Citizendia
Your Ad Here

10 MP Nikon D200 and a Nikon film scanner
10 MP Nikon D200 and a Nikon film scanner
The Canon EOS 350D
The Canon EOS 350D
The Canon PowerShot A95
The Canon PowerShot A95

Digital photography is a form of photography that utilizes digital technology to make digital images of subjects. The Nikon D200 is a 102 megapixel Digital single-lens reflex camera that falls between entry-level and midrange DSLR cameras such as the Nikon D40, Nikon D40x A film scanner is a device made for Scanning Photographic film directly into a computer without the use of any intermediate printmaking The Canon EOS 350D ( Canon EOS Digital Rebel XT in North America and the Canon EOS Kiss Digital N in Japan) is an 8 The Canon PowerShot A is a series of Digital cameras released by Canon. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary Until the advent of digital technology, photography used photographic film to create images which could be made visible by photographic processing. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Photographic processing is the Industrial process by which conventional Photographic film is treated after Photographic exposure in order to produce the Digital images can be displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted, and archived using digital and computer techniques, without chemical processing. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Digital photography is one of several forms of digital imaging. Digital imaging or digital image acquisition is the creation of Digital images typically from a physical object Digital images are also created by non-photographic equipment such as computer tomography scanners and radio telescopes. Computed tomography (CT is a Medical imaging method employing Tomography. A radio telescope is a form of directional Radio antenna used in Radio astronomy and in tracking and collecting data from Satellites Digital images can also be made by scanning conventional photographic images. Historical precedent Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices consisting of a rotating drum with a single Photodetector at

Contents

History

Main article: Digital camera#History


Sensors and storage

Sensors read the intensity of light as filtered through different color filters, and digital memory devices store the digital image information, either as RGB color space or as raw data. Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. In Physics, intensity is a measure of the time-averaged Energy Flux. See also Photographic filter A color gel or color filter ( UK colour gel or colour filter) or a lighting gel A data storage device is a device for recording (storing information (data An RGB color space is any additive Color space based on the RGB color model. A raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of a Digital camera or Image scanner.

There are two main types of sensors:

Nearly all digital cameras now use built in and/or removable solid state flash memory. A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS) (pronounced "see-moss" siːmɔːs ˈsiːmɒs is a major class of Integrated circuits CMOS technology An active-pixel sensor (APS, also commonly written active pixel sensor, is an Image sensor consisting of an Integrated circuit containing an array of pixel Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed Digital camcorders that double as a digital still camera use flash memory, discs and internal hard disks. For a time floppy disks and mini-CDs were used in early digital cameras such as the Sony Mavica range. Mavica was a brand of Sony Cameras which used removable disks as the main recording media

Multifunctionality and connectivity

Except for some linear array type of cameras at the highest-end and simple web cams at the lowest-end, a digital memory device (usually flash memory; floppy disks and CD-RWs are less common) is usually used for storing images, which may then be transferred to a computer later. A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Webcams ( web cameras) are small cameras (usually though not always Video cameras, whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web, instant A data storage device is a device for recording (storing information (data Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW is a rewritable Optical disc format A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Digital cameras can take pictures, and may also record sound and video. Some can be used as webcams, some can use the PictBridge standard to connect to a printer without using a computer, and some can display pictures directly on a television set. Webcams ( web cameras) are small cameras (usually though not always Video cameras, whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web, instant PictBridge is an Industry standard from the Camera & Imaging Products Association (CIPA for direct printing Similarly, many camcorders can take still photographs, and store them on videotape or on flash memorycards with the same functionality as Digital Cameras. A camcorder is a portable Consumer electronics device for recording Video and audio using a built-in recorder unit Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto Magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph.

Performance metrics

The quality of a digital image is the sum of various factors, many of which are similar to film cameras. Pixel count (typically listed in megapixels, millions of pixels) is only one of the major factors, though it is the most heavily marketed. In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image Pixel count metrics were created by the marketing organizations of digital camera manufacturers because consumers can use it to easily compare camera capabilities. It is not, however, the major factor in evaluating a digital camera. The processing system inside the camera that turns the raw data into a color-balanced and pleasing photograph is the most critical, which is why some 4+ megapixel cameras perform better than higher-end cameras.

Pixel counts

The number of pixels n for a given maximum resolution (w horizontal pixels by h vertical pixels) is the product n = w × h. In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image Image resolution describes the detail an Image holds The term applies equally to Digital images film images and other types of images This yields e. g. 1. 92 megapixels (1,920,000 pixels) for an image of 1600 × 1200. The majority of compact (not SLR) digital cameras have a 4:3 aspect ratio, i. The aspect ratio of an Image is its width divided by its height e. w/h = 4/3. [1]. According to Digital Photography Review, the 4:3 ratio is because "computer monitors are 4:3 ratio, old CCD's always had a 4:3 ratio, and thus digital cameras inherited this aspect ratio. "[1]

The pixel count quoted by manufacturers can be misleading as it may not be the number of full-colour pixels. For cameras using single-chip image sensors the number claimed is the total number of single-colour-sensitive photosensors, whether they have different locations in the plane, as with the Bayer sensor, or in stacks of three co-located photosensors as in the Foveon X3 sensor. An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal Explanation Bryce Bayer's patent called the green photosensors luminance-sensitive elements and the red and blue ones chrominance-sensitive elements. The Foveon X3 sensor is a CMOS Image sensor for digital cameras designed by Foveon Inc However, the images will have different numbers of RGB pixels: the Bayer-sensor cameras produce as many RGB pixels as photosensors via demosaicing (interpolation), while the cameras with Foveon sensors produce uninterpolated image files with one-third as many RGB pixels as photosensors. A demosaicing Algorithm is a digital image process used to interpolate a complete image from the partial raw data received from the color-filtered It is difficult to compare the resolutions based on the megapixel ratings of these two types of sensors, and therefore sometimes subject of dispute.

Resolution

Resolution provides an indication of the amount of detail that is captured, but, like the other metrics, resolution is just another factor out of many in determining the quality of an image. Furthermore, different methods of creating an image make it impossible to compare the resolutions of cameras simply based on the number of pixels produced by the image sensor. An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal For example, the Sigma SD14 camera uses Foveon technology, which is quite different from most other digital cameras. The Sigma SD14 is a Digital single-lens reflex camera produced by the Sigma Corporation of Japan. Foveon Inc, is the company that makes the Foveon X3 sensor, which captures images in digital single-lens reflex cameras such as the Sigma Corporation It claims to be a 14 megapixel camera, but is generally considered to have detail-capturing capabilities roughly equivalent to 9 megapixels in terms of Bayer sensors. Explanation Bryce Bayer's patent called the green photosensors luminance-sensitive elements and the red and blue ones chrominance-sensitive elements. [2]

The relative increase in detail resulting from an increase in resolution is better compared by looking at the number of pixels across (or down) the picture, rather than the total number of pixels in the picture area. For example, a sensor of 2560 × 1600 sensor elements is described as "4 megapixels" (2560 × 1600 = 4,096,000). Increasing to 3200 × 2048 increases the pixels in the picture to 6,553,600 (6. 5 megapixels), a factor of 1. 6, but the pixels per cm in the picture (at the same image size) increases by only 1. 25 times. A measure of the comparative increase in linear resolution is the square root of the increase in area resolution, i. e. , megapixels in the entire image.

Resolution in pixels is not the only measure of image quality; a larger sensor with the same number of pixels will generally produce a better image than a smaller one. One of the most important differences is an improvement in image noise. Image noise is a random usually unwanted variation in brightness or color information in an Image. This is one of the advantages of digital SLR cameras, which have larger sensors than simpler cameras of the same resolution.

Dynamic range

Practical imaging systems, digital and film, have a limited dynamic range which can be reproduced accurately. Dynamic range is a term used frequently in numerous fields to describe the Ratio between the smallest and largest possible values of a changeable quantity such as in Sound Highlights of the subject which are too bright will be rendered as white, with no detail; shadows which are too dark will be rendered as black. A shadow is an area where direct light from a light source cannot reach due to obstruction by an object The loss of detail is not abrupt with film, or in dark shadows with digital sensors: some detail is retained as brightness moves out of the dynamic range. "Highlight burn-out" of digital sensors, however, can be abrupt, and highlight detail may be lost. And as the sensor elements for different colors saturate in turn, there can be gross hue or saturation shift in burnt-out highlights.

Some digital cameras can show these blown highlights in the image review, allowing the photographer to re-shoot the picture with a modified exposure. Others compensate for the total contrast of a scene by selectively exposing darker pixels longer. A third technique is used by Fujifilm in its FinePix S3 Pro digital SLR. The Fujifilm FinePix S3 Pro is an interchangeable lens digital single-lens reflex camera introduced in February 2004 The image sensor contains additional photodiodes of lower sensitivity than the main ones; these retain detail in parts of the image too bright for the main sensor. A photodiode is a type of Photodetector capable of converting Light into either current or Voltage, depending upon the mode of operation

High dynamic range imaging (HDR) addresses this issue by increasing the dynamic range of images by either

HDR images curtail burn-outs and black-outs.

Applications and considerations

With the acceptable image quality and the other advantages of digital photography (particularly the time pressures of vital importance to daily newspapers) the majority of professional news photographers have begun capturing their images with digital cameras.

Digital photography has also been adopted by many amateur snapshot photographers, who take advantage of the convenience of the form when sending images by email, placing them on the World Wide Web, or displaying them in digital picture frames. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Digital cameras have also been integrated into many cell phones, although, because of the small, poor quality lenses and sensors in most of these phones, the quality of these pictures makes them unsuitable for making even moderate size prints.

Some commercial photographers, and some amateurs interested in artistic photography, have been resistant to using digital rather than film cameras because they believe that the image quality available from a digital camera is still inferior to that available from a film camera, and the quality of images taken on medium format film is near-impossible to match at any price with a digital camera. A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera. This page is about medium-sized film formats For formats of a different Medium, see Format disambiguation Some have expressed a concern that changing computer technology may make digital photographs inaccessible in the future. A related concern in a specialized application is the use of digital photographs in court proceedings, with the added difficulty of demonstrating an image's authenticity. Some high-end film can also still be projected for viewing at a much higher optical resolution than even the best digital projectors.

Other commercial photographers, and many amateurs, have enthusiastically embraced digital photography because they believe that its flexibility and lower long-term costs outweigh its initial price disadvantages. Almost all of the cost of digital photography is capital cost, meaning that the cost is for the equipment needed to store and copy the images, and once purchased requires virtually no further expense outlay. Film photography requires continuous expenditure of funds for supplies and developing, although the equipment itself does not outdate so quickly and has a longer service life. Some commercial photographers have also begun moving to digital technology because of the tremendous editing capabilities now offered on computers. The photographer is able to color-balance and manipulate the image in ways that traditional darkroom techniques cannot offer, although film users can utilize the same technology with a film scanner. With fully color-balanced systems from the camera to the monitor to the printer, the photographer can now print what is actually seen on the screen.

However, digital cameras require batteries that need to be recharged or replaced frequently, and this means that a photographer needs access to electrical outlets. Digital cameras also tend to be much more sensitive to moisture and extreme cold. For this reason, photographers who work in remote areas may favour film SLR cameras, though many higher-end DSLRs are now equipped with 'weather-proof' bodies. Medium- and large-format film cameras are also still preferred by publications insisting on the very highest detail and resolution, such as Arizona Highways. For a list of highways in Arizona see List of Arizona State Routes Arizona Highways ( is a magazine that contains

Digital photography was used in astronomy long before its use by the general public and had almost completely displaced photographic plates by the early 1980s. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Not only are CCDs more sensitive to light than plates, but they have a much more uniform and predictable response, and the information can be downloaded onto a computer for data analysis. Data analysis is the process of looking at and summarizing Data with the intent to extract useful Information and develop conclusions The CCDs used in astronomy are similar to those used by the general public, but are generally monochrome and cooled with liquid nitrogen so as to reduce the noise caused by heat. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!. Many astronomical instruments have arrays of many CCDs, sometimes totaling almost a billion pixels. Nowadays amateur astronomers also commonly use digital cameras, including the use of webcams for speckle imaging or "video astronomy". Webcams ( web cameras) are small cameras (usually though not always Video cameras, whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web, instant Speckle imaging (also known

Sensor size and angle of view

Cameras with digital sensors that are smaller than the typical 35mm film size will have a smaller field or angle of view when used with a lens of the same focal length. In Photography, angle of view describes the angular extent of a given scene that is imaged by a Camera. The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly it converges (focuses or diverges (diffuses Light. This is because angle of view is a function of both focal length and the sensor or film size used.

If a sensor smaller than the full-frame 35mm film format is used, such as the use of APS-C-sized digital sensors in DSLRs, then the field of view is cropped by the sensor to smaller than the 35mm full-frame format's field of view. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its Advanced Photo System type-C ( APS-C) is an Image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System "classic" size negatives A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism This narrowing of the field of view is often described in terms of a focal length multliplier or crop factor, a factor by which a longer focal length lens would be needed to get the same field of view on a full-frame camera. In Digital photography, a crop factor is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format most often this term is applied to

If the digital sensor has approximately the same resolution (effective pixels per unit area) as the 35mm film surface (24 x 36 mm), then the result is similar to taking the image from the film camera and cutting it down (cropping) to the size of the sensor. For an APS-C size sensor, this would be a reduction to approximately the center 50% of the image. The cheaper, non-SLR models of digital cameras typically use much smaller sensor sizes and the reduction would be greater.

If the digital sensor has a higher or lower density of pixels per unit area than the film equivalent, then the amount of information captured will differ correspondingly. While resolution can be estimated in pixels per unit area, the comparison is complex since most types of digital sensor record only a single colour at each pixel location, and different types of film will have different effective resolutions. There are various trade-offs involved, since larger sensors are more expensive to manufacture and require larger lenses, while sensors with higher numbers of pixels per unit area are likely to suffer higher noise levels.

For these reasons, it is possible to obtain cheap digital cameras with sensor sizes much smaller than 35mm film, but with high pixel counts, that can still produce high-resolution images. Such cameras are usually supplied with lenses that would be classed as extremely wide angle on a 35mm camera, and which can also be smaller size and less expensive, since there is a smaller sensor to illuminate. For example, a camera with a 1/1. 8" sensor has a 5. 0x field of view crop, and so a hypothetical 5-50mm zoom lens will produce images that look similar (again the differences mentioned above are important) to those produced by a 35mm film camera with a 25–250mm lens, while being much more compact than such a lens for a 35mm camera since the imaging circle is much smaller.

This can be useful if extra telephoto reach is desired, as a certain lens on an APS sensor will produce an equivalent image to a significantly longer lens on a 35mm film camera shot at the same distance from the subject, the equivalent length of which depends on the camera's field of view crop. This is sometimes referred to as the focal length multiplier, but the focal length is a physical attribute of the lens and not the camera system itself. The downside to this is that wide angle photography is made somewhat more difficult, as the smaller sensor effectively and undesirably reduces the captured field of view. Some methods of compensating for this or otherwise producing much wider digital photographs involve using a fisheye lens and "defishing" the image in post processing to simulate a rectilinear wide angle lens. In Photography, a fisheye lens is a Wide-angle lens that takes in an extremely wide hemispherical image In Photography, a rectilinear lens is a Photographic lens that yields images where straight features such as the walls of buildings appear with straight lines as

Full-frame digital SLRs, that is, those with sensor size matching a frame of 35mm film, include Canon 1DS, 1DS II, and 5D, Kodak Pro DCS-14n, and Contax N Digital. A full-frame digital SLR is a Digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR fitted with an Image sensor that is the same size as a 35 mm (36x24 mm film frame There are very few digital cameras with sensors that can approach the resolution of larger-format film cameras, with the possible exception of the Mamiya ZD (22MP) and the Hasselblad H3D series of DSLRs (22 to 39 MP). is a Japanese company that today manufactures high-end cameras and other related photographic and optical equipment Victor Hasselblad AB is a Swedish manufacturer of Medium-format Cameras and photographic equipment based in Gothenburg, Sweden A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism

Common values for field of view crop in DSLRs include 1. 3x for some Canon sensors, 1. is a Japanese Multinational corporation that specializes in imaging and optical products including Cameras photocopiers and Computer printers 5x for Sony APS-C sensors used by Nikon, Pentax and Konica Minolta and for Fujifilm sensors, 1. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with ( also known as Nikon or Nikon Corp, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo Japan specializing in Optics is a wholly owned division and brand name of Hoya Corporation. is a Japanese manufacturer of office equipment Medical imaging, Graphic imaging, Optical devices and Measuring instruments The company is a Japanese company known for its Photographic film and Cameras Fujifilm is the world’s largest photographic and imaging company. 6 (APS-C) for most Canon sensors, ~1. 7x for Sigma's Foveon sensors and 2x for Kodak and Panasonic 4/3" sensors currently used by Olympus and Panasonic. is a Japanese company founded in 1961 manufacturing Cameras, lenses, flashes and other photographic accessories Foveon Inc, is the company that makes the Foveon X3 sensor, which captures images in digital single-lens reflex cameras such as the Sigma Corporation Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment ( is a Japanese company specializing in Optics and Imaging. Olympus was established on October 12 1919 initially specialized in microscope Crop factors for non-SLR consumer compact and bridge cameras are larger, frequently 4x or more. Bridge digital cameras are a type of high-end Digital camera.

Drawing showing the relative sizes of sensors used in most current digital cameras.
Drawing showing the relative sizes of sensors used in most current digital cameras.
Table of sensor sizes [3]
Type Width (mm) Height (mm) Size (mm²)
1/3. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here 6" 4. 00 3. 00 12. 0
1/3. 2" 4. 54 3. 42 15. 5
1/3" 4. 80 3. 60 17. 3
1/2. 7" 5. 37 4. 04 21. 7
1/2. 5" 5. 76 4. 29 24. 7
1/2" 6. 40 4. 80 30. 7
1/1. 8" 7. 18 5. 32 38. 2
1/1. 7" 7. 60 5. 70 43. 3
2/3" 8. 80 6. 60 58. 1
1" 12. 8 9. 6 123
4/3" 18. 0 13. 5 243
APS-C 25. Advanced Photo System type-C ( APS-C) is an Image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System "classic" size negatives 1 16. 7 419
35 mm 36 24 864
Back 48 36 1728

Storage

Main article: Digital camera#Storage

Storage for digital cameras have increased in size and technology with the time. Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. From magnetic tape (Steven Sasson's 1975 prototype) to floppy disks to flash memory. Steven J Sasson (born 1950 is an Electrical engineer and the inventor of the Digital camera. A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed

Digital camera backs

Main article: digital camera back

Most digital cameras are built to operate as a self-contained unit. A digital camera back is a device which attaches to the back of a camera in place of a Film holder and contains an Electronic Image sensor. This is especially so at the lower-end, for these cameras usually include zoom lens and flashes that cannot be changed. A zoom lens is a mechanical assembly of lens elements with the ability to vary its Focal length (and thus Angle of view) as opposed to a fixed focal A flash is a device used in Photography that produces an instantaneous flash of artificial Light However, at the highest-end, some digital cameras are nothing but a sophisticated light-sensing unit. Experienced photographers attach these digital "camera backs" to their professional medium format SLR cameras, such as a Mamiya. This page is about medium-sized film formats For formats of a different Medium, see Format disambiguation The single-lens reflex (SLR Camera uses an automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging is a Japanese company that today manufactures high-end cameras and other related photographic and optical equipment

Linear array cameras are also called scan backs.

Scanning and multi-shot camera backs are usually used only in studios to take pictures of still objects. Most earlier digital camera backs used linear array sensors which could take seconds or even minutes for a complete high-resolution scan. The linear array sensor acts like its counterpart in a flatbed image scanner by moving vertically to digitize the image. Historical precedent Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices consisting of a rotating drum with a single Photodetector at

Many early such cameras could only capture grayscale images. In Computing, a grayscale or greyscale Digital image is an image in which the value of each Pixel To take a color picture, it required three separate scans done with a rotating colored filter. These are called multi-shot backs. Some other camera backs use CCD arrays similar to typical cameras. These are called single-shot backs.

Since it is much easier to manufacture a high-quality linear CCD array with only thousands of pixels than a CCD matrix with millions, very high resolution linear CCD camera backs were available much earlier than their CCD matrix counterparts. For example, you could buy an (albeit expensive) camera back with over 7,000 pixel horizontal resolution in the mid-1990s. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) However, as of 2004, it is still difficult to buy a comparable CCD matrix camera of the same resolution. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Rotating line cameras, with about 10,000 color pixels in its sensor line, are able, as of 2005, to capture about 120,000 lines during one full 360 degree rotation, thereby creating a single digital image of 1,200 Megapixels. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Most modern digital camera backs use very large CCD matrices. This eliminates the need for scanning. For example, Phase One produces a 39 million pixel digital camera back with a 49. This article is about the company "Phase One" For the toxic site study see Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Phase One is a 1 x 36. 8 mm CCD in 2008. This CCD array is a little smaller than a frame of 120 film and much larger than a 35 mm frame (36 x 24 mm). 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its In comparison, a consumer digital camera usually uses a much smaller 1/2. 5 inch or 7. 176 x 5. 329 mm (~ 1/1. 8 inch) CCD sensor. Further, the 1/2. 5 or 1/1. 8 inch diagonal measurement is the size of the entire CCD chip- the actual photo-sensitive area is much smaller.

At present, there are relatively few complete digital SLR cameras with sensors large enough to compete with medium to large format film cameras. Phase One and Mamiya manufacture medium format digital devices that can capture 16MP up to 39MP[4]. This article is about the company "Phase One" For the toxic site study see Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Phase One is a is a Japanese company that today manufactures high-end cameras and other related photographic and optical equipment The units tend to be quite large and expensive, but offer vastly higher . Additionally, because of their high build quality and lack of moving parts tend to be quite long lasting and are prominent on the used market [5].

Comparison with film photography

Main article: Digital versus film photography

Advantages of consumer digital cameras

The advantages of digital photography over traditional film include:

Advantages of professional digital cameras

The Golden Gate Bridge retouched for painterly light effects
The Golden Gate Bridge retouched for painterly light effects

Recent manufacturers such as Nikon and Canon have promoted the adoption of digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) by photojournalists. ( also known as Nikon or Nikon Corp, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo Japan specializing in Optics is a Japanese Multinational corporation that specializes in imaging and optical products including Cameras photocopiers and Computer printers A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism Photojournalism is a particular form of Journalism (the collecting editing and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast that creates images in order to tell Images captured at 2+ megapixels are deemed to be of sufficient quality for small images in newspaper or magazine reproduction. In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image Six to 14 megapixel images, found in modern digital SLRs, when combined with high-end lenses, can approximate the detail of film prints taken with 35 mm film based SLRs, and the latest 16 megapixel models can produce astoundingly detailed images which are believed to be better than 35mm film images and the majority of medium format cameras. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its This page is about medium-sized film formats For formats of a different Medium, see Format disambiguation [6]

Disadvantages of digital cameras

For most consumers in prosperous countries such as the United States and Western Europe, the advantages of digital cameras outweigh their disadvantages. However, many professional photographers continue to prefer film. Much of the post-shooting work done by a photo lab for film is done by the photographer himself for digital images. Concerns that have been raised by professional photographers include: editing and post-processing of RAW files can take longer than 35mm film, downloading a large number of images to a computer can be time-consuming, shooting in remote sites requires the photographer to carry a number of batteries and add to the load to carry, equipment failure—while all cameras may fail, some film camera problems (e. g. , meter or rangefinder problems, failure of only some shutter speeds) can be worked around. As time passes, it is expected that more professional photographers will switch to digital.

In some cases where very high-resolution digital images of good quality are needed it may be advantageous to take large-format film photographs and digitise them. This allows the creation of very large computer files without speed or capacity disadvantages at picture-taking time. A computer file is a block of Arbitrary Information, or resource for storing information which is available to a Computer program and is usually This is discussed in detail in an article with the provocative title A 100 MP Digital Camera System for Under $2,000.

Equivalent features

Image noise / grain

Noise in a digital camera's image is remarkably similar to film grain in a film camera. Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed Photographic film due to the presence of small grains of a metallic silver developed from At high ISO levels (film speed) the grain/noise becomes more apparent in the final image. Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to Light. Although film ISO levels can be lower than digital ISO levels (25 and 50 respectively), digital settings can be changed quickly according to requirements, while film must be physically replaced and protected from all light during such replacement. Additionally, image noise reduction techniques can be used to remove noise from digital images and film grain is fixed. Noise reduction is the process of removing Noise from a signal. From an artistic point of view, film grain and image noise may be desirable when creating a specific mood for an image. Modern digital cameras have comparable noise/grain at the same ISO as film cameras. Some digital cameras though, do exhibit a pattern in the digital noise which is not found on film. Image noise is a random usually unwanted variation in brightness or color information in an Image.

Speed of use

Previously digital cameras had a longer start-up delay compared to film cameras, i. e. , the delay from when they are turned on until they are ready to take the first shot, but this is no longer the case for modern digital cameras. Similarly, the amount of time needed to write the data for a digital picture to the memory card is now comparable to the amount of time it takes to wind the film on a film camera, at least with modern digital cameras and modern fast memory cards. Both digital cameras and film cameras have a small delay between when the shutter button is pressed and when the picture is taken – this is the time necessary to autofocus the lens and compute and set the exposure. (This shutter delay is practically zero for SLR and DSLR cameras. )

Frame rate

The Canon EOS-1D Mark III can take still photographs at 10 frames per second; the fastest film SLR could shoot 10 frames per second. The Nikon F5 is limited to 36 continuous frames (the length of the film) while the Canon EOS-1D Mark III is able to take about 110 high definition JPEG images before its buffer must be cleared and the remaining space on the storage media can be used. In Computing, a buffer is a region of memory used to temporarily hold Data while it is being moved from one place to another A data storage device is a device for recording (storing information (data

Image longevity

Although digital image data does not degrade (film stock can fade), the media on which the digital images are stored can decay or become corrupt, leading to a loss of image integrity. Film should be stored under archival conditions for maximum longevity; this should not be a problem for digital images as perfect copies can be made and stored elsewhere. Without backup it is easier to lose huge amounts of digital data, for example by accidental deletion of folders, or by failure of a mass storage device. In comparison, each generation of copies of film negatives and transparencies is degraded compared to its parent. Film images can easily be converted to digital with some possible loss of quality.

Colour reproduction

Colour reproduction (gamut) is dependent on the type and quality of film or sensor used and the quality of the optical system and film processing. In color reproduction including Computer graphics and Photography, the gamut, or color gamut (pronounced /ˈgæmət/ is a certain complete Different films and sensors have different color sensitivity; the photographer needs to understand his equipment, the light conditions, and the media used to ensure accurate colour reproduction. Many digital cameras offer RAW format (sensor data) which makes it possible to choose color space in the development stage regardless of camera settings; in effect the scene itself is stored as far as the sensor allows, and can to some extent be "rephotographed" with different color balance, exposure, etc.

A comparison of frame aspect ratios

A typical digital camera's aspect ratio is 1. 33 (4:3), the same as today's NTSC or PAL/SECAM TVs or earliest movies. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system However, a 35 mm picture's aspect ratio is 1. 5 (3:2). Several new digital cameras will take photos in either ratio and nearly all digital SLRs take pictures in a 3:2 ratio as they usually use lenses designed for 35 mm film (Olympus and Panasonic digital SLRs are notable exceptions). ( is a Japanese company specializing in Optics and Imaging. Olympus was established on October 12 1919 initially specialized in microscope Some photo labs also offer the option of printing photos on 4:3 ratio paper, as well as the existing 3:2. In 2005 Panasonic launched the first consumer camera with a native aspect ratio of 16:9, matching HDTV. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition This is similar to a 7:4 aspect ratio, which was a common size for APS film. Different aspect ratios are one of the main reasons consumers have cropping issues when printing digital photos, or film photos as well. Moreover, the majority of digital cameras take an aspect ratio of 4:3 which translates to a size of 4. 5" x 6. 0". This translates into losing a half an inch when printing on the "standard" size of 4" x 6", an aspect ratio of 3:2. Similar cropping occurs when printing on other sizes as well, i. e. , 5"x7", 8"x10", or 11"x14". The easy way to see if the aspect ratio you want will fit is to divide the length and width. If these match then there will be no cropping off the original image. For example, an 8"x12" has the same aspect ratio as a 4"x6" or a 12"x18", because 12 divided by 8 is 1. 5, the same aspect ratio as a 4"x6", which is also 1. 5.

Market impact

In late 2002, 2 megapixel cameras were available in the United States for less than $100, with some 1 megapixel cameras for under $60. At the same time, many discount stores with photo labs introduced a "digital front end", allowing consumers to obtain true chemical prints (as opposed to ink-jet prints) in an hour. These prices were similar to those of prints made from film negatives. However, because digital images have a different aspect ratio than 35 mm film images, people have started to realize that 4x6 inch prints crop some of the image off the print. Some photofinishers have started offering prints with the same aspect ratio as the digital cameras record.

In July 2003, digital cameras entered the single-use market with the release of the Ritz Dakota Digital, a 1. The Ritz Dakota Digital is a type of point-and-shoot Digital camera, introduced in July of 2003, and sold by the Ritz Camera Centers 2 megapixel (1280 x 960) CMOS-based digital camera costing only $11 (USD). Following the familiar single-use concept long in use with film cameras, the Dakota Digital was intended to be used by a consumer one time only. When the pre-programmed 25 picture limit is reached, the camera is returned to the store, and the consumer receives back prints and a CD-ROM with their photos. The camera is then refurbished and resold. Since the introduction of the Dakota Digital, a number of similar single-use digital cameras have appeared. Most of the various single-use digital cameras are nearly identical to the original Dakota Digital regarding specifications and functionality, although a few include superior specifications and more advanced functions (such as higher image resolutions and LCD screens). Most, if not all, of these single-use digital cameras cost less than $20 (USD), not including processing fees. However, the huge demand for complex digital cameras at competitive prices has often resulted in manufacturing shortcuts, evidenced by a large increase in customer complaints over camera malfunctions, high parts prices, and short service life. Some digital cameras offer only a 90-day warranty.

The price of 35mm compact cameras have dropped with manufacturers further outsourcing to countries such as China. A point-and-shoot camera, also called a compact camera, is a Still camera designed primarily for simple operation Kodak announced in January 2004 that they would no longer sell Kodak-branded film cameras in the developed world. Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors [7] In January 2006, Nikon followed suit and announced that they will stop the production of all but two models of their film cameras, they will continue to produce the low-end Nikon FM10, and the high-end Nikon F6. The Nikon F6 is a 35 mm film -based Single-lens reflex camera body that became commercially available in 2004 and is the sixth top-of-the-line professional film In the same month, Konica Minolta announced that it was pulling out of the camera business altogether. The price of 35mm and APS compact cameras have dropped, probably due to direct competition from digital and the resulting growth of the offer of second-hand film cameras. [8] Pentax have reduced production of film cameras but not halted it. [9]. The technology has improved so rapidly that one of Kodak's film cameras was discontinued before it was awarded a "camera of the year" award later in the year.

Since 2002, digital cameras have outsold film cameras. However, the use of 35mm cameras is greater in developing countries. [10] In Guatemala, for example, extremely high import duties on all digital products serves to encourage sales and use of film cameras.

The decline in film camera sales has also led to a decline in purchases of film for such cameras. In November 2004, a German division of Agfa-Gevaert, AgfaPhoto, split off. Within six months it filed for bankruptcy . Konica Minolta Photo Imaging, Inc. will end production of Color film and paper worldwide by March 31, 2007. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In addition, by 2005, Kodak employed less than a third of the employees that it had twenty years earlier. It is not known if these job losses in the film industry have been offset in the digital image industry.

In addition, digital photography has resulted in some positive market impacts as well. The increasing popularity of products such as digital photo frames and canvas prints is a direct result of the increasing popularity of digital photography. A digital photo frame is a Picture frame that displays Digital photos without the need to print them or use a computer A canvas print, also known as a stretched canvas or canvas art, is the result of an image printed onto Canvas which is stretched or gallery-wrapped

An example of digital photography. This photo was taken and made into a digital print in less than 5 minutes.
An example of digital photography. This photo was taken and made into a digital print in less than 5 minutes.

Social impact

Throughout the history of photography, technological advances in optics, camera production, developing, and imaging have had an effect on the way people view images. Prior to the 1970s, most people in the United States used slide (or "chrome") film and viewed the images with a slide projector. After that, people began to make prints from color negatives. The simultaneous increased use of the Internet and email, relatively cheap computers and digital cameras led to a tremendous increase in the number of photographic images in digital formats.

In the early part of the 21st century, the dominant method of viewing still images has been on computers and, to a lesser extent, on cellular phones (although people still make and look at prints). These factors have led to a decrease in film and film camera sales and film processing, and has had a dramatic effect on companies such as Fuji, Kodak, and Agfa. In addition, many stores that used to offer photofinishing services or sell film no longer do, and those that do have seen a tremendous decline.

Photographic images have always been prone to fading and loss of image quality due to sun exposure or improper storage of film negatives, slides, and prints. Since digital images are stored as data on a computer, the image never loses visual quality, detail, or fidelity as long as the digital media upon which it is stored remains intact. The only way to ruin a digital image is to delete the image file, to corrupt or re-write some of the image file's data, or to damage or destroy the electronic storage media (hard drive, disk, CD, flash card, etc. ) upon which the file resides. As with all computer files, making backups is the most effective way of ensuring that a copy of a digital image can always be recovered.

Of growing concern for both archivists and historians is the relative non-permanence or transitory nature of digital media. Unlike film and print, which are tangible and immediately accessible to a person, storage of digital images is ever-changing with old media and decoding software becoming obsoleted or inaccessible by new technologies. Historians are concerned that we are creating a historical void where information and details about a given decade or era will have been lost within either failed or inaccessible digital media. It is recommended that both professional and amateur users develop strategies for migrating stored digital images from old technologies to new. [11] Scrapbookers who may have used film for creating artistic and personal memoirs may need to modify their approach to digital photobooks in order to personalise them and retain the special qualities of traditional photo albums.

It is likely that film will never again be purchased and used on the scale it was for most of the 20th century. However, it probably will not disappear altogether. At its advent in the early 19th century, many believed photography would supplant the painting of portraits and landscapes. In the same way that acrylic and oil paint are still dominant media in use by artists and hobbyists, it's likely that photographic film and equipment will continue to be an option for enthusiasts. It is also important to note that the differences between film and digital photography are far less significant than the differences between painting and film photography.

Recent research and innovation

Lighting, optics, sensors, processing, storage, and display, with software weaving them together, are all advancing. Here are a few examples.

Other areas of progress include enlarged gamut sensors, software, and displays; and computer controlled lighting. In color reproduction including Computer graphics and Photography, the gamut, or color gamut (pronounced /ˈgæmət/ is a certain complete

See also

References

  1. ^ a b PhotoAccess reveals 4:3 ratio prints: Digital Photography Review
  2. ^ Foveon X3 Sensor Claims Put to the Test
  3. ^ Bockaert, Vincent. Analog photography is Photography made by a progressively changing image medium usually one based on Chemical processes ( Photographic film) or on Electronic Automatic image annotation (also known as automatic image tagging is the process by which a computer system automatically assigns Metadata in the form of Captioning A camcorder is a portable Consumer electronics device for recording Video and audio using a built-in recorder unit Chimping is a colloquial term used in Digital photography (especially when using a Digital single-lens reflex camera) to describe the habit of checking every photo Design rule for Camera File system (DCF is a JEITA specification (number CP-3461 which defines a File format and File system for Digital cameras Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. Image editing encompasses the processes of altering Images whether they be digital photographs traditional analog photographs or Illustrations Digital imaging or digital image acquisition is the creation of Digital images typically from a physical object A digital photo frame is a Picture frame that displays Digital photos without the need to print them or use a computer DPOF (Digital Print Order format is a format which allows the user of a Digital camera or other device such as a Mobile Phone or PDA to define which captured images on the This article presents a Timeline of events in the history of Computing from 1950 to 1979 A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal A geocoded photograph is a Photograph which is associated with a geographical location In Image processing, Computer graphics, and Photography, high dynamic range imaging (HDRI is a set of techniques that allows a greater dynamic This article is about photographic lenses for single-lens reflex '''film''' cameras (SLRs and '''digital''' single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs. List of Digital camera Brands past and present updated to 2005, but may miss some Portable storage devices ( PSD s are small Hard drives designed to copy digital Photographs ( RAW data from cameras Photo sharing is the publishing or transfer of a user's digital photos online thus enabling the user to share them with others (whether publicly or privately PictBridge is an Industry standard from the Camera & Imaging Products Association (CIPA for direct printing A raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of a Digital camera or Image scanner. The Society for Imaging Science and Technology ( IS&T) is a Research and Education organization in the field of Imaging. The Society for Imaging Science and Technology ( IS&T) is a Research and Education organization in the field of Imaging. Sensor sizes. Digital Photography Review. Digital Photography Review (established November 1998 is a Website about Digital cameras and Digital photography. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  4. ^ Phase One Medium Format Digital Back Tech Specs, Capture Integration
  5. ^ Used Phase One Medium Format Digital Backs, Capture Integration
  6. ^ Reichmann, Michael. The Ultimate Shoot-Out. The Luminous Landscape. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  7. ^ Smith, Tony (2004-01-20). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Kodak to drop 35mm cameras in Europe, US. The Register. The Register (" El Reg " to its staff and readers is a British technology news and opinion website Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  8. ^ Nikon to End Many Film-Related Products (2006-01-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  9. ^ Tomkins, Michael R. (2004-06-01). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Pentax plans to focus on digital. The Imaging Resource. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  10. ^ Cook, Brad (2004-09-24). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Film still holds a place in the digital era. Fairfax Media. Fairfax Media Limited, is one of Australia's largest diversified media companies Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  11. ^ Lombardi, Rosie (2006-12-20). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. How long will my digital pictures last?. PC World. PC World is a global Computer magazine published monthly by IDG. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  12. ^ Photosynth. Microsoft Research. Microsoft Research (MSR is a division of Microsoft created in 1991 for researching various Computer science topics and issues Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  13. ^ Raskar, Ramesh; Amit Agrawal, and Jack Tumblin. Coded Exposure Photography: Motion Deblurring using Fluttered Shutter. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.

External links

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic