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Diesel engines in a museum
Diesel engines in a museum
Diesel generator on an oil tanker
Diesel generator on an oil tanker

A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle; it was based on the hot bulb engine design and patented on February 23, 1893. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a The The hotbulb, or hot bulb engine or Vaporizing oil engine is a type of Internal combustion engine. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Diesel engines use compression ignition, a process by which fuel is injected after the air is compressed in the combustion chamber causing the fuel to self ignite. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy By contrast, a gasoline engine utilizes the Otto cycle, in which fuel and air are mixed before ignition is initiated by a spark plug. A Petrol engine or Gasoline engine is an Internal combustion engine with spark-ignition designed to run on petrol ( Gasoline) and similar volatile Today Internal combustion engines in cars, Trucks motorcycles aircraft construction machinery and many others most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. A spark plug (also very rarely nowadays in British English: a sparking plug) is an electrical device that fits into the Cylinder Most diesel engines have large pistons, therefore drawing more air and fuel which results in a bigger and more powerful combustion. This is effective in large vehicles such as trucks, diesel locomotives and SUV's.

Contents

Patent controversy

Like many other inventions, the credit for the invention of the diesel engine is in dispute. While Rudolf Diesel is the patent holder and popularly recognized inventor of his namesake engine, Herbert Akroyd Stuart and Charles Richard Binney had previously patented a compression ignition engine designed to run on coal dust. Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈkʁɪstjan ˈkaʁl ˈdiːzəl March 18, 1858 – last seen alive September 29, 1913) was a Herbert Akroyd-Stuart ( January 28 1864, Halifax Yorkshire, England - February 19 1927, Halifax) was Coal dust is a fine powdered form of Coal, which is created by the crushing grinding or pulverizing of coal The credit for the invention thus hinges on whether compression ignition or oil fuel is considered the defining property. Diesel's patent (No. 7241) was filed in 1892. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year [1] However, Herbert Akroyd Stuart and Charles Richard Binney had already obtained a patent (No. Herbert Akroyd-Stuart ( January 28 1864, Halifax Yorkshire, England - February 19 1927, Halifax) was 7146) in 1890 entitled: "Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air" which described the world's first compression-ignition engine. [2] Akroyd-Stuart constructed the first compression-ignition oil engine in Bletchley, England in 1891 and leased the rights to Richard Hornsby & Sons, who by July 1892, five years before Diesel's prototype, had a diesel engine working for Newport Sanitary Authority. Richard Hornsby & Sons was an engine and machinery manufacturer in Lincolnshire, England from 1828 until 1918 By 1896, diesel tractors and locomotives were being built in some quantity in Grantham. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Grantham is a Market town within the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. Importantly, Diesel's airblast injection system did not become part of subsequent "diesel" engines. From around 1910, manufacturers building diesel engines under patent from MAN began building engines with 'solid' injection systems, where fuel is delivered to the cylinder by a high pressure jerk-pump rather than compressed air. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting MAN AG is a German engineering Company based in Munich. MAN is one of Europe's leading manufacturers of engineering equipment This system was invented by Herbert Akroyd Stuart and used on Ruston-built oil engines. Herbert Akroyd-Stuart ( January 28 1864, Halifax Yorkshire, England - February 19 1927, Halifax) was MAN continued to build engines to Diesel's original design into the 1920s. By this time Robert Bosch had developed the spring-loaded fuel injector, which provided greater accuracy than the simple nozzle of earlier systems. Robert Bosch ( September 23, 1861 - March 12, 1942) was a German industrialist founder of Robert Bosch GmbH. Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine. All mechanical-injection diesel engines built from the 1920s onwards used some form of jerk-pump and spring-nozzle injection. No engine has been built to Diesel's original design since the 1930s. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression.

Early history timeline

A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906
A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906
Rudolf Diesel's 1893 patent on his engine design
Rudolf Diesel's 1893 patent on his engine design

How diesel engines work

model, leftside
model, leftside
model, rightside
model, rightside

In mechanical terms, the internal construction of a diesel engine is similar to its gasoline counterpart—components such as pistons, connecting rods and a crankshaft are present in both. A Petrol engine or Gasoline engine is an Internal combustion engine with spark-ignition designed to run on petrol ( Gasoline) and similar volatile A piston is a component of Reciprocating engines Pumps and Gas compressors It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by Piston In a reciprocating Piston engine, the connecting rod or conrod connects the Piston to the crank or Crankshaft. The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear Like a gasoline engine, a diesel engine may operate on a four-stroke cycle (similar to the gasoline unit's Otto cycle), or a two-stroke cycle, albeit with significant dissimilarity to the gasoline equivalent. Today Internal combustion engines in cars, Trucks motorcycles aircraft construction machinery and many others most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. In both cases, the principal differences lie in the handling of air and fuel, and the method of ignition. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy

A diesel engine relies upon compression ignition to burn its fuel, instead of the spark plug used in a gasoline engine. A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the Pressure of a Gas by reducing its Volume. If air is compressed to a high degree, its temperature will increase to a point where fuel will burn upon contact. The combined gas law is a Gas law which combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy This principle is used in both four-stroke and two-stroke diesel engines to produce power.

