Digital cinema refers to the use of digital technology to distribute and project motion pictures. A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for A film distributor is an independent company a Subsidiary company or occasionally an individual which acts as the final agent between a film production company A video projector takes a Video signal and projects the corresponding image on a Projection screen using a lens system The final movie can be distributed via hard drives [ex. Utilizing the CRU-Dataport DX115 removable disk drive carriers + DX115 carrier USB/SATA adapter], DVDs or satellite and projected using a digital projector instead of a conventional film projector. This article is concerned with technical aspects of moving film projection Digital cinema is distinct from high-definition television and in particular, is not dependent on using television or HDTV standards, aspect ratios, or frame rates. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition Digital projectors capable of 2K resolution began deploying in 2005, and since 2006, the pace has accelerated. HDTV and pre-recorded HD disks could put pressure on movie theaters to offer something to compete with the home HD experience. Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue

In this article, 2K and 4K refer to images with 2048 and 4096 horizontal pixel resolution, respectively.

Contents 1 Technology 1.1 Digital capture 1.2 Digital post-production 1.3 Digital mastering 1.3.1 Digital cinema distributors 1.4 Digital projection 2 Live broadcasting to movie theaters 3 Current developments 4 Economics 4.1 Savings in distribution 4.2 Alternative content 4.3 Greater protection for content 4.4 Costs 5 History 5.1 Standards development 5.2 Claims to significant events 5.3 Stereo 3-D images 6 List of digital cinema companies 7 See also 8 References and notes 9 External links

Technology

To match or improve the theater experience of movie audiences, a digital cinema system must provide high quality image, sound, subtitles, and captions. Theater managers require server controls for managing and displaying content in multiple theaters, and studios want their content encrypted with secure delivery, playback, and reporting of play times to the distribution company. Production company refers to a company responsible for the development and physical production of Performing arts, Film, Radio or a Television program

The Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI), working in conjunction with members of the SMPTE standards committee, has published a system specification for digital cinema that was agreed upon by the major studios. Digital Cinema Initiatives LLC or DCI is a joint venture of major motion picture studios formed to establish a standard architecture for Digital cinema A major film studio is a movie production and distribution company that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant ^[1] Briefly, the specification calls for picture encoding using the ISO/IEC 15444-1 "JPEG2000" (. JPEG 2000 is a Wavelet -based Image compression standard It was created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group committee in the year 2000 with the intention jp2) standard and use of the CIE XYZ color space at 12 bits per component encoded with a 2. In the study of the perception of Color, one of the first mathematically defined Color spaces was the CIE 1931 XYZ color space (also known as CIE 1931 color space 6 gamma applied at projection, and audio using the "Broadcast Wave" (. Gamma correction, gamma nonlinearity, gamma encoding, or often simply gamma, is the name of a nonlinear operation used to code and decode luminance wav) format at 24 bits and 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling, controlled by an XML-format Composition Playlist, into an MXF-compliant file at a maximum data rate of 250 Mbit/s. Don't change "Extensible" Material eXchange Format ( MXF) is a container format for professional digital video and audio media defined by a set of SMPTE standards Details about encryption, key management, and logging are all discussed in the specification as are the minimum specifications for the projectors employed including the color gamut, the contrast ratio and the brightness of the image. Key management is a term used to describe two different fields (1 Cryptography, and (2 physical key management (or Electronic key management) within building or In color reproduction including Computer graphics and Photography, the gamut, or color gamut (pronounced /ˈgæmət/ is a certain complete The contrast ratio is a measure of a display system defined as the Ratio of the Luminance of the brightest color (white to that of the darkest color (black that

Digital cinema conforming to the DCI Standard is referred to within the film industry as D-Cinema while all other forms of digital cinema are referred to as E-Cinema. Thus, while D-Cinema is a defined standard, though one that is still partly being framed by SMPTE as of 2007, E-Cinema may be anything, ranging from a DVD player connected to a consumer projector to something that approaches the quality of D-Cinema without conforming to some of the standards. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Even D-Cinema itself has evolved over time before the DCI standards were framed. However, the current DCI standards were made with the intention of standing the test of time, much like 35 mm film which has evolved but still retained compatibility over a substantial part of a century. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its

