Digestive enzymes are enzymes in the alimentary canal that break down food so that the organism can absorb it. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an [1] The main sites of action are the oral cavity, the stomach, the duodenum and the jejunum. The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the Small intestine and lies between the Duodenum and They are secreted by different glands: the salivary glands, the glands in the stomach, the pancreas, and the glands in the small intestines. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises
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Oral cavity
In the oral cavity, salivary glands secrete ptyalin. The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva Amylase is an Enzyme that breaks Starch down into Sugar. Amylase is present in human Saliva, where it begins the chemical process It is a type of α-amylase, which digests starch into small segments of multiple sugars and into the individual soluble sugars. Amylase is an Enzyme that breaks Starch down into Sugar. Amylase is present in human Saliva, where it begins the chemical process Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Secreted by small and large salivary glands. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva
Salivary glands also secrete lysozyme, which kills bacteria but is not classified as a digestive enzyme. Lysozyme is a family of Enzymes ( which damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing Hydrolysis of 14-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have
Stomach
The enzymes that get secreted in the stomach are called gastric enzymes. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following These are the following:
- Pepsin is the main gastric enzyme. Pepsin is a digestive Protease ( released by the chief cells in the Stomach that functions to degrade food Proteins into As it breaks proteins into smaller peptide fragments, it is a peptidase. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link
- Gelatinase, degrades type I and type V gelatin and type IV and V collagen, which are proteoglycans in meat. In Biology and Chemistry, gelatinase is a Proteolytic Enzyme that allows a living Organism to hydrolyse Gelatin Gelatin (also gelatine, from French gélatine) is a translucent colourless brittle nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the Collagen is the main Protein of Connective tissue in Animals and the most abundant protein in Mammals making up about 50% of the whole-body protein Proteoglycans represent a special class of Glycoproteins that are heavily glycosylated.
- Gastric amylase degrades starch, but is of minor significance. Amylase is an Enzyme that breaks Starch down into Sugar. Amylase is present in human Saliva, where it begins the chemical process
- Gastric lipase is a tributyrase by its biochemical activity, as it acts almost exclusively on tributyrin, a butter fat enzyme. A lipase is a Water-soluble Enzyme that Catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Ester bonds in water–insoluble Lipid Butyrin, also known as tributyrin, is any of the three Isomeric glyceryl Esters of Butyric acid, naturally present in Butter
Small intestine
Pancreatic enzymes
The pancreas is the main digestive gland in our body. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. It secretes the enzymes:
- Trypsin, is a peptidase, that breaks down peptides in the small intestine. Trypsin ( is a Serine protease found in the Digestive system, where it breaks down Proteins Trypsin predominantly cleaves peptide chains at the carboxyl
- Chymotrypsin, also a peptidase
- Steapsin, degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Chymotrypsin (bovine γ chymotrypsin,) is a digestive enzyme that can perform Proteolysis. Steapsin belongs to the class of digestive enzymes called Lipases found in the pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides (main constituent in vegetable
- Carboxypeptidase, splits peptide fragments into individual amino acids. Carboxypeptidase ( EC number 3416 - 3418 is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal end of a peptide bond In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this It is a protease. A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link
- Several elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins. In Molecular biology, elastase is an Enzyme from the class of Proteases (peptidases, that break down Proteins Forms and Elastin is a Protein in Connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting
- Several nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNAase and RNAase
- Pancreatic amylase that, besides starch, glycogen and cellulose, degrades most other carbohydrates. A nuclease is an Enzyme capable of cleaving the Phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of Nucleic acids Older papers may use terms such as A deoxyribonuclease ( DNase, for short is any Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA Ribonuclease, abbreviated commonly as RNase, is a Nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components Amylase is an Enzyme that breaks Starch down into Sugar. Amylase is present in human Saliva, where it begins the chemical process Glycogen is a Polysaccharide of Glucose (Glc which functions as the secondary short term energy storage in Animal cells Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4
- Bile from the liver, which emulsifies fat, allowing more efficient use of lipases in the duodenum; in converting lipids to their component fatty acid and glycerol molecules
Proper small intestine enzymes
- Several peptidases. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species
- The jejunum and ileum secretes a juice called succus entericus which contains the following:
Six types of enzymes degrade disaccharides into monosaccharides:
- Sucrase, which breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
- Maltase, which breaks down maltose into glucose. In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the Small intestine and lies between the Duodenum and In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the ileum is the final section of the Small intestine. Intestinal juice (succus entericus refers to the clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the Small intestine walls Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single sacchar: sugar are the most basic unit of Carbohydrates They consist of one sugar and Sucrase is the name given to a number of enzymes that catalyse the Hydrolysis of Sucrose to Fructose and Glucose. Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three Maltase ( (acid maltase alpha-14-glucosidase is an Enzyme produced by the cells lining the Small intestine that breaks down the Disaccharide Maltose Maltose, or malt sugar is a Disaccharide formed from two units of Glucose joined with an α(1→4 linkage Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology.
- Isomaltase, which breaks down maltose and isomaltose
- Lactase, which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
- Intestinal lipase, which breaks down fatty acids
The small intestine receives lipase, trypsin and amylase from the pancreas. Isomaltase is an Enzyme which breaks the bonds linking Saccharides which cannot be broken by Amylase or Sucrase. Maltose, or malt sugar is a Disaccharide formed from two units of Glucose joined with an α(1→4 linkage Lactase (LCT a part of the β-galactosidase family of Enzymes is a Glycoside hydrolase involved in the Hydrolysis Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Galactose (Gal (also called brain sugar) is a type of Sugar which is less sweet than Glucose. A lipase is a Water-soluble Enzyme that Catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Ester bonds in water–insoluble Lipid In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which They are transported from the pancreas to the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. Protein, fats and starch are broken down into smaller molecules. However, they are not fully broken down yet. This causes the enzymes of the small intestine to act upon them. These enzymes include peptidase, which breaks down peptides into amino acids and the enzyme maltase acts upon maltose which produces glucose. These molecules are absorbed by the villi in the small intestine and according to the molecule they are either absorbed by the lacteal or blood capillaries.
References
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