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Dinosaur Jr
At the Leeds Festival, August 2005
At the Leeds Festival, August 2005
Background information
Origin Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
Genre(s) Alternative rock
Years active 1984–1997, 2005–present
Label(s) Homestead
SST
Blanco y Negro/Sire
Merge
Fat Possum
Associated acts Sebadoh
Deep Wound
J Mascis and the Fog
Witch
Folk Implosion
Website Official website
Members
J Mascis
Lou Barlow
Murph
Former members
Mike Johnson
George Berz

Dinosaur Jr is an American alternative rock band formed in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1984. Amherst is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States in the Connecticut River valley The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music See also Homestead Records (1920s Homestead Records was a New York City based sublabel of Dutch East India Trading. SST Records is an American Independent record label formed in 1978 in Long Beach California by musician Greg Ginn. Blanco y Negro Records was established in 1983 by Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records. Sire Records Company is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group and distributed through Warner Bros Merge Records is an Independent record label based in Durham North Carolina. History Founded by Matthew Johnson and Peter Redvers-Lee in 1992, the label initially specialised in discovering Blues players from the North Sebadoh is an Indie rock band formed in Westfield, Massachusetts by Eric Gaffney and Dinosaur Jr bass player Lou Barlow Deep Wound was a Hardcore punk band formed in 1982 in Westfield MA J Mascis and The Fog is the post- Dinosaur Jr musical project embarked by Dinosaur Jr's founding member musician J Mascis. Witch is an American Heavy metal band whose members are from from Vermont and Massachusetts. The Folk Implosion was an American Indie rock / lo-fi band founded in the early 1990s by Lou Barlow and John Davis J Mascis (born Joseph Donald Mascis on December 10 1965) is an American Musician, perhaps best-known as the singer Guitarist Louis Knox Barlow (born July 17, 1966) is an American Alternative rock singer songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Mike Johnson (born 1965 is an American Songwriter and Bass guitarist He was born in Grants Pass Oregon and first became known while playing Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of Amherst is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States in the Connecticut River valley Originally named Dinosaur prior to legal issues, the band disbanded in 1997 until reuniting in 2005. Guitarist J Mascis, bassist Lou Barlow and drummer Murph were the band's founding members; however, Mascis has been the group's sole continual member. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles J Mascis (born Joseph Donald Mascis on December 10 1965) is an American Musician, perhaps best-known as the singer Guitarist The electric bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass; ˈbeɪs as in "base" is a Stringed instrument played primarily with the Louis Knox Barlow (born July 17, 1966) is an American Alternative rock singer songwriter and multi-instrumentalist A drum kit (also drum set or trap set) is a collection of Drums Cymbals and sometimes other Percussion instruments such as cowbells

Their distinct sound, characterized by high gain, extensive use of feedback and distortion, and frontman J Mascis's melodic guitar solos, were influential in the alternative rock movement of the 1990s, exemplified by the success of acknowledged fans Nirvana. In Electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a circuit (often an Amplifier) to increase the power or Amplitude of a Audio Feedback (also known as the Larsen effect after the Danish scientist Søren Larsen who first discovered its principles is a special kind of Feedback Nirvana was an American rock band that was formed by singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen Washington.

Contents

History

Formation

Mascis and Barlow had previously played together in a hardcore punk band called Deep Wound, which formed in 1982 while the pair were attending high school in Amherst, Massachusetts. Hardcore punk (now usually referred to as simply hardcore) is a subgenre of Punk rock that originated in North America in the late 1970s Deep Wound was a Hardcore punk band formed in 1982 in Westfield MA The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. After high school, they began exploring slower yet still aggressive music such as Black Sabbath, The Replacements, and Neil Young. Black Sabbath are an The Replacements were an American Alternative rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1979 Neil Percival Young OM (born November 12, 1945, Toronto Ontario) is a Canadian Singer-songwriter, Musician Mascis' college friend Gerard Cosloy introduced him to bands like Dream Syndicate, which Mascis in turn showed to Barlow. Gerard Cosloy (born 1964 is an American Music industry executive see Theater of Eternal Music for the 1960s experimental music group sometimes also called the Dream Syndicate. Barlow explained, "We loved speed metal. . . and we loved wimpy-jangly stuff". [1]

Deep Wound broke up in mid-1984. Cosloy had dropped out of the University of Massachusetts Amherst to focus on running his independent record label, Homestead Records, and promised Mascis that if he were to make a record he would release it. The University of Massachusetts Amherst (otherwise known as UMass Amherst, Massachusetts, or UMass) is a research and Land-grant university in An independent record label (or indie record label) is a Record label operating without the funding of or outside the organizations of the Major record labels See also Homestead Records (1920s Homestead Records was a New York City based sublabel of Dutch East India Trading. Mascis wrote a number of songs by himself and showed them to Barlow, whom he offered the bassist position. While Barlow had played guitar in Deep Wound, he accepted as he was impressed by the material Mascis was creating. Barlow said the songs "were fucking brilliant. . . They were so far beyond. I was still into two-chord songs and basic stuff like 'I'm so sad. ' While I was really into my own little tragedy, J was operating in this whole other panorama. " Mascis enlisted vocalist Charlie Nakajima, also formerly of Deep Wound, and drummer Emmett Patrick Murphy, otherwise known as Murph, to complete the band. Mascis explained the concept behind the group as "ear-bleeding country. "[2]

The band was initially named Mogo, and played their first show on University of Massachusetts Amherst campus in the first week of September 1984. Nakajima went into an anti-cop rant during the performance, and Mascis was so appalled by his behavior at the show (in addition to his marijuana use) that he disbanded the group the next day. A few days later Mascis called Barlow and Murph to form a new band without telling Nakajima; "I was kind of too wimpy to kick him out, exactly," Mascis later admitted, and explained, "Communicating with people has been a constant problem in the band. " The trio named themselves Dinosaur, and Mascis took over lead vocal duties. [3]

Dinosaur and You're Living All Over Me

Mascis took Cosloy up on his offer to release an album and Dinosaur recorded their debut album for $500 at a home studio in the woods outside Northhampton, Massachusetts. Northampton is a city in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. [4] Their debut album, Dinosaur was released in 1985. Dinosaur is the debut Album by Dinosaur Jr, released in 1985 The album exhibits little bit of a folkier side of the band than on future releases The album sold about 1,500 copies in its first year and was largely ignored by the majority of the music press. [5] After the record's release, Dinosaur would often drive to New York City to perform shows. The City of New York At one of their shows, the New York-based alternative rock band Sonic Youth was at first unimpressed by the first Dinosaur performance they saw, but after watching them play several months later, approached the band declaring themselves as fans. Sonic Youth is an American Alternative rock band formed in New York City in 1981 [6] The band was bewildered by Sonic Youth's praise; Barlow recalled, "We're like, 'What? How could the coolest band in the world like us?'"[7] Sonic Youth invited Dinosaur to join them on tour in the American Northeast and northern Midwest in September 1986.

Dinosaur recorded much of their second album You're Living All Over Me with Sonic Youth engineer Wharton Tiers in New York. You're Living All Over Me is the second Album by the American Indie rock band Dinosaur Jr, released in 1987 on SST Records Wharton Tiers (born 1953 in Philadelphia) is an Audio engineer and Record producer for bands such as Sonic Youth, White Zombie During the recording process, tension emerged between Mascis and Murph because Mascis had very specific ideas for the drum parts. Barlow recalled, "J controlled Murph's every drumbeat. . . And Murph could not handle that. Murph wanted to kill J for the longest time. "[8] Gerard Cosloy was excited by the completed album, but was devastated when Mascis told him the band was going to release it on SST Records. SST Records is an American Independent record label formed in 1978 in Long Beach California by musician Greg Ginn. Mascis was reluctant to sign a two-album deal with Homestead, but Cosloy felt betrayed; Cosloy said, "There was no way I couldn't take it personally. "[9] After the album's completion Mascis moved to New York, leaving the rest of the band feeling alienated. [10]

You're Living All Over Me was released in 1987; early copies of the record in the Boston area were packaged with the Weed Forestin' tape, the first release by Barlow's side project Sebadoh. Sebadoh is an Indie rock band formed in Westfield, Massachusetts by Eric Gaffney and Dinosaur Jr bass player Lou Barlow Immediately following its release, supergroup The Dinosaurs (featuring ex-members of Country Joe and the Fish, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Hot Tuna, Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane) sued them over the use of the name, prompting the addition of "Jr". SuperGroup is a Reality show on the channel VH1. The show puts together five Heavy metal musicians packed into a large mansion that must play a show after The Dinosaurs, formed in 1982 was a Bay Area supergroup to emerge from the Psychedelic music era of San Francisco. Country Joe and the Fish was a rock band most widely known for musical protests against the Vietnam War, from 1966 to 1971. Quicksilver Messenger Service is an American Psychedelic rock band formed in 1965 in San Francisco and considered as a part of the city's Hot Tuna is an American Blues-rock band formed by bassist Jack Casady and guitarist Jorma Kaukonen as a spin-off of Jefferson Airplane The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in the San Francisco Bay Area. Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band from San Francisco, a pioneer of the Psychedelic rock movement

Bug and Barlow's Departure

Dinosaur Jr had a major breakthrough in the United Kingdom with their debut single for Blast First, "Freak Scene" in 1988,[11] a version with censored lyrics being issued for radio consumption. Blast First is a sublabel of one-time indie label Mute Records, founded in approximately 1985. It reached #4 in the UK independent chart, staying on the chart for 12 weeks. [12] The band's third album Bug followed shortly afterwards, reaching #1 on the UK independent chart and spending 38 weeks in the chart. Bug is Dinosaur Jr 's third album released in October 1988 through SST Records. [12] The band's first UK singles chart placing came in 1989 with their cover of The Cure's "Just Like Heaven". The UK Singles Chart is compiled by The Official UK Charts Company (OCC on behalf of the British record industry The Cure are an English rock band that formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976

Tension between Mascis and Barlow began interfering with the band's productivity, and in 1989, after touring in support of Bug, Barlow was kicked out of the band. Barlow now focused all of his attention on the former side-project Sebadoh. Sebadoh is an Indie rock band formed in Westfield, Massachusetts by Eric Gaffney and Dinosaur Jr bass player Lou Barlow "The Freed Pig", the opening track on 1991's Sebadoh III, documents Barlow's frustration at Mascis and his treatment within the band. III (or Sebadoh III) is the third Album by Westfield Massachusetts Indie rock group Sebadoh, released in 1991

Major label years

Murph continued to tour with Dinosaur into the early 1990s, but starting with the major-label debut Green Mind (1991), Mascis (who had started out as a drummer) began to record albums almost entirely on his own. Green Mind is the fourth studio album by Indie rock band Dinosaur Jr, released in 1991 For their later years, Mascis was supported on tour and infrequently on record by George Berz on drums and Mike Johnson on bass.

In 1992 the band was part of the "Rollercoaster" tour, a package tour based on the successful Lollapolooza festival, which featured The Jesus and Mary Chain, My Bloody Valentine and Blur. Lollapalooza is an American music festival featuring Alternative rock, hip hop, and Punk rock bands Dance and Comedy performances The Jesus and Mary Chain are an Alternative rock band formed in East Kilbride, Scotland in 1984 My Bloody Valentine are an Alternative rock band formed in Dublin Ireland in 1984 and predominantly based in London. Blur are an English Alternative rock band that formed in London in 1989 1993 saw the band's commercial success peak with the single "Start Choppin'" reaching the top 20 in the UK, and the album that followed, Where You Been, reaching the UK top 10 and the US top 50. Where You Been is the fifth official studio Album by Dinosaur Jr, released on February 9, 1993. The opening track, "Out There", had an accompanying video and was aired on MTV for a short time, as the show 120 Minutes was still popular as a late-night "alternative" video show.

The commercial success continued with 1994's Without a Sound, which placed well in both the US and UK album charts. Without a Sound is the sixth studio album by Alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr, released on August 23 1994 After 1997's Hand It Over, Mascis finally retired the Dinosaur Jr name. Hand It Over is the seventh studio album by Indie rock band Dinosaur Jr, released on March 25 1997 on Blanco Y Negro/Sire records In 1999, he released the first of two solo albums under the name J Mascis and the Fog. J Mascis and The Fog is the post- Dinosaur Jr musical project embarked by Dinosaur Jr's founding member musician J Mascis.

Reunion

The beginnings of a Mascis/Barlow detente started in the mid-90s when Mascis began showing up at Sebadoh shows. "I think he was kind of aware of how much shit I was talking about him, but I don't think he really ever pursued any of it. One of the things that really triggered this, for me to finally just go, "Hey, you know, maybe this could work", is when I realized that maybe J wasn't really holding any kind of grudge against me because he didn't like me. I was thinking, maybe he just didn't realize what he had done, or maybe he wasn't really aware of how much he'd actually hurt me. And when I started to realize that, he kind of became more human to me ", [13] Barlow noted in a 2005 interview.

Then, in 2002, the two would share the stage for two shows in London, with Barlow singing I Wanna Be Your Dog along with Mascis, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton and Mike Watt, who had been performing Stooges songs as "Asheton, Asheton, Mascis and Watt" [14]. Ron Asheton (b July 17, 1948 in Ann Arbor Michigan) is guitarist and co-songwriter with Scott "Rock Action" Asheton (b August 16, 1949 in Ann Arbor Michigan) is drummer for the Rock band The Stooges, along Michael David Watt (born December 20, 1957 in Portsmouth Virginia) is an American Bass guitarist singer and Songwriter. The Stooges are an American rock band that was active from 1967 to 1974 then reformed in 2003

Mascis regained the master rights to the band's first three albums from SST in 2004, and arranged for their reissue on Merge early 2005. Merge Records is an Independent record label based in Durham North Carolina. Later that year, he and Barlow shared the stage at benefit show for autism at Smith College organized by Barlow's mother in Northhampton, MA and played togther as Deep Wound after Mascis and Sebadoh had completed their respective sets. Language development. The terminology Smith College is a private, independent women's liberal arts college located in Northampton Massachusetts. Northampton is a city in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. Deep Wound was a Hardcore punk band formed in 1982 in Westfield MA Sebadoh is an Indie rock band formed in Westfield, Massachusetts by Eric Gaffney and Dinosaur Jr bass player Lou Barlow [15].

Following the reissues in 2005, Mascis, Barlow and Murph finally reunited to play on the Late Late Show on April 15, 2005 and in June of that year, they kicked off a tour of Europe. The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson is an American late-night Talk show hosted by Scottish - American comedian While performing in New York in 2006, much of the band's equipment was stolen while stored outside their hotel and has not yet been recovered [16]. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The band members were later among the curators of 2006's All Tomorrow's Parties festival. All Tomorrow's Parties is a Music festival which takes place in England at Camber Sands holiday camp in East Sussex and Butlin's holiday

In 2007, the original members of Dinosaur Jr released Beyond on Fat Possum Records, their first album of new material as a trio since Bug in 1988. Beyond is the eighth studio album by the Alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr. History Founded by Matthew Johnson and Peter Redvers-Lee in 1992, the label initially specialised in discovering Blues players from the North It was met with critical acclaim, rating an 8. 4 from Pitchfork [17] and garnering positive reviews from around the music press. Pitchfork Media, usually known simply as Pitchfork, is a Chicago -based daily Internet publication devoted to music criticism and commentary It was considered somewhat of a sonic paradox in that even though it featured the original members who produced "two records so drenched in noise they still sound like aural assaults decades after their original release" , sonically it resembled the major label releases of the 1990s in both production values and stylistic range. [18] . The album went on to good commercial success, debuting on the Billboard 200 at number 69 its opening week.

Musical style

 Music sample:

"Freak Scene"

Sample of "Freak Scene" from the band's third album Bug (1988), an alternative rock song which features Mascis' distinctive vocal drawl and a layered guitar sound. Bug is Dinosaur Jr 's third album released in October 1988 through SST Records. Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of
Problems listening to the file? See media help.

Dinosaur Jr is considered to be an alternative rock band; however the band's musical style, compared to its underground contemporaries in the 1980s, differed in several ways. Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of This included the influence of classic rock on the band's music, their use of feedback, extreme volume and the loud-quiet dynamic, and frontman Mascis' droning vocals. Gerald Cosloy, head of Homestead Records, summarised the band's music: "It was its own bizarre hybrid. . . It wasn't exactly pop, it wasn't exactly punk rock — it was completely its own thing". [19]

Mascis listened to classic rock artists such as The Beatles, Rolling Stones and The Beach Boys, elements of which were incorporated into Dinosaur Jr's sound. Classic rock was originally conceived as a Radio station programming format which evolved from the Album oriented rock (AOR format in the early-1980s The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 The Beach Boys is an American rock band Formed in 1961 the group gained popularity for its close vocal harmonies and lyrics reflecting a California Youth culture [20] Dinosaur Jr's members also combined elements of hardcore punk and noise rock in their songs, which often featured a large amount of feedback, distortion and extreme volume. Hardcore punk (now usually referred to as simply hardcore) is a subgenre of Punk rock that originated in North America in the late 1970s Noise rock (also known as noise punk) describes one variety of Post-punk Rock music that became prominent in the 1980s [21] When the master tape of You're Living All Over Me arrived at SST, the label's production manager noticed the level on the tape was so high it was distorting; however, Mascis confirmed it was the way he wanted the album to sound. You're Living All Over Me is the second Album by the American Indie rock band Dinosaur Jr, released in 1987 on SST Records [22] To accentuate their use of volume, the band employed and popularised the quiet-loud change of dynamic in many of its songs, a technique that would be later popularised by the Pixies, Nirvana and alternative rock in general during the 1990s. Pixies are an American Alternative rock band formed in Boston Massachusetts in 1986 Nirvana was an American rock band that was formed by singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen Washington.

Similar to Mascis's guitar work, Barlow's bass lines, with its alternating heavily distorted, fast chords and pulverizing lows, draw heavily from both his hardcore past and is influenced by bassists such as Lemmy from Motörhead and Johnny Ramone. Lemmy (born Ian Fraser Kilmister, December 24 1945) also known as Lemmy Kilmister, Ian Willis or Lemmy von Motörhead John William Cummings (October 8 1948 &ndash September 15 2004 better known by the stage name Johnny Ramone, was the Guitarist for the seminal Punk rock "Johnny Ramone is my hero. I wanted to make that rhythmic chugging sound like he got playing guitar with the Ramones. And, I found that I got a bigger sound by strumming farther up the neck. "[23][24]

Mascis's vocals are another distinctive feature of Dinosaur Jr's music. He attributed his "whiny low-key drawl", the opposite of the hardcore punk "bark",[25] to artists such as John Fogerty and Mick Jagger. Hardcore punk (now usually referred to as simply hardcore) is a subgenre of Punk rock that originated in North America in the late 1970s John Cameron Fogerty (born May 28, 1945) is an American rock singer Songwriter, and Guitarist, best known for his Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger, Kt (born 26 July 1943 is a Golden Globe -winning and two-time Grammy -winning English rock [26] His style also resembled Neil Young's, but Mascis disputed this, and later commented: "That got annoying, being compared all the time". Neil Percival Young OM (born November 12, 1945, Toronto Ontario) is a Canadian Singer-songwriter, Musician [27] His drawl epitomised the band's slacker ethos and relaxed attitude; author Michael Azerrad said "even Mascis seemed removed from the feelings he was conveying in the music". Michael Azerrad is an American Author, Journalist and Musician. [28]

Discography

Main article: Dinosaur Jr discography

Studio albums

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 350
  2. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 351
  3. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 352
  4. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 353
  5. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 354
  6. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 354-355
  7. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 355
  8. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 356
  9. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 357
  10. ^ Azerrad (2001), p. 358-59
  11. ^ Strong, Martin C. (2002), "The Great Rock Discography, 6th edn. ", Canongate, ISBN 1-84195-312-1
  12. ^ a b Lazell, Barry: "Indie Hits 1980-1989", 1997, Cherry Red Books, ISBN 0-9517206-9-4
  13. ^ Hawthorne, Marc. Onion AV Club Interview. The Onion. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  14. ^ Empire, Kitty. Hell For Leather. The Observer. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  15. ^ Anderman, Joan. Dinosaur Jr. is happy to be no longer extinct. Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  16. ^ Dinosaur Jrs gear stolen mid-tour. NME. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  17. ^ Baron, Zach. Dinosaur Jr. - Beyond. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  18. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Dinosaur Jr. - Beyond. Allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  19. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 353
  20. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 348
  21. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 347
  22. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 361
  23. ^ Olwell, Greg. Lou Barlow Jurassic Rock. Bassplayer. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  24. ^ Bergrand, Adrian. Bulbs, Bugs and Little Fury Things: Revisiting Dinosaur Jr.. Staticmultimedia. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  25. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 353
  26. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 353-4
  27. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 354
  28. ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 346

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