Disability is a condition or function judged to be significantly impaired/distorted relative to the usual standard or spectrum of an individual of their group. The International Symbol of Access ( ISA) also known as the (International Wheelchair Symbol consists of a Blue square overlaid in White A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. The term is often used to refer to individual functioning, including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment, mental illness, and various types of chronic disease. Mental retardation is a generalized triarchic disorder characterized by subaverage cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors with onset before the age Developmental disability is a term used to describe life-long disabilities attributable to mental and/or physical or combination of mental and physical impairments Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent This usage has been described by some disabled people as being associated with a medical model of disability. The medical model of disability is a model by which illness or Disability is the result of a physical condition is intrinsic to the individual (it is part of that individual’s

The human rights or social model by contrast is presented as focusing on the interaction between a person and their environment, highlighting the role of a society in labeling, causing or maintaining disability within that society, including through attitudes or accessibility and favoring the majority. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The social model of disability proposes that barriers and prejudice and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently are the ultimate factors defining who is disabled and who is not Labelling or Labeling (US is defining or describing a person in terms of his or her behavior Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product (e Disabilities may come to people during their life or people may be born disabled.

On December 13, 2006, the United Nations formally agreed on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the first human rights treaty of the 21st century, to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of the world's estimated 650 million disabled people. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an International human rights instrument of the United Nations intended to protect the rights and dignity ^[1]

Countries that sign up to the convention will be required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that persons with disabilities would, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life; the right to own and inherit property; not be discriminated against in marriage, children, etc; not be unwilling subjects in medical experiments.

In 1976, the United Nations launched its International Year for Disabled Persons (1981), later re-named the International Year of Disabled Persons. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The year 1981 was proclaimed the International Year of Disabled Persons (IYDP by the United Nations. The UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983-1993) featured a World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons. In 1979, Frank Bowe was the only person with a disability representing any country in the planning of IYDP-1981. Frank G Bowe (1947 &ndash August 21 2007) was the Dr Mervin Livingston Schloss Distinguished Professor for the Study of Disabilities at Hofstra Today, many countries have named representatives who are themselves individuals with disabilities. The decade was closed in an address before the General Assembly by Robert Davila. Dr Robert Davila is the ninth president of Gallaudet University, the world's only University in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate Both Bowe and Davila are deaf. In 1984, UNESCO accepted sign language for use in education of deaf children and youth. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A sign language (also signed language) is a Language which instead of acoustically conveyed Sound patterns uses visually transmitted sign patterns

Contents 1 The Disability rights movement 1.1 Adapted sports 1.2 Current issues 2 Definitions and Models 2.1 The medical model 2.2 The social model 3 Impairment, culture, language and labeling 4 Other models 5 Government policies and support 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 United States 5.2.1 Discrimination in employment 5.2.2 African Americans and Disability 5.2.3 Social administration 5.2.4 Education 6 Demographics 6.1 Difficulties in measuring 6.2 Estimates worldwide 7 Disability insurance—nationalized and private 8 Adaptations 8.1 Accessible computing 8.2 Reference to 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links

The Disability rights movement

The Disability rights movement, led by individuals with disabilities, began in the 1970s. The disability rights movement aims to improve the Quality of life of people with disabilities. This Self-advocacy is often seen as largely responsible for the shift toward independent living and accessibility. Self-advocacy refers to the Civil rights movement for people with developmental disabilities, also called cognitive or intellectual disabilities and other disabilities Independent Living, as seen by its Advocates is a Philosophy, a way of looking at Disability and Society, and a worldwide movement of people Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product (e The term "Independent Living" was taken from 1959 California legislation that enabled people who had acquired a disability due to polio to leave hospital wards and move back into the community with the help of cash benefits for the purchase of personal assistance with the activities of daily living. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via

With its origins in the US civil rights and consumer movements of the late 1960s, the movement and its philosophy have since spread to other continents influencing people's self-perception, their ways of organizing themselves and their countries' social policy. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in