Unlike a gasoline engine, which draws an air/fuel mixture into the cylinder during the intake stroke, the diesel aspirates air alone. A cylinder is the central working part of a Reciprocating engine, the space in which a Piston travels A stroke is a single action of certain Engines In a steam, Otto or Diesel Piston Engine, a stroke is the action of A naturally-aspirated engine or normally-aspirated engine (or "N/A" - Aspiration meaning breathing refers to an Internal combustion engine Following intake, the cylinder is sealed and the air charge is highly compressed to heat it to the temperature required for ignition. Whereas a gasoline engine's compression ratio is rarely greater than 12:1 to avoid damaging preignition, a diesel's compression ratio is usually between 14:1 and 25:1. The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine particularly piston engines (but can be used on essentially any Internal-combustion Knocking (also called knock, detonation or spark knock, pinking in UK English or pinging in US English in spark-ignition This extremely high level of compression causes the air temperature to increase to 700 to 900 degrees Celsius (1300 to 1650 degrees Fahrenheit). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724

As the piston approaches top dead centre (TDC), fuel oil is injected into the cylinder at high pressure, causing the fuel charge to be nebulized. In a Reciprocating engine, the dead center is the position of a piston in which it is farthest from or nearest to the Crankshaft. Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine. In Medicine, a nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs Owing to the high air temperature in the cylinder, ignition instantly occurs, causing a rapid and considerable increase in cylinder temperature and pressure (generating the characteristic Diesel "knock"). The piston is driven downward with great force, pushing on the connecting rod and turning the crankshaft.

When the piston nears bottom dead centre the spent combustion gases are expelled from the cylinder to prepare for the next cycle. In a Reciprocating engine, the dead center is the position of a piston in which it is farthest from or nearest to the Crankshaft. In many cases, the exhaust gases will be used to drive a turbocharger, which will increase the volume of the intake air charge, resulting in cleaner combustion and greater efficiency. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine.

The above sequence generally describes how a diesel operates. However, there are striking differences between the four-stroke and two-stroke versions:

Four-Stroke
The cycle starts with the intake stroke, which begins when the piston is near top dead centre. A stroke is a single action of certain Engines In a steam, Otto or Diesel Piston Engine, a stroke is the action of The intake valve is opened, creating a passage from the exterior of the engine (generally through an air filter assembly), through the intake port in the cylinder head and into the cylinder itself. A poppet valve is a Valve consisting of a hole usually round or oval and a tapered plug usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem An air filter is a device which removes solid Particulates such as Dust, Pollen, Mold, and bacteria from Air. In an Internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits atop the cylinders and consists of a platform containing part of the Combustion chamber and the As the piston moves toward bottom dead centre, a partial vacuum develops, causing air to enter the cylinder. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. In the case of a turbocharged engine, the air is rammed into the cylinder at higher than atmospheric pressure. As the piston passes through bottom dead centre, the intake valve closes, sealing the cylinder.
The compression stroke begins as the piston passes through bottom dead centre and starts upward. A stroke is a single action of certain Engines In a steam, Otto or Diesel Piston Engine, a stroke is the action of Compression will continue until the piston approaches top dead centre. The energy required for the compression stroke comes from the momentum of a flywheel on the crankshaft as well as (in multi-cylinder engines) other pistons in their power stroke.
The power stroke occurs as the piston reaches top dead centre at the end of the compression stroke. At this time, fuel injection occurs, resulting in combustion and the production of useful work.
The final stroke is the exhaust stroke, which begins as the piston approaches bottom dead centre following ignition. A stroke is a single action of certain Engines In a steam, Otto or Diesel Piston Engine, a stroke is the action of The exhaust valve in the cylinder head is opened and as the piston starts upward, the spent combustion gases are forced out of the cylinder. Near top dead centre the intake valve will start to open before the exhaust valve is fully closed, a condition referred to as valve overlap. Overlap produces a flow of cooling intake air over the exhaust valve, prolonging its life. Following the completion of the exhaust stroke the cycle will begin anew.
Two-Stroke
Intake begins when the piston is near bottom dead centre. Air is admitted to the cylinder through ports in the cylinder wall (there are no intake valves). Since the piston is near bottom dead centre, aspiration due to atmospheric pressure isn't possible. Therefore a mechanical blower or hybrid turbocharger (a turbocharger that is mechanically driven from the crankshaft at low engine speeds) is employed to charge the cylinder with air. The Roots type Supercharger or Roots blower is a positive displacement pump which operates by pulling Air through a pair of meshing lobes not A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear In the early phase of intake, the air charge is also used to force out any remaining combustion gases from the previous power stroke, a process referred to as scavenging. As the piston passes through bottom dead centre, the exhaust valve(s) will be closed and, owing to the pressure generated by the blower or turbocharger, the cylinder will be filled with air. Once the piston starts upward, the air intake ports in the cylinder walls will be covered, sealing the cylinder. At this point, compression will commence. Note that exhaust and intake actually occur in one stroke, the period during which the piston is near the bottom of the cylinder.
As the piston rises, compression takes place and near top dead centre, fuel injection will occur, resulting in combustion, driving the piston downward. As the piston moves downward in the cylinder it will reach a point where the exhaust valves will be opened to expel the combustion gases. Continued movement of the piston will expose the air intake ports in the cylinder wall, and the cycle will start anew. Note that the cylinder will fire on each revolution, as opposed to the four-stroke engine, in which the cylinder fires on every other revolution.