Digital capture

Further information: digital cinematography

As of 2007 the most common acquisition medium for digitally projected features is 35 mm film scanned and processed at 2K or 4K via digital intermediate. Digital cinematography is the process of capturing Motion pictures as Digital images rather than on film. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a Motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change Most digital features to date have been shot at 1920x1080 HD resolution using cameras such as the Sony CineAlta, Panavision Genesis or Thomson Viper. Sony 's CineAlta 24P HD ( high definition video) Cameras are a series of professional digital video cameras that offer many of the same features Panavision is a Motion picture equipment company specializing in Cameras and lenses, based in Woodland Hills California. New cameras such as the Arriflex D-20 and Silicon Imaging's SI-2K can capture 2K resolution images. The Arriflex D-20 is a film-style digital motion picture camera made by Arri first introduced in November 2005 Thus the future of digital cinema can be expected to have as a standard 4K capture and 4K projection. Currently in development are cameras capable of recording 4K RAW, such as the RED One and Dalsa Corporation's Origin. The Red Digital Cinema Camera Company manufactures Digital cinematography cameras and accessories for professional and cinematic use The Dalsa Origin is the first camera designed and built by Dalsa Corporation to be used specifically for Digital cinematography.

Digital post-production

Further information: digital intermediate

Film is scanned from camera-original film negatives into a digital format on a scanner or high-resolution telecine. Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a Motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change Telecine (ˈtɛləˌsɪni/ /ˌtɛləˈsɪni/ ˌtɛləˈsɪnə also /ˌtɛləˈsiːn/ — "tel-e-Sin-ee" "tel-e-Sin-a" as 'cine' is the same root as in 'cinema' Data from digital motion picture cameras may be converted to a convenient image file format for work in a facility. All of the files are 'conformed' to match an edit list created by the film editor, and are then color corrected under the direction of the film's staff. The end result of post-production is a digital intermediate used to record the motion picture to film and/or for the digital cinema release. Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a Motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change

Digital mastering

When all of the sound, picture, and data elements of a production have been completed, they may be assembled into a Digital Cinema Distribution Master (DCDM) which contains all of the digital material needed for a show. The images and sound are then compressed, encrypted, and packaged to form the Digital Cinema Package (DCP).

Digital cinema distributors

Technicolor, Deluxe Digital Studios, XDC and Access Integrated Technologies are the leading companies in digital distribution. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation XDC, a member company of EVS was created in 2004 by Laurent Minguet Access Integrated Technologies is a large company concerned in amongst other things Motion pictures. Other companies currently distributing digital cinema include Kodak, DTS, Ascent Media, Dolby, Arts Alliance Media and Motion Picture Solutions. Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment Ascent Media Group LLC provides creative and technical media services including Post-production work for the media and entertainment industries Arts Alliance Media is a digital distribution company based in London, England, with outposts in Paris, Amsterdam, Kristiansand

Digital projection

There are currently two types of projectors for digital cinema. Early DLP projectors, used primarily in the U.S., used limited 1280×1024 resolution which are still widely used for pre-show advertising but not usually for feature presentations. Digital Light Processing (DLP is a Trademark owned by Texas Instruments, representing a technology used in projectors and Video projectors It was The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The DCI specification for digital projectors calls for three levels of playback to be supported: 2K (2048×1080) at 24 frames per second, 4K (4096×2160) at 24 frames per second, and 2K at 48 frames per second. Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of the Frequency (rate at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames The