Adapted sports

Main article: Disabled sports

The Paralympic Games (meaning 'alongside the Olympics') are now held after the (Summer and Winter) Olympics. Disabled sports are sports played by persons with a Disability, including physical and Intellectual disabilities. The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical and sensorial disabilities The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games

In 2006, the Extremity Games was formed for people with physical disabilities, specifically limb loss or limb difference, to be able to compete in extreme sports. The Extremity Games is a Multi-sport, Action sports competition similar to the X Games, for athletes with amputations and limb differences Extreme sport (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a media term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent The College Park Industries, a manufacturer of prosthetic feet, organized this event to give disabled athletes a venue to compete in this increasingly popular sports genere also referred to as action sports. Extreme sport (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a media term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent This annual event held in the summer in Orlando, FL includes competitions in skateboarding, wakeboarding, rock climbing, mountain biking, surfing, moto-x and kayaking.

Current issues

Current issues and debates surrounding 'disability' include social and political rights, social inclusion and citizenship. A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics Social Exclusion has no agreed to defined or specific single application though one suggested definition is as follows Social exclusion is a multidimensional process In developed countries the debate has moved beyond a concern about the perceived cost of maintaining dependent people with a disability to an effort to find effective ways of ensuring people with a disability can participate in and contribute to society in all spheres of life.

Many are concerned, however, that the greatest need is in developing nations -- where the vast bulk of the estimated 650 million persons with disabilities reside. A great deal of work -- from basic physical accessibility through education to self-empowerment and self-supporting employment -- is needed.

In the past few years, disability rights activists have also focused on obtaining full sexual citizenship for the disabled. ^[2] There is the great marathon for disabled people in June 2008.

Definitions and Models

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), produced by the World Health Organization, distinguishes between body functions (physiological or psychological, e. International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health, also known as ICF, is a classification of the health components of functioning and disability g. vision) and body structures (anatomical parts, e. g. the eye and related structures). Impairment in bodily structure or function is defined as involving an anomaly, defect, loss or other significant deviation from certain generally accepted population standards, which may fluctuate over time. Activity is defined as the execution of a task or action. The ICF lists 9 broad domains of functioning which can be affected:

• Learning and applying knowledge
• General tasks and demands
• Communication
• Mobility
• Self-care
• Domestic life
• Interpersonal interactions and relationships
• Major life areas
• Community, social and civic life

(see also List of mental disorders)

The introduction to the ICF states that a variety of conceptual models has been proposed to understand and explain disability and functioning, which it seeks to integrate. The DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual the US standard reference for Psychiatry, includes over 300 different manifestations of mental illness.

The medical model

Main article: Medical model of disability

The medical model is presented as viewing disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by professionals. The medical model of disability is a model by which illness or Disability is the result of a physical condition is intrinsic to the individual (it is part of that individual’s In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at "cure", or the individual’s adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an "almost-cure" or effective cure. In the medical model, medical care is viewed as the main issue, and at the political level, the principal response is that of modifying or reforming healthcare policy. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing

The social model

Main article: Social model of disability

The social model of disability sees the issue of "disability" mainly as a socially created problem, and basically as a matter of the full integration of individuals into society (see Inclusion (disability rights)). The social model of disability proposes that barriers and prejudice and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently are the ultimate factors defining who is disabled and who is not For the concept of inclusion in organizational culture see the article Inclusion (value and practice. In this model disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment. Hence, in this model, the management of the problem requires social action, and thus, it is the collective responsibility of society at large to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life. Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change The issue is both cultural and ideological, requiring individual, community, and large-scale social change. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Viewed from this perspective equal access for people with impairment/disability is a human rights issue of major concern. and

Impairment, culture, language and labeling

The American Psychological Association style guide states that, when identifying a person with an impairment, the person's name or pronoun should come first, and descriptions of the impairment/disability should be used so that the impairment is identified, but is not modifying the person. The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U Improper examples would be "A Borderline, a "Blind Person. " For instance: people with/who have Down syndrome, a man with/who has schizophrenia (instead of a Schizophrenic man), and a girl with paraplegia/who is paraplegic. Down syndrome, Down's syndrome, or trisomy 21 is a Chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Paraplegia is an impairment in motor and/or sensory function of the lower extremities Paraplegia is an impairment in motor and/or sensory function of the lower extremities It also states that a person's adaptive equipment should be described functionally as something that assists a person, not as something that limits a person (e. g. , "A woman who uses a wheelchair" rather than "in" it or "confined" to it.

However, in the UK, the term 'disabled people' is generally preferred to 'people with disabilities'. It is argued under the social model that while someone's impairment (e. The social model of disability proposes that barriers and prejudice and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently are the ultimate factors defining who is disabled and who is not g. being unable to walk) is part of them, 'disability' is something created by external societal factors such as a lack of wheelchair access to their workplace. ^[3] Though this argument can be countered by considering that without that "oppressive" society (ie: in a natural wild setting) the disabled would have little to no chance of survival beyond infancy or the time of their injury.

Many books on disability and disability rights point out that 'disabled' is an identity that one is not necessarily born with, as disabilities are more often acquired than congenital. The disability rights movement aims to improve the Quality of life of people with disabilities. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth Some disability rights activists use an acronym TAB, "Temporarily Able-Bodied", as a reminder that many people will develop disabilities at some point in their lives, due to accidents, illness (physical, mental or emotional), or late-emerging effects of genetics. Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health or ail) can be defined as a state of poor Health.

The late Prime Minister Olof Palme of Sweden, speaking at the Stanford University Law School in the 1970s, summed up the divergence between U.S. and Swedish attitudes towards people with disabilities:

• Americans regard the able-bodied and the disabled as, effectively, actively or not, consciously or subconsciously, two separate species, whereas,
• Swedes regard them as humans in different life stages: all babies are helpless, cared for by parents; sick people are cared by those who are well; elderly people are cared by those younger and healthier, etc. Sven Olof Joachim Palme ( ( 30 January 1927 – 28 February 1986) was a Swedish politician "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Stanford Law School is a graduate school at Stanford University located near Palo Alto California, United States, in Silicon Valley The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Able-bodied people are able to help those who need it, without pity, because they know their turn at not being able-bodied will come. Able-bodied refers in Law, to an individual's physical capacity for gainful Employment or Military service, and it is in this sense that the term is also Pity implies tender or sometimes slightly contemptuous sorrow for one in misery or distress Able-bodied refers in Law, to an individual's physical capacity for gainful Employment or Military service, and it is in this sense that the term is also

Palme maintained that if it cost the country $US 40,000 per year to enable a person with a disability to work at a job that paid $40,000, the society gained a net benefit, because the society benefited by allowing this worker to participate cooperatively, rather than to be a drain on other people's time and money.

Other models

• The spectrum model refers to the range of visibility, audibility and sensibility under which mankind function. The model asserts that disability does not necessarily mean reduced spectrum of operations. Instead, it could also include distorted/shifted spectrum. For instance, a blind person may be extra sensitive to infrared or ultraviolet waves. See also ESP. Extrasensory perception (ESP is the apparent ability to acquire information by Paranormal means independent of any known physical Senses or deduction from previous

• The moral model (Bowe, 1978) refers to the attitude that people are morally responsible for their own disability, including, at one extreme, as a result of bad actions of parents if congenital, or as a result of practicing witchcraft if not. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth This attitude can be seen as a religious fundamentalist offshoot of the original animal roots of human beings, back when humans killed any baby that could not survive on its own in the wild (see Darwinism). Fundamentalism refers to a "deep and totalistic commitment" to a belief in and strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often Religious in nature a reaction Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution.

• The expert/professional model has provided a traditional response to disability issues and can be seen as an offshoot of the Medical Model. Within its framework, professionals follow a process of identifying the impairment and its limitations (using the Medical Model), and taking the necessary action to improve the position of the disabled person. This has tended to produce a system in which an authoritarian, over-active service provider prescribes and acts for a passive client.

• The tragedy/charity model depicts disabled people as victims of circumstance, deserving of pity. Pity implies tender or sometimes slightly contemptuous sorrow for one in misery or distress This and Medical Model are probably the ones most used by non-disabled people to define and explain disability.

• Social Adapted Model

• Economic Model

• Empowering Model

Government policies and support

United Kingdom

Under the Disability Discrimination Act (1995, extended in 2005), it is unlawful for organisations to discriminate (treat a disabled person less favourably, for reasons related to the person's disability, without justification) in employment; access to goods, facilities, services; managing, buying or renting land or property; education. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995 is a UK parliamentary act of 1995, which makes it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their Businesses must make "reasonable adjustments" to their policies or practices, or physical aspects of their premises, to avoid indirect discrimination. [1]

A number of financial and care support services are available, including Incapacity Benefit and Disability Living Allowance[2].

United States

Discrimination in employment

The US Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires all organizations that receive government funding to provide accessiblity programs and services. A more recent law, the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which came in to effect in 1992, prohibits private employers, state and local governments and employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training, or in the terms, conditions and privileges of employment. This includes organizations like retail businesses, movie theaters, and restaurants. They must make "reasonable accommodation" to people with different needs. Protection is extended to anyone with (A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual (B) a record of such an impairment or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment. The second and third critiera are seen as ensuring protection from unjust discrimination based on a perception of risk, just because someone has a record of impairment or appears to have a disability or illness (e. g. features which may be erroneously taken as signs of an illness).

African Americans and Disability

According to the 2000 U. S. Census, the African American community has the highest rate of disability at 20. 8 percent,^[4] slightly higher than the overall disability rate of 19. 4%. ^[4] Although people have come to better understand and accept different types of disability, there still remains a stigma attached to the disabled community. African Americans with a disability are subject to not only this stigma but also to the additional forces of race discrimination. African American women who have a disability face tremendous discrimination due to their condition, race, and gender. Doctor Eddie Glenn of Howard University describes this situation as the "triple jeopardy" syndrome.

Social administration

The US Social Security Administration defines disability in terms of inability to perform substantial gainful activity (SGA), by which it means “work paying minimum wage or better”. The United States Social Security Administration ( SSA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that administers The agency pairs SGA with a "listing" of medical conditions that qualify individuals for benefits.

Education

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, special educational support is limited to children and youth falling in to one of a dozen disability categories (e. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA is a United States federal law that governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention Special education g. , specific learning disability) and adds that, to be eligible, students must require both special education (modified instruction) and related services (supports such as speech and language pathology).

Demographics

Difficulties in measuring

The demography of disability is difficult. Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over Counting persons with disabilities is far more challenging than is counting males. That is because disability is not just a status condition, entirely contained within the individual. Rather, it is an interaction between medical status (say, having low vision or being blind) and the environment. Low vision is a subspecialty within the professions of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Opticianry dealing with individuals who have less than normal vision Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors

Estimates worldwide

Estimates of worldwide and country-wide numbers of individuals with disabilities are problematic. The varying approaches taken to defining disability notwithstanding, demographers agree that the world population of individuals with disabilities is very large. The World Health Organization, for example, estimates that there are as many as 600 million persons with disabilities. The United Nations estimate is 650 million. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security In the United States, for example, Americans with disabilities constitute the third-largest minority (after persons of Hispanic origin and African Americans); all three of those minority groups number in the 30-some millions in America. According to the U. S. Bureau of the Census, as of 2004, there were some 32 million adults (aged 18 or over) in the United States, plus another 5 million children and youth (under age 18). If one were to add impairments -- or limitations that fall short of being disabilities -- Census estimates put the figure at 51 million.