Cold weather and diesels

In cold weather, diesel engines can be difficult to start because the mass of the cylinder block and cylinder head absorb the heat of compression, thus preventing ignition. The cylinder block or engine block is a machined casting (or sometimes an assembly of modules containing cylindrically bored holes for the Pistons of a multi-cylinder Spark ignition engines undergo the same problem, though they have the added benefit of a spark plug to help cause ignition. The main reason diesel engines take a long time to warm up in cold weather is the lack of a throttle. A throttle is the mechanism by which the flow of a fluid is managed by constriction or obstruction Spark ignition engines are throttled, so only the right amount of air comes in at a time. This is less efficient, but spark plugs only work near the stoichiometric, or the proper ratio of air to fuel for complete and most efficient combustion, mixture of fuel and air. Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction stoichiometry to distinguish it from composition stoichiometry is the Calculation of Quantitative (measurable Diesel engines accept a cylinder full of air and measure in the right amount of fuel. So each time the intake valve on a diesel opens, a full charge of cold air enters the cylinder. This cools the cylinder back down. The heat gained from each combustion process therefore can only cause a gain in temperature that is much, much smaller than it would be in a spark ignition engine.

Some engines use small electric heaters called glow plugs inside the cylinder to help ignite fuel when starting. For the similar device used in model aircraft engines, see Glow plug (model engine. Some even use resistive grid heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature. Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) connected to the utility grid are often used when an engine is turned off for extended periods (more than an hour) in cold weather to reduce startup time and engine wear. In the past, a wider variety of cold-start methods were used. Some engines, such as Detroit Diesel engines and Lister-Petter engines, used a system to introduce small amounts of ether into the inlet manifold to start combustion. Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC is a Diesel engine producer headquartered in Redford Michigan, USA. Lister-Petter is a British company that manufactures Internal combustion engines for Industry. Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl Sabb marine engines and Field Marshall tractors (amongst others) used slow-burning solid-fuel 'cigarettes' which were fitted into the cylinder head as a primitive glow plug. The Field-Marshalls were a range of British farm tractors manufactured by Marshall Sons & Co Lucas developed the 'Thermostart', where an electrical heating element was combined with a small fuel valve. Lucas Industries plc was a famous manufacturer of components for the motor industry and aerospace industry Diesel fuel slowly dripped from the valve onto the hot element and ignited. The flame heated the inlet manifold and when the engine was turned over the flame was drawn into the combustion chamber to start combustion. The most extreme cold-starting system was probably that developed by International Harvester for their WD-40 tractor of the 1930s. International Harvester Company ( IHC or IH; now Navistar International Corporation) was an agricultural machinery construction equipment The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. This had a 7-litre 4-cylinder engine which ran as a diesel, but was started as a petrol engine. The cylinder head had valves which opened for a portion of the compression stroke to reduce the effective compression ratio, and a magneto produced the spark. This article is about the Engine component For other uses of the term see Magneto (disambiguation. An automatic ratchet system automatically disengaged the ignition system and closed the valves once the engine had run for 30 seconds. The operator then switched off the petrol fuel system and opened the throttle on the diesel injection system.

Such systems fell out of favour when electrical glow plug systems proved to be the simplest to operate and produce. For the similar device used in model aircraft engines, see Glow plug (model engine. Direct-injection systems advanced to the extent that cold-starting systems were not needed and then electronic fuel injection systems rendered most cold-start system unnecessary.

Diesel fuel is also prone to "waxing" or "gelling" in cold weather, terms for the solidification of diesel oil into a partially crystalline state. The crystals build up in the fuel (especially in fuel filters), eventually starving the engine of fuel and causing it to stop running. Low-output electric heaters in fuel tanks and around fuel lines are used to solve this problem. Also, most engines have a "spill return" system, by which any excess fuel from the injector pump and injectors is returned to the fuel tank. Once the engine has warmed, returning warm fuel prevents waxing in the tank. Fuel technology has improved so that with special additives waxing rarely occurs in all but the coldest weather.

A vital component of all diesel engines is a mechanical or electronic governor, which limits the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery. A governor is a device used to measure and regulate the Speed of a Machine, such as an Engine. Unlike Otto-cycle engines, incoming air is not throttled and a diesel engine without a governor can easily overspeed, resulting in its destruction. Mechanically governed fuel injection systems are driven by the engine's gear train. These systems use a combination of springs and weights to control fuel delivery relative to both load and speed. Modern, electronically controlled diesel engines control fuel delivery and limit the maximum rpm by use of an electronic control module (ECM) or electronic control unit (ECU). The ECM/ECU receives an engine speed signal, as well as other operating parameters such as intake manifold pressure and fuel temperature, from a sensor and controls the amount of fuel and start of injection timing through electric or hydraulic actuators to maximize power and efficiency and minimize emissions.