Three manufacturers have licensed the TI-developed DLP Cinema technology. Christie Digital Systems, Barco and NEC. Christie Digital Systems Inc is a privately held company that manufactures projectors most notably LCD and DLP Digital cinema projectors Barco NV ( is a display Hardware manufacturer specialising in CRT projectors LCD projectors DLP projectors, LCoS projectors is a Japanese multinational IT company headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan. Christie is the maker of the CP2000 line of 2K DCI-compliant Digital Cinema Projectors, and long established in traditional film projector technology throughout the U. Christie Digital Systems Inc is a privately held company that manufactures projectors most notably LCD and DLP Digital cinema projectors S. and is the market leader in terms of units sold and deployed internationally. NEC manufactures the Starus NC2500S, NC1500C and NC800C 2K projectors for large, medium and small screen respectively and the Starus Digital Cinema Server system, as well as other equipment to connect PCs, analog/digital tape decks and satellite receivers, DVD, and off-air broadcast, etc. is a Japanese multinational IT company headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan. for pre-show and special presentations. While NEC is a relative newcomer to Digital Cinema, Christie is the main player in the U. S. and Barco takes the lead in Europe and Asia.

The other soon-to-be-deployed-technology is from Sony and is labeled "SXRD" technology. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with SXRD (Silicon X-tal Reflective Display is Sony 's proprietary variant of Liquid crystal on silicon, a technology used mainly in projection Televisions and Their projector provides 4096x2160 resolution.

Other manufacturers have been developing digital projector technology, but these have not yet been deployed into motion picture theaters and are not commercially available in versions that conform to the DCI specification.

As of July 2007, there are some cinemas in Singapore showing digital 4K films to public using Sony's CineAlta 4K digital projector. They are located at Golden Village Cinema in Vivocity (Hall 11), Eng Wah Cinema in Suntec (Hall 3), Shaw Cinema in Bugis (Hall 1 & 3) and at Cathay Cineplex (Hall 7). VivoCity ( Chinese: 怡丰城 is the largest shopping mall in Singapore, located at the HarbourFront precinct.

In September 2007, Muvico Theaters Rosemont 18 in Rosemont, Illinois became the first theater in North America to have Sony's CineAlta 4K digital projectors for all 18 screens. Muvico Theaters intends on opening more theaters in the last quarter of 2008 and well into 2009 all utilizing Sony's CineAlta 4K digital projector.

Live broadcasting to movie theaters

Digital cinemas can deliver live broadcasts from performances or events. For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit For example, there are regular live broadcasts to movie theaters of Metropolitan Opera performanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org../../../../articles/m/e/t/Metropolitan_Opera_386b.html#Met_broadcasts_to_movie_theaters. The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera.

Current developments

As of October 2007, there are over 5000 DLP-based Digital Cinema Systems installed. ^[2]

By October 2007, DG2L Technologies was reported to have supplied 1500 Digital Cinema Systems to UFO Moviez Ltd. in India and Europe. ^[3]

As of July, 2007, 1400 screens in the U. S. have been equipped with digital cinema projectors including a dozen theaters where the Sony 4K projector has been installed. In continental Europe, XDC is servicing over 300 screens in 10 countries, where Germany has the leading territory with over 100 installations. XDC, a member company of EVS was created in 2004 by Laurent Minguet

The UK is home to Europe's first DCI compliant fully digital multiplex cinemas, Odeon Hatfield and Odeon Surrey Quays (London) have a total of 18 digital screens and were both launched on Friday 9 February 2007. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

In June 2007, Arts Alliance Media announced the first European commercial digital cinema VPF agreements (with Twentieth Century Fox and Universal Pictures). Arts Alliance Media is a digital distribution company based in London, England, with outposts in Paris, Amsterdam, Kristiansand Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American

As of March 2007, with the release of Disney's Meet the Robinsons, about 600 screens have been equipped with 2K digital projectors that are equipped with Real D Cinema's stereoscopic 3D technology, marketed under the Disney Digital 3-D brand. Meet the Robinsons is a Computer-animated 2007 Film and the 46th Animated feature produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios RealD Cinema is a digital 3D Stereoscopic projection technology which does not require two projectors unlike some older 3D stereoscopic projection technology Disney Digital 3-D is a brand used by the The Walt Disney Company to describe digitally animated three-dimensional films shown exclusively using Digital projection

In mid 2006, about 400 theaters have been equipped with 2K digital projectors with the number increasing every month.

In February 2005, Arts Alliance Media was selected to roll out the UK Film Council’s Digital Screen Network (DSN), a $20M contract to install and operate Europe’s largest 2K digital cinema network. Arts Alliance Media is a digital distribution company based in London, England, with outposts in Paris, Amsterdam, Kristiansand By March 2007, 230 of the 241 screens had been installed on schedule, with the remaining 11 to be installed later in 2007 when cinemas have completed building works or construction.

Chicken Little from Disney, with its experimental release of the film in digital 3D, increased the number of projectors using the 2K format. Several digital 3D films will surface in 2006 and several prominent filmmakers have committed to making their next productions in stereo 3D. See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images

By early 2006, Access Integrated Technologies (AccessIT) had announced agreements with nearly all of the major film studios and several exhibitors that enable the company to roll-out its end-to-end digital cinema systems. Access Integrated Technologies is a large company concerned in amongst other things Motion pictures. Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue

In August 2006, the Malayalam digital movie Moonnamathoral was distributed via satellite to cinemas; thus becoming the first Malayalam digital film to be so distributed. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Moonnamathoral ( Malayalam:മൂന്നാമതൊരാള്‍; meaning &mdash a third person is a Malayalam movie directed by VK Prakash This was done using the end-to-end digital cinema system developed by Singapore based DG2L Technologies. ^[4]

On May 1, 2008, Public Radio International (PRI) spearheaded the first-ever digital cinema event in public media by working with Ira Glass and Chicago Public Radio on This American Life Live!^[5]. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Public Radio International ( PRI) is a Minneapolis -based American Public radio organization with locations in Boston, New York Ira Glass (born March 3, 1959) is an American Public radio personality and host and producer of the radio and television show This Chicago Public Radio is a noncommercial Public radio station broadcasting from Chicago, Illinois. The event was presented exclusively in select theatres by National CineMedia's (NCM) Fathom, in partnership with BY Experience and Chicago Public Radio, and in association with Public Radio International. ^[6]

Economics

Savings in distribution

Digital distribution of movies has the potential to save money for film distributors. A single film print can cost around US$1200 (or $30,000 for a 1-time print of an 80-minute feature^[7]), so making 4000 prints for a wide-release movie might cost $5 million. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been In contrast, at the maximum 250 megabit-per-second maximum data rate defined by DCI for digital cinema, a typical feature-length movie could fit comfortably on an off the shelf 300 GB hard drive—which cost as low as $70—which could even be returned to the distributor for reuse after a movie's run. Digital Cinema Initiatives LLC or DCI is a joint venture of major motion picture studios formed to establish a standard architecture for Digital cinema In finance or when buying things off the shelf refers to products that have already been designed and made compared to " Made to measure," (or " One-off A gigabyte (derived from the SI prefix Giga-) is a unit of Information or Computer With several hundred movies distributed every year, industry savings could potentially reach $1 billion or more.

Alternative content

An added incentive for exhibitors is the ability to show alternative content such as live special events, sports, pre-show advertising and other digital or video content. Some low-budget films that would normally not have a theatrical release because of distribution costs might be shown in smaller engagements than the typical large release studio pictures. The cost of duplicating a digital "print" is very low, so adding more theaters to a release has a small additional cost to the distributor. Movies that start with a small release could scale to a much larger release quickly if they were sufficiently successful, opening up the possibility that smaller movies could achieve box office success previously out of their reach. A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue

Greater protection for content

A last incentive for digital distribution is the possibility of greater protection against piracy. Copyright infringement of audio-visual works, often referred to as piracy or Warez, occurs when unauthorized copies are made of music movies and similar With traditional film prints, distributors typically stagger the film's release in various markets, shipping the film prints around the globe. In the subsequent markets, pirated copies of a film (i. e. a cam) may be available before the movie is released in that market. Cam or Camming (also "CAM" and meaning simply Camera is a specific method of Motion picture Copying, usually infringing upon a A simultaneous worldwide release would mitigate this problem to some degree. Simultaneous worldwide releases on film have been used on The Da Vinci Code, Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle and Mission: Impossible III amongst others. The Da Vinci Code is a 2006 Feature film, which is based on the bestselling 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown This article is about the live-action movie which shares a title with a book, video game, and animated film. Star Wars Episode III Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 Space opera Film written and directed by George Lucas. Charlie's Angels Full Throttle is a 2003 action / Comedy film the second of the Charlie's Angels cinematic releases Mission Impossible III (abbreviated MiIII) is the third 2006 Action film based on the spy-themed television series Mission With digital distribution, a simultaneous worldwide release would not cost significantly more than a staggered release.

Costs

On the downside, the initial costs for converting theaters to digital are high: up to $150,000 per screen or more. Theaters have been reluctant to switch without a cost-sharing arrangement with film distributors. A film distributor is an independent company a Subsidiary company or occasionally an individual which acts as the final agent between a film production company Recent negotiations have involved the development of a Virtual Print License fee which the studios will pay for their products which allows financiers and system developers to pay for deployment of digital systems to the theaters, thus providing investors a certain payback.

While a theater can purchase a film projector for US$50,000 and expect an average life of 30–40 years, a digital cinema playback system including server/media block/and projector can cost 3–4 times as much, and is at higher risk for component failures and technological obsolescence. Experience with computer-based media systems show that average economic lifetimes are only on the order of 5 years with some units lasting until about 10 years before they are replaced.

Archiving digital material is also turning out to be both tricky and costly. In a 2007 study, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences found the cost of storing 4K digital masters to be "enormously higher - 1100% higher - than the cost of storing film masters. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization ostensibly dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of Motion " Furthermore, digital archiving faces challenges due to the insufficient temporal qualities of today's digital storage: no current media, be it optical discs, magnetic hard drives or digital tape, can reliably store a film for a hundred years, something that properly stored and handled film can do. A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device ^[8]

History

Digital media playback of hi-resolution 2K files has at least a twenty year history with early RAIDs feeding custom frame buffer systems with large memories. RAID — which stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks,or alternatively Redundant Array of Independent Disks (a less specific name and thus now the Content was usually restricted to several minutes of material.

Transfer of content between remote locations was slow and had limited capacity. It wasn't until the late 1990s that feature length projects could be sent over the 'wire' (Internet or dedicated fiber links).

There were many prototype systems developed that claim a first in some form of digital presentation. However, few of these had a significant impact on the advance of the industry. Key highlights in the development of digital cinema would likely include: demonstrations by TI of their DMD technology, real-time playback of compressed hi-resolution files by various vendors, and early HD presentations from D5 tape to digital projectors. Texas Instruments ( better known in the electronics industry (and popularly as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA A Digital Micromirror Device, or DMD is an Optical Semiconductor that is the core of DLP projection Technology, and was D-5 is a professional Digital video format introduced by Panasonic in 1994

Standards development

The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers began work on standards for digital cinema in 2001. It was clear by that point in time that HDTV did not provide a sufficient technological basis for the foundation of digital cinema playback. (In Europe and Japan however, there is still a significant presence of HDTV for theatrical presentations. Agreements within the ISO standards body have led to these systems being referred to as Electronic Cinema Systems (E-Cinema). )

Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) was formed in March 2002 as a joint project of the motion picture studios (Disney, Fox, MGM, Paramount, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Universal and Warner Bros. Studios) to develop a system specification for digital cinema. Digital Cinema Initiatives LLC or DCI is a joint venture of major motion picture studios formed to establish a standard architecture for Digital cinema A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc ( SPE) is the television and Film production/distribution unit of Japanese Media conglomerate Sony Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and In cooperation with the American Society of Cinematographers, DCI created standard evaluation material (the ASC/DCI StEM material) and developed tests of 2K and 4K playback and compression technologies. The American Society of Cinematographers ( ASC) is an educational cultural and professional organization DCI published their specification in 2005.

Claims to significant events

One claim for the first digital cinema demonstration comes from JVC. ( usually referred to as JVC, is an International consumer and professional electronics Corporation based in Yokohama, Japan which was founded On March 19, 1998, they collaborated on a digital presentation at a cinema in London. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Several clips from popular films were encoded onto a remote server, and sent via fibre optic for display to a collection of interested Industry parties. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length ^[9]

The Last Broadcast made cinematic history on October 23, 1998, when it became the first feature to be theatrically released digitally, via satellite download to theaters across the United States. The Last Broadcast is a 1998 Horror film made by Stefan Avalos and Lance Weiler. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) An effort headed by Wavelength Releasing, Texas Instruments, Digital Projection Inc. and Loral Space, it successfully demonstrated what would become a template for future releases. In 1999, it was repeated utilizing QuVIS technology across Europe, including the Cannes Film Festival, making The Last Broadcast the first feature to be screened digitally at the Cannes Film Festival. The Cannes Film Festival (le Festival de Cannes founded in 1946 is one of the world's oldest most influential and prestigious Film festivals alongside Venice,

Several feature films were shown in 1999 using DLP prototype projectors and early wavelet based servers. For example, Walt Disney Pictures Bicentennial Man was presented using a Qubit server manufactured by QuVIS of Topeka, Kansas. Walt Disney Pictures refers to several different entities associated with The Walt Disney Company: Walt Disney Pictures, the film banner was established Bicentennial Man or Andrew—NDR114 in Japan, is a 1999 film starring Robin Williams based on the well-known Topeka ( Kansa: Tó Ppí Kˀé ˌto ˈpːi ˌkˀeɪ Ioway: Dó Pí Kˀé ˌto ˈpʰi ˌkˀeɪ DVD ROM was used to store the compressed data file. The DVD ROMs were loaded into the QuBit server hard drives for playout. The file size for Bicentennial Man was 42 GB with an average data rate of 43 Mbit/s.

In 2000, Walt Disney, Texas Instruments and Technicolor with the cooperation of several U. Walter Elias Disney (December 5 1901 – December 15 1966 was a multiple Academy Award -winning American Film producer, director, Screenwriter Texas Instruments ( better known in the electronics industry (and popularly as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation S. and international exhibitors, began to deploy prototype Digital Cinema systems in commercial theatres. The systems were assembled and installed by Technicolor using the TI mark V prototype projector, a special Christie lamp housing, and the QuBit server with custom designed automation interfaces. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation Christie Digital Systems Inc is a privately held company that manufactures projectors most notably LCD and DLP Digital cinema projectors

Technicolor manufactured the DVDs for uploading on these test systems and was responsible for sending technicians out to the locations for every new feature film that was played. The technicians would typically spend ten or so hours to load the files from the DVD to the QuBit, set up the server to play the files, and then set up the projector. A full rehearsal screening of the feature was mandatory as was the requirement to have back up DVDs and backup QuBits available should something fail.

The systems were eventually replaced or upgraded after TI made improvements to the projectors and Technicolor developed a purpose-built digital cinema server in a venture with Qualcomm, the engineering giant from San Diego best known for advanced mobile phone technology. Qualcomm ( is a wireless telecommunications research and development company based in San Diego California The new systems were called AMS for Auditorium Management Systems and were the first digital cinema servers designed to be user friendly and operate reliably in a computer-hostile environment such as a projection booth. Most importantly, they provided a complete solution for content security.

The AMS used removable hard disk drives as the transport mechanism for the files. This eliminated the time required to upload the DVD ROMs to the local hard drives and provided the ability to switch programs quickly. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is For security, the AMS used a media block type system that placed a sealed electronics package within the projector housing. The server output only 3DES encrypted data and the media block did the decryption at the point just before playout. In Cryptography, Triple DES is a Block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES Cipher by using it three times

The first secure encrypted digital cinema feature was Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones is a 2002 Film directed by George Lucas and written by Lucas and Jonathan Hales The system functioned well but was eventually replaced because of the need to create a standard data package for D-cinema distribution.

Universal Pictures used their film Serenity as the first DCI-compliant DCP to be delivered shown to an audience at a remote theater, although it was not distributed this way to the public. Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Serenity is a 2005 space western Film written and directed by Joss Whedon. Inside Man was their first DCP cinema release, and was transmitted to 20 theatres in the United States along with two trailers. Inside Man is a 2006 Crime - Drama Film directed by Spike Lee. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In April 2005, DG2L Technologies announced that it had been awarded the multi-million dollar contract for the world's largest satellite based MPEG4 digital cinema deployment to be done in India, which encompassed 2000 theaters for UFO (United Film Organizers), a subsidiary of the Valuable Media Group. MPEG-4 is a collection of methods defining compression of audio and visual (AV digital data India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In Mar 2006, United Film Organizers Moviez (UFO Moviez), had reached a significant milestone—surpassing 30,000 shows using the DG2L Cinema System platform. This figure increased to 100,000 shows in August 2006. In September 2006, UFO Moviez acquired 51% stake in DG2L Technologies in a deal estimated at around $50 million.

Stereo 3-D images

In late 2005, interest in digital 3-D stereoscopic projection has led to a new willingness on the part of theaters to co-operate in installing a limited number of 2K stereo installations to show Disney's Chicken Little in 3-D film. Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images Seven more digital 3-D movies are slated for 2006 or 2007 release (including Beowulf, Monster House and Meet the Robinsons). Monster House is an American 2006 computer animated horror film released on July 21, 2006. Meet the Robinsons is a Computer-animated 2007 Film and the 46th Animated feature produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios The technology combines digital projectors with the use of polarized glasses and screens. Polarized 3D glasses create the illusion of three-dimensional images by restricting the light that reaches each Eye, an example of Stereoscopy. DLP technology is well-suited for stereo 3-D as it can handle the higher frame rates required for flicker free presentations.

List of digital cinema companies

• Access Integrated Technologies, Inc. Access Integrated Technologies is a large company concerned in amongst other things Motion pictures. (AccessIT) — theater system integrator
• Arts Alliance Media (Arts Alliance Digital Cinema) — theater system integrator
• Barco — digital projector manufacturer
• Christie — digital projector manufacturer
• d2 — digital cinema integrator
• Deluxe Digital Studios — distributor and theater system integrator
• Digital Genius — digital cinema integrator
• Doremi Cinema — leader manufacturer of digital cinema servers and mastering systems
• Dolby Laboratories — theater system integrator
• Kodak — theater system integrator
• Motion Picture Solutions — Digital Cinema Mastering
• NEC — digital projector manufacturer
• Sony — digital projector manufacturer
• Technicolor — distributor and theater system integrator
• Texas Instruments — developers of DLP projector technology
• Qube Cinema — manufacturer of digital cinema servers and mastering systems
• XDC — theater system integrator
• Ymagis — theater system integrator

See also

• Digital cinematography
• Digital projector
• Digital intermediate
• Digital film post-production
• Digital Cinema Initiatives
• Display resolution
• List of film-related topics (extensive alphabetical listing)
• Asian Academy Of Film & Television

References and notes

External links

• Digital Cinema FAQs — information targeted for exhibitors
• Digital Cinema: A Slow Revolution
• Digital Cinema Laboratory at USC — an industry-supported test bed for establishing benchmarks and standards in digital cinema
• CNN story on Star Wars Episode II
• [http://www.dcinema.eu/ Digital Cinema Portal — information on digital cinema
• Comparison of 16 mm to digital
• HD at Sundance
• Panavision / Canon presentation on digital camera specs

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