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Anisoptera |
Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees. Dipterocarpus retusus is the most well known species in the genus Dipterocarpus. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There Malvales is the name of an order of Flowering plants As circumscribed by APG II -system it includes about 6000 Species within nine A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Anisoptera is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. The name Anisoptera is derived from Greek ( grc-Latn anisos = Cotylelobium is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. The name Cotylelobium is derived from Greek ( kotyle = a small Dipterocarpus is a genus of Flowering plants and the type genus of family Dipterocarpaceae. Dryobalanops is a genus of Flowering plants and the genus of family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Hopea is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. Marquesia is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. It contains the following species Marquesia acuminata (Gilg UserPolbot. --> Monotes is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Neobalanocarpus is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. Parashorea is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. The name Parashorea is derived from Greek ( para = similar Pseudomonotes is a Monotypic genus of Plants in family Dipterocarpaceae. Shorea is a Genus of about 196 Species of mainly Rainforest Trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Stemonoporus is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Upuna is a monotypic genus of plants containing the single species Upuna borneensis. UserPolbot. --> Vateria is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Vateriopsis is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Vatica is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. In Biological classification, family ( Latin The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The family name, from the type genus Dipterocarpus, is derived from Greek (di = two, pteron = wing and karpos = fruit) and refers to the two-winged fruit. Dipterocarpus is a genus of Flowering plants and the type genus of family Dipterocarpaceae. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The largest genera are Shorea (196 species), Hopea (104 species), Dipterocarpus (70 species), and Vatica (65 species)[1]. Many are large forest emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40-70 m tall, with the tallest known living specimen (Shorea faguetiana) 88. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria UserPolbot. --> Shorea faguetiana (also called Yellow Meranti) is a species of Plant in the Dipterocarpaceae 3 m tall. The species of this family are of major importance in the timber trade. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India, Indochina and Malaysia, with the greatest diversity and abundance in eastern Malaysia. In biology pantropical is one in a group of different terms which can be used to define an area of geographical occurrence of an organism or group of organisms South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Some species are now endangered as a result of overcutting, extensive illegal logging and habitat conversion. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation Illegal logging is the harvest transportation purchase or sale of timber in violation of national Laws The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal including They provide valuable woods, aromatic essential oils, balsam, resins and are a source for plywood. The following table associates tree species wood name and wood colour An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers
Classification
The dipterocarp family is generally divided into three subfamilies:
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Phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae[2]
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- Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Anisoptera redirects here For the genus of trees see Anisoptera (tree. Cotylelobium is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. The name Cotylelobium is derived from Greek ( kotyle = a small Dipterocarpus is a genus of Flowering plants and the type genus of family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Stemonoporus is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Upuna is a monotypic genus of plants containing the single species Upuna borneensis. UserPolbot. --> Vateria is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Vateriopsis is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Vatica is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. Dryobalanops is a genus of Flowering plants and the genus of family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Hopea is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. UserPolbot. --> Neobalanocarpus is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. Parashorea is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. The name Parashorea is derived from Greek ( para = similar Shorea is a Genus of about 196 Species of mainly Rainforest Trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae. Marquesia is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. It contains the following species Marquesia acuminata (Gilg UserPolbot. --> Monotes is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. Pseudomonotes is a Monotypic genus of Plants in family Dipterocarpaceae. Distribution includes the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, India, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, but mostly in east Malaysia, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known North Borneo (Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak) is the richest area in the world for dipterocarp species[1]. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided into two groups[2][3]:
- Valvate-Dipterocarpi group (Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11.
- Imbricate-Shoreae group (Balanocarpus, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea). UserPolbot. --> Hopea is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. Parashorea is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. The name Parashorea is derived from Greek ( para = similar Shorea is a Genus of about 196 Species of mainly Rainforest Trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. A recent molecular study suggest that the genus Hopea forms a clade with Shorea sections Anthoshorea and Doona, and should be merged into Shorea[4].
- Monotoideae: 3 genera, 30 species. Marquesia is native to Africa. Marquesia is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. It contains the following species Marquesia acuminata (Gilg Monotes has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. UserPolbot. --> Monotes is a genus of Plant in family Dipterocarpaceae. Pseudomonotes is native to the Colombian Amazon. Pseudomonotes is a Monotypic genus of Plants in family Dipterocarpaceae.
- Pakaraimoideae: contains a single species, Pakaraimaea roraimae, found in the Guaianan highlands of South America.
A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the Sarcolaenaceae, a tree family endemic to Madagascar[5]. The Sarcolaenaceae are a family of Flowering plants endemic to Madagascar. This suggests that ancestor of the Dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago
References
- ^ a b Ashton, P. S. Dipterocarpaceae. In Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E. , Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 983-2181-59-3
- ^ a b Ashton, P. S. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana, 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552
- ^ Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture, 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J. M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. ISBN 979-8764-20-X
- ^ Dayanandan, S. Ashton, P. S. Williams, S. M. Primack, R. B. 1999. Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene. American Journal of Botany. 86(8): 1182.
- ^ M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. Molecular Ecology 13: 231 January 2004.
External links
- A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture (PDF version)
- Dipterocarpaceae Data Base
- Dipterocarpaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
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