Controlling the timing of the start of injection of fuel into the cylinder is a key to minimizing emissions, and maximizing fuel economy (efficiency), of the engine. The timing is usually measured in units of crank angle of the piston before top dead centre. For example, if the ECM/ECU initiates fuel injection when the piston is 10 degrees before TDC, the start of injection, or timing, is said to be 10° BTDC. Optimal timing will depend on the engine design as well as its speed and load.

Advancing the start of injection (injecting before the piston reaches TDC) results in higher in-cylinder pressure and temperature, and higher efficiency, but also results in elevated engine noise and increased oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions due to higher combustion temperatures. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric On the other hand, delayed start of injection causes incomplete combustion, reduced fuel efficiency and an increase in black exhaust smoke, containing a considerable amount of particulate matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC).

Early fuel injection systems

The modern diesel engine is a combination of two inventors' creations. In all major aspects, it holds true to Rudolf Diesel's original design, that of igniting fuel by compression at an extremely high pressure within the cylinder. However, nearly all present-day diesel engines use the so-called solid injection system invented by Herbert Akroyd Stuart for his hot bulb engine (a compression-ignition engine that precedes the diesel engine and operates slightly differently). Herbert Akroyd-Stuart ( January 28 1864, Halifax Yorkshire, England - February 19 1927, Halifax) was The hotbulb, or hot bulb engine or Vaporizing oil engine is a type of Internal combustion engine. Solid injection raises the fuel to extreme pressures by mechanical pumps and delivers it to the combustion chamber by pressure-activated injectors in an almost solid-state jet. Diesel's original engine injected fuel with the assistance of compressed air, which atomized the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle (a similar principle to an aerosol spray). Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles This is called an air-blast injection. The size of the gas compressor needed to power such a system made early diesel engines very heavy and large for their power outputs, and the need to drive a compressor lowered power output even more. Early marine diesels often had smaller auxiliary engines whose sole purpose was to drive the compressors to supply air to the main engine's injector system. Such a system was too bulky and inefficient to be used for road-going automotive vehicles.

Solid injection systems are lighter, simpler, and allow for much higher speed, and so are universally used for automotive diesel engines. Air-blast systems provide very efficient combustion under low-speed, high-load conditions, especially when running on poor-quality fuels, so some large marine engines use this injection method. Air-blast injection also raises the fuel temperature during the injection process, so is sometimes known as hot-fuel injection. In contrast, solid injection is sometimes called cold-fuel injection.

The vast majority of diesel engines in service today use solid injection and the information below relates to that system. In the diesel engine, only air is introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed to about 600 pounds per square inch (41 bar), compared to about 200 pounds per square inch (14 bar) in the gasoline engine. This high compression heats the air to about 1,000 °F (538 °C). At this moment, fuel is injected directly into the compressed air. The fuel is ignited by the heat, causing a rapid expansion of gases that drive the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft. In Diesel's manuals, he described the supply of compressed gas into the cylinder to promote the final burn.

Advantages of the diesel engine are numerous. It burns considerably less fuel than a gasoline engine performing the same work. It has no ignition system to attend to. It can deliver much more of its rated power on a continuous basis than can a gasoline engine. The life of a diesel engine is generally longer than a gasoline engine. Although diesel fuel will burn in open air, it will not explode unless compressed.

Some disadvantages to diesel engines are that they are very heavy for the power they produce due to the required heavy design, and their initial cost is much higher than a comparable gasoline engine.

Mechanical and electronic injection

Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly that is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually from the timing belt or chain. "Fuel pump" should not be confused with Fuel dispenser, a device that dispenses fuel into an automobile These engines use simple injectors that are basically very precise spring-loaded valves that open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump that pressurizes the fuel and a disc-shaped valve that rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns, the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure, and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off. Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, which controls the amount of fuel injected.

This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. Each injector has a solenoid, is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times that depend on other control conditions, such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart.

Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations.

Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently, as witnessed by massive amounts of soot being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of push starting a vehicle using the wrong gear.

Indirect injection

Main article: Indirect injection

An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber or ante-chamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence created in the chamber. In an Internal combustion engine, the term indirect injection refers to a Fuel injection where fuel is not directly injected into the Combustion chamber This system allows for a smoother, quieter running engine, and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower, which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speeds of around 4,000 rpm). The prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine's cooling system, and restricting the combustion burn, which reduced the efficiency by 5% – 10%. Indirect injection engines were used in small-capacity, high-speed diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until direct injection technology advanced in the 1980s. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet-running vehicles with a simple mechanical system. In road-going vehicles most prefer the greater efficiency and better controlled emission levels of direct injection.

Direct injection

Modern diesel engines make use of one of the following direct injection methods:

Distributor and Inline pump direct injection

The first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels; however the injectors were mounted in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber. Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine. The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate (smoke) emissions. Fuel consumption was about fifteen to twenty percent lower than indirect injection diesels, which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the extra noise.

This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by the Volkswagen Group in 1989. Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (German (listed as Volkswagen AG) is a German automobile manufacturing group currently The injection pressure was still only around 300 bar (4350 psi), but the injection timing, fuel quantity, EGR and turbo boost were all electronically controlled. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. The pound per square inch or more accurately pound-force per square inch (symbol psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of This gave more precise control of these parameters which made refinement more acceptable and emissions lower. The technology trickled down to the mass market with cars being both more economical and powerful than indirect injection competitors.

Unit direct injection

Main article: Unit Injector

Unit direct injection also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine. Unit Injector (abbrev UI) is a Diesel engine Fuel injection system combining the Injection pump and the Injector Nozzle However, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder. Each cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved. This type of injection system, also developed by Bosch, is used by Volkswagen AG in cars (where it is called a Pumpe-Düse-System — literally "pump-nozzle system") and by Mercedes Benz ("PLD") and most major diesel engine manufacturers in large commercial engines (CAT, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Volvo). Unit Injector (abbrev UI) is a Diesel engine Fuel injection system combining the Injection pump and the Injector Nozzle Caterpillar Inc ( is a United States -based Corporation headquartered in Peoria Illinois. Cummins Inc ( is a corporation of complementary business units that design manufacture distribute and service diesel and Natural gas Engines and related Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC is a Diesel engine producer headquartered in Redford Michigan, USA. This article is about Volvo Group - AB Volvo Volvo Cars is the passenger vehicle maker owned by Ford Motor Company, using the Volvo Trademark With recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to 2,050 bar (205 MPa, 30127 psi), allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. The pound per square inch or more accurately pound-force per square inch (symbol psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of

Common rail direct injection

Main article: Common rail

In common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated. Instead, a high-pressure pump pressurises fuel at up to 2,000 bar (202. 65 MPa, 29391. 9 psi)[3], in a "common rail". The pound per square inch or more accurately pound-force per square inch (symbol psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of The common rail is a tube that branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid or piezoelectric actuators. A solenoid is a three-dimensional Coil. In Physics, the term solenoid refers to a loop of wire often wrapped around a Metallic core which Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably Crystals and certain Ceramics including bone to generate an Electric potential in response to

Types of diesel engines

Early diesel engines

Rudolf Diesel intended his engine to replace the steam engine as the primary power source for industry. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. As such, diesel engines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries used the same basic layout and form as industrial steam engines, with long-bore cylinders, external valve gear, cross-head bearings and an open crankshaft connected to a large flywheel. A flywheel is a mechanical device with significant Moment of inertia used as a storage device for Rotational energy. Smaller engines would be built with vertical cylinders, while most medium- and large-sized industrial engines were built with horizontal cylinders, just as steam engines had been. Engines could be built with more than one cylinder in both cases. The largest early diesels resembled the triple-expansion reciprocating engine steam engine, being tens of feet high with vertical cylinders arranged in-line. These early engines ran at very slow speeds — partly due to the limitations of their air-blast injector equipment and partly so they would be compatible with the majority of industrial equipment designed for steam engines; maximum speeds of between 100 and 300 rpm were common. Engines were usually started by allowing compressed air into the cylinders to turn the engine, although smaller engines could be started by hand.

In the early decades of the 20th century, when large diesel engines were first being used, the engines took a form similar to the compound steam engines common at the time, with the piston being connected to the connecting rod via a crosshead bearing. A crosshead (or crosshead bearing) is a Bearing used in large Reciprocating engines whether Internal combustion engines or Steam engines Following steam engine practice, double-acting four-stroke diesel engines were constructed to increase power output, with combustion taking place on both sides of the piston, with two sets of valve gear and fuel injection. This system also meant that the engine's direction of rotation could be reversed by altering the injector timing, so the engine could be coupled directly to the propeller without the need for a gearbox. While it produced large amounts of power and was very efficient, the double-acting diesel engine's main problem was producing a good seal where the piston rod passed through the bottom of the lower combustion chamber to the crosshead bearing. By the 1930s it was found easier and more reliable to fit turbochargers to the engines, although crosshead bearings are still used to reduce the stress on the crankshaft bearings, and the wear on the cylinders, in large long-stroke main engines. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression.

Modern diesel engines

As with gasoline engines, there are two classes of diesel engines in current use: two-stroke and four-stroke. The four-stroke type is the "classic" version, tracing its lineage back to Rudolf Diesel's prototype. A prototype is an original type form or instance of something serving as a typical example basis or standard for other things of the same category It is also the most commonly used form, being the preferred power source for many motor vehicles, especially buses and trucks. Much larger engines, such as used for railroad locomotion and marine propulsion, are often two-stroke units, offering a more favorable power-to-weight ratio, as well as better fuel economy. A Diesel locomotive is a type of Railroad Locomotive in which the prime mover is a Diesel engine. Marine propulsion is the act of moving a floating object over or through water The most powerful engines in the world are two-cycle diesels of mammoth proportions. These so-called low speed diesels are able to achieve thermal efficiencies approaching fifty percent.

Two-stroke diesel operation is similar to that of gasoline counterparts, except that fuel is not mixed with air prior to induction, and the crankcase does not take an active role in the cycle. The traditional two-stroke design relies upon a mechanically driven positive displacement blower to charge the cylinders with air prior to compression and ignition. The Roots type Supercharger or Roots blower is a positive displacement pump which operates by pulling Air through a pair of meshing lobes not The charging process also assists in expelling (scavenging) combustion gases remaining from the previous power stroke. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of The archetype of the modern form of the two stroke Diesel is the Detroit Diesel engine, in which the blower pressurizes a chamber in the engine block that is often referred to as the "air box. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC is a Diesel engine producer headquartered in Redford Michigan, USA. " The (much larger) Electromotive prime mover utilized in EMD Diesel-electric locomotives is built to the same principle. Electro-Motive Diesel Inc (formerly the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation is currently the world's second largest builder of Railroad A Diesel locomotive is a type of Railroad Locomotive in which the prime mover is a Diesel engine.

In a two-stroke diesel engine, as the cylinder's piston approaches bottom dead center a passage between the air box and the cylinder is opened, permitting air flow into the cylinder. A piston is a component of Reciprocating engines Pumps and Gas compressors It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by Piston During this time, the exhaust valves are opened and some of the air flow forces the remaining combustion gasses from the cylinder—this is the scavenging process. As the piston passes through bottom center and starts upward, the passage is closed and compression commences, culminating in fuel injection and ignition. Refer to two-stroke Diesel engines for more discussion concerning aspiration issues with a two-stroke engine. The two-stroke Internal combustion engine differs from the more common Four-stroke engine by completing the same four processes (intake compression combustion exhaust

Normally, the number of cylinders are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. Oscillation is the repetitive variation typically in Time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Equilibrium) or between two or more different states The inline-six cylinder design is the most prolific in light to medium-duty engines, though small V8 and larger inline-four displacement engines are also common. Small-capacity engines (generally considered to be those below five litres in capacity) are generally four or six cylinder types, with the four cylinder being the most common type found in automotive uses. Five cylinder diesel engines have also been produced, being a compromise between the smooth running of the six cylinder and the space-efficient dimensions of the four cylinder. Diesel engines for smaller plant machinery, boats, tractors, generators and pumps may be four, three or two cylinder types, with the single cylinder diesel engine remaining for light stationary work.

The desire to improve the diesel engine's power-to-weight ratio produced several novel cylinder arrangements to extract more power from a given capacity. Power-to-weight ratio (specific power is a calculation commonly applied to Engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another The Napier Deltic engine, with three cylinders arranged in a triangular formation, each containing two opposed-action pistons, the whole engine having three crankshafts, is one of the better known. The term Deltic (meaning in the form of the Greek letter Delta) is used to refer to both the opposed-piston high-speed diesel engine designed and produced by The Commer van company of the United Kingdom used a similar design for road vehicles, designed by Tillings-Stevens, member of the Rootes Group, the TS3. Commer was a British manufacturer of commercial vehicles which existed from 1905 until 1979 The Rootes Group was a British Automobile manufacturer which was based in the Midlands and south of England. The Commer TS3 engine had 3 horizontal in-line cylinders, each with two opposed action pistons that worked through rocker arms, to connecting rods and had one crankshaft. While both these designs succeeded in producing greater power for a given capacity, they were complex and expensive to produce and operate, and when turbocharger technology improved in the 1960s, this was found to be a much more reliable and simple way of extracting more power. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969

As a footnote, prior to 1950, Sulzer started experimenting with two-stroke engines with boost pressures as high as 6 atmospheres, in which all of the output power was taken from an exhaust turbine. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sulzer Ltd is a Swiss industrial engineering and manufacturing firm established as Sulzer Brothers Ltd The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm The two-stroke pistons directly drove air compressor pistons to make a positive displacement gas generator. Opposed pistons were connected by linkages instead of crankshafts. Several of these units could be connected together to provide power gas to one large output turbine. The overall thermal efficiency was roughly twice that of a simple gas turbine. ([4])

Carbureted compression ignition model engines

Simple compression ignition engines are made for model propulsion. This is quite similar to the typical glow-plug engine that runs on a mixture of methanol (methyl alcohol) and lubricant (typically castor oil) (and occasionally nitromethane to improve performance) with a hot wire filament to provide ignition. For the similar device used in model aircraft engines, see Glow plug (model engine. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Nitromethane is an Organic compound with the chemical formula CH3NO2 Rather than containing a glow plug, the head has an adjustable contra piston above the piston, forming the upper surface of the combustion chamber. This contra piston is restrained by an adjusting screw controlled by an external lever (or sometimes by a removable hex key). The fuel used contains Diethyl ether, which is highly volatile and has an extremely low flash point, combined with kerosene and a lubricant plus a very small proportion (typically 2%) of ignition improver such as Amyl nitrate or preferably Isopropyl nitrate nowadays. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Amyl nitrate is the Chemical compound with the formula CH3(CH24ONO2 Isopropyl nitrate (IPN 2-propyl nitrate is a colorless liquid Monopropellant.

The engine is started by reducing the compression and setting the spray bar mixture rich with the adjustable needle valve, gradually increasing the compression while cranking the engine. A needle valve is a type of valve having a small orifice and a threaded needle-like plunger The compression is increased until the engine starts running. The mixture can then be leaned out and the compression increased. Compared to glow plug engines, model diesel engines exhibit much higher fuel economy, thus increasing endurance for the amount of fuel carried. They also exhibit higher torque, enabling the turning of a larger or higher pitched propeller at slower speed. Since the combustion occurs well before the exhaust port is uncovered, these engines are also considerably quieter (when unmuffled) than glow-plug engines of similar displacement. Engine displacement is defined as the total Volume of air/fuel mixture an Engine can draw in during one complete engine cycle it is normally stated in Cubic Compared to glow plug engines, model diesels are more difficult to throttle over a wide range of powers, making them less suitable for radio control models than either two or four stroke glow-plug engines although this difference is claimed to be less noticeable with the use of modern schneurle-ported engines. Schneurle porting is a system to improve efficiency on a Two-stroke engine.

Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition engines

Power and fuel economy

Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline (petrol) engines of the same power, resulting in lower fuel consumption. A common margin is 40% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel. Miles per gallon ( MPG) is a metric term that measures how many miles a vehicle can travel on one gallon of fuel Turbodiesel refers to any Diesel engine with a Turbocharger. Turbocharging is the norm rather than the exception in modern car and truck diesel engines For example, the current model Škoda Octavia, using Volkswagen Group engines, has a combined Euro rating of 38 miles per US gallon (6. The Škoda Octavia is a Small family car produced by Czech automaker Škoda Auto since 1996 its name revived from a model originally produced between Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (German (listed as Volkswagen AG) is a German automobile manufacturing group currently 2 L/100 km) for the 102 bhp (76 kW) petrol engine and 54 mpg (4. 4 L/100 km) for the 105 bhp (78 kW) diesel engine. However, such a comparison doesn't take into account that diesel fuel is denser and contains about 15% more energy by volume. Although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45. The heat of combustion (ΔHc0 is the Energy released as Heat when a compound undergoes complete Combustion with Oxygen 3 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) than gasoline at 45. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity 8 MJ/kg, liquid diesel fuel is significantly denser than liquid gasoline. This is important because volume of fuel, in addition to mass, is an important consideration in mobile applications. No vehicle has an unlimited volume available for fuel storage.

Adjusting the numbers to account for the energy density of diesel fuel, one finds the overall energy efficiency of the aforementioned paragraph is still about 20% greater for the diesel version, despite the weight penalty of the diesel engine.

While higher compression ratio is helpful in raising efficiency, diesel engines are much more economical than gasoline (petrol) engines when at low power and at engine idle. Unlike the petrol engine, diesels lack a butterfly valve (throttle) in the inlet system, which closes at idle. This creates parasitic loss and destruction of availability on the incoming air, reducing the efficiency of petrol/gasoline engines at idle. In many applications, such as marine, agriculture, and railways, diesels are left idling unattended for many hours or sometimes days. These advantages are especially attractive in locomotives (see dieselisation). Dieselisation or Dieselization (see spelling differences) is generally used for the nowadays increasingly common use of Diesel fuel in vehicles as

Where weight is an issue, diesel engines can be more massive than gasoline engines of similar power output. A Petrol engine or Gasoline engine is an Internal combustion engine with spark-ignition designed to run on petrol ( Gasoline) and similar volatile This is essentially because the diesel must operate at lower engine speeds. [5] Diesel fuel is injected just before the power stroke. As a result of this, the fuel cannot burn completely until it has encountered the right amount of oxygen. This results in incomplete combustion because not all of the fuel molecules can collide with enough oxygen molecules to react. In the gasoline engine, air and fuel are mixed for the entire compression stroke, ensuring complete mixing even at higher engine speeds.

Diesel engines usually have longer stroke lengths to achieve the necessary compression ratios. As a result piston speeds are higher and more force must be transmitted through the connecting rods and crankshaft to change the momentum of the piston. This is another reason that a diesel engine must be stronger for the same power output.

Yet it is this same build quality that has allowed some enthusiasts to acquire significant power increases with turbocharged engines through fairly simple and inexpensive modifications. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. A gasoline engine of similar size cannot put out a comparable power increase without extensive alterations because the stock components would not be able to withstand the higher stresses placed upon them. Since a diesel engine is already built to withstand higher levels of stress, it makes an ideal candidate for performance tuning with little expense. Engine tuning is the adjustment modification or design of Internal combustion engines to yield optimal performance either in terms of power output or economy However, it should be said that any modification that raises the amount of fuel and air put through a diesel engine will increase its operating temperature which will reduce its life and increase service requirements. These are issues with newer, lighter, high performance diesel engines which are not "overbuilt" to the degree of older engines and are being pushed to provide greater power in smaller engines.

The addition of a turbocharger or supercharger to the engine greatly assists in increasing fuel economy and power output, mitigating the fuel-air intake speed limit mentioned above for a given engine displacement. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of Fuel required to move the Automobile over a given Distance. Boost pressures can be higher on diesels than gasoline engines, due to the latter's susceptibility to knock, and the higher compression ratio allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine. The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine particularly piston engines (but can be used on essentially any Internal-combustion Because the burned gases are expanded further in a diesel engine cylinder, the exhaust gas is cooler, meaning turbochargers require less cooling, and can be more reliable, than on spark-ignition engines.

The increased fuel economy of the diesel engine over the gasoline engine means that the diesel produces less carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit distance. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Recently, advances in production and changes in the political climate have increased the availability and awareness of biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel with a much lower net-sum emission of CO2, due to the absorption of CO2 by plants used to produce the fuel. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by Although concerns are now being raised as to the negative effect this is having on the world food supply, as the growing of crops specifically for biofuels takes up land that could be used for food crops and uses water that could be used by both humans and animals.

The two main factors that held diesel engine back in private vehicles until quite recently were their low power outputs and high noise levels, characterised by knock or clatter, especially at low speeds and when cold. This noise is caused by "piston slap", the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber slamming the cold-contracted piston into the cylinder wall. The tolerances between the piston and cylinder wall are greater at cold temperatures to allow expansion at higher temperatures. A combination of improved mechanical technology (such as two-stage injectors which fire a short "pilot charge" of fuel into the cylinder to warm the combustion chamber before delivering the main fuel charge) and electronic control (which can adjust the timing and length of the injection process to optimise it for all speeds and temperatures) have partially mitigated these problems in the latest generation of common-rail designs. Poor power and narrow torque bands have been helped by the use of turbochargers and intercoolers. An intercooler, or Charge air cooler, is an air-to-air or air-to-liquid heat exchange device used on turbocharged and supercharged (forced

Emissions

Diesel engines produce very little carbon monoxide as they burn the fuel in excess air even at full load, at which point the quantity of fuel injected per cycle is still about 50% lean of stoichiometric. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction stoichiometry to distinguish it from composition stoichiometry is the Calculation of Quantitative (measurable However, they can produce black soot (or more specifically diesel particulate matter) from their exhaust, which consists of unburned carbon compounds. Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon Diesel particulate matter (DPM sometimes also called diesel exhaust particles (DEP is the particulate component of Diesel exhaust from older diesel cars This is caused by local low temperatures where the fuel is not fully atomized. These local low temperatures occur at the cylinder walls and at the outside of big droplets of fuel. At these areas where it is relatively cold, the mixture is rich (contrary to the overall mixture which is lean). The rich mixture has less air to burn and some of the fuel turns into a carbon deposit.

The full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the "black smoke limit", beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely combusted; as the "black smoke limit" is still considerably lean of stoichiometric it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced combustion efficiency, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke, so this is only done in specialised applications (such as tractor pulling competitions) where these disadvantages are of little concern. Truck and tractor pulling, also known as power pulling, is a competition using Tractors and large Trucks to pull a heavy drag along a 'track' and is very

Likewise, when starting from cold, the engine's combustion efficiency is reduced because the cold engine block draws heat out of the cylinder in the compression stroke. The result is that fuel is not combusted fully, resulting in blue/white smoke and lower power outputs until the engine has warmed through. This is especially the case with indirect injection engines, which are less thermally efficient. With electronic injection, the timing and length of the injection sequence can be altered to compensate for this. Older engines with mechanical injection can have manual control to alter the timing, or multi-phase electronically-controlled glow plugs, that stay on for a period after start-up to ensure clean combustion—the plugs are automatically switched to a lower power to prevent them burning out. For the similar device used in model aircraft engines, see Glow plug (model engine.

Particles of the size normally called PM10 (particles of 10 micrometres or smaller) have been implicated in health problems, especially in cities. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre Some modern diesel engines feature diesel particulate filters, which catch the black soot and when saturated are automatically regenerated by burning the particles. Other problems associated with the exhaust gases (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment; some diesel cars now have catalytic converters in the exhaust.

Power and torque

For commercial uses requiring towing, load carrying and other tractive tasks, diesel engines tend to have better torque characteristics. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about Diesel engines tend to have their torque peak quite low in their speed range (usually between 1600 – 2000 rpm for a small-capacity unit, lower for a larger engine used in a truck). This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. This provides smoother control over heavy loads when starting from rest, and, crucially, allows the diesel engine to be given higher loads at low speeds than a petrol engine, making them much more economical for these applications. This characteristic is not so desirable in private cars, so most modern diesels used in such vehicles use electronic control, variable geometry turbochargers and shorter piston strokes to achieve a wider spread of torque over the engine's speed range, typically peaking at around 2500 – 3000 rpm. Variable geometry turbocharger s ( VGT s are a family of Turbochargers usually designed to allow the effective Aspect ratio (sometimes called A/R Ratio of

Reliability

The lack of an electrical ignition system greatly improves the reliability. An ignition system is a system for igniting a fuel-air mixture The high durability of a diesel engine is also due to its overbuilt nature (see above) as well as the diesel's combustion cycle, which creates less-violent changes in pressure when compared to a spark-ignition engine, a benefit that is magnified by the lower rotating speeds in diesels. Diesel fuel is a better lubricant than gasoline so is less harmful to the oil film on piston rings and cylinder bores; it is routine for diesel engines to cover 250,000 miles (400 000 km) or more without a rebuild. A piston ring is an open-ended ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a Piston in a Reciprocating engine such as an Internal combustion A cylinder is the central working part of a Reciprocating engine, the space in which a Piston travels

Unfortunately, due to the greater compression force required and the increased weight of the stