatomy of Disgust, Channel 4 program

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