There is also widespread agreement among experts in the field that disability is more common in developing than in developed nations.

Disability insurance—nationalized and private

Disability benefit, or disability pension, is the largest kind of disability insurance, and is provided by government agencies to people who are unable to work due to a disability, temporarily or permanently. Disability insurance, often called disability income insurance, is a form of Insurance that insures the beneficiary's earned income against the risk that disability In the U. S. , disability benefit is provided within the category of Supplemental Security Income, and in Canada, within the Canada Pension Plan. Supplemental Security Income (or SSI) is a monthly stipend provided to aged (legally deemed to be 65 or older blind or disabled persons based on need paid by the United The Canada Pension Plan ( CPP) is a contributory earnings-related Social insurance program In other countries, disability benefit may be provided under Social security system. Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old

Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly European and the United States. It was reported that in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0. 9% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1980, but two decades later had reached 2. 6% of GDP. ^[5][6] Several studies have reported a link between increased sickness absence and elevated risk of future disability pension. ^[7]

A study by Denmark researchers suggests that information on self-reported days of sickness absence can be used to effectively identify future potential groups for disability pension. [3] These studies may provide useful information for policy makers, case managing authorities, employers, and physicians responsible for interventions aiming at reducing the cost and work disability.

Private, for-profit disability insurance plays a role in providing incomes to disabled people, but the nationalized programs are the safety net that catches most claimants.

Adaptations

Assistive Technology (AT) is a generic term for devices and modifications (for a person or within a society) that help overcome or remove a disability. Assistive technology (AT is a generic term that includes assistive adaptive and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and includes the process used in selecting The first recorded example of the use of a prosthesis dates to at least 1800 BC. In Medicine, a prosthesis (plural prostheses) is an Artificial extension that replaces a missing Body part. ^[8]

A more recent notable example is the wheelchair, dating from the 17th century. A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits The curb cut is a related structural innovation. A curb cut ( US) curb ramp, dropped kerb ( UK) or pram ramp ( Australia) is a ramp leading smoothly down from a Sidewalk Other modern examples are standing frames, text telephones, accessible keyboards, large print, Braille, & speech recognition Computer software. A standing frame (also known as a stand, stander, standing technology, standing aid, standing device, standing box, Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a Musical keyboard. Large-print (also large-type or large-font) describes a type of book or other (paper online or otherwise published material in which the Typeface (or The Braille system is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write Speech recognition (also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition) converts spoken words to machine-readable input (for example to keypresses Individuals with disabilities often develop personal or community adaptations, such as strategies to suppress tics in public (for example in Tourette's syndrome), or sign language in deaf communities. Tourette syndrome (also called Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, GTS or more commonly simply Tourette's A sign language (also signed language) is a Language which instead of acoustically conveyed Sound patterns uses visually transmitted sign patterns Assistive technology or interventions are sometimes controversial or rejected, for example in the controversy over cochlear implants for children. A cochlear implant (CI is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of Sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing

A number of symbols are in use to indicate whether certain accessibility adaptations have been made[4].

Accessible computing

As the personal computer has become more ubiquitous, various organisations have been founded which develop software and hardware which make a computer more accessible for people with disabilities. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated Software development is the translation of a user need or marketing goal into a Software product Hardware is a general term that refers to the physical artifacts of a Technology. Some software and hardware, such as SmartboxAT's The Grid, and Freedom Scientific's JAWS has been specifically designed for people with disabilities; other pieces of software and hardware, such as Nuance's Dragon NaturallySpeaking, was not developed specifically for people with disabilities, but can be used to increase accessibility. Freedom Scientific is a Corporation which researches creates and sells technology intended for people who are blind or have low vision and those with learning JAWS (an acronym for Job Access With Speech) is a Screen reader, a software program for visually impaired users produced by the Blind and Low Vision Dragon NaturallySpeaking is a Speech recognition software package developed by Dragon Systems, and sold by Nuance Communications for Windows

Further organisations, such as AbilityNet and U Can Do IT, have been established to provide assessment services which determine which assistive technologies would best assist an individual client, and also to train people with disabilities in how to use computer-based assistive technology. AbilityNet is a UK based charity that provides guidance information assessment and training on the subject of computing and Disability. U Can Do IT is a London -based charity which provides one-to-one tuition in Information Technology to people with Disabilities.

A New Zealand designed keyboard is also now available to disabled persons worldwide. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island It is designed specifically for disabled peoples needs. This keyboard is called LOMAK.

Through the use of the internet, networking between groups and disability charities is now becoming more and more productive. It is now a widely held belief that should it be possible to unite the various interest groups primarily; Physical, Sensory and Learning disabilities, it would be possible to turn what is considered to be a minority group, into a major force for change. However uniting such a diverse group of disabilities, often with conflicting interests, may prove difficult. For further information on disability organisations based in the UK, please see: [5]

Reference to

(Use only when necessary) " People with disabilities. Paul has a cognitive disability (diagnosis). Kate has autism (or a diagnosis of. . . ). Ryan has Down syndrome (or a diagnosis of. . . ). Sara has a learning disability (diagnosis). Bob has a physical disability (diagnosis). Mary is of short stature/she’s a little person. Tom has a mental health condition. Nora uses a wheelchair/mobility chair. Steve receives special ed services. Tonya has a developmental delay. Children without disabilities. Communicates with her eyes/device/etc. Customer Congenital disability Brain injury Accessible parking, hotel room, etc. She needs . . . or she uses . . . "^[9]

See also

Accessible tourism Adaptive recreation Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Assistive technology Definitions of disability terms Developmental disability Disability discrimination act Disability etiquette Disability rights movement Disability studies Disabled robotics Disabled sports DisAbled Women's Network Canada Easter Seals Ergonomy Extremity Games

Human variability Inclusive development Independent living International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Invisible disability Learning disability List of disability rights organizations Orthopedics Passing Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities Psychophobia Social emargination Special education United Cerebral Palsy Word processor for disabled children (Gio-Key-Board) WORKink

Footnotes

References

• Charlotte Pearson (2006) Direct Payments and Personalisation of Care, Edinburgh, Dunedin Academic Press, ISBN 1903765625
• Frank Bowe, Handicapping America: Barriers to disabled people, Harper & Row, 1978 ISBN 0-06-010422-8
• Encyclopedia of disability, general ed. Gary L. Albrecht, Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u. a. ] : SAGE Publ. , 2005
• David Johnstone, An Introduction to Disability Studies, 2001, 2nd edition, ISBN 1-85346-726-X
• Michael Oliver, The Politics of Disablement, St. Martin's Press 1997, ISBN 0-333-43293-2
• Tom Shakespeare, Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome, with Anne Kerr , New Clarion Press, 1999, ISBN 1-873797-25-7
• Kaushik, R. ,1999, " Access Denied: Can we overcome disabling attitudes ," Museum International (UNESCO) , Vol. 51, No. 3, p. 48-52.
• Glenn, Eddie. March 20, 1997. "African American Women with Disabilities: An Overview. "

External links

• Well Known People with Disabilities
• Disabilities Online Database
• [6]-Learning Disabled Law Students Association
• Disapedia – A Wiki for everything disability related
• UK Government information
• People with disabilities, EU-OSHA
• Disability, Pregnancy & Parenthood International
• Disability in the Movies bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
• Disability in the Movies videography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
• Documentaries on disability via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
• Disability Resource for those needing help finding benefits
• My Disability Blog - A blog focusing on Social Security Disability Policy
• Disability Appeal Appealing a disability benefits denial. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work ( OSHA) was set up in 1996 in Bilbao, Spain.
• The Disability people supported group
• The Disability Social History Project
• L'Arche International
• UN Enable
• Enable America – A disability employment resource site
• International Disability and Development Consortium
• World Health Organization pages on disability
• Gibraltar Local Disability Movement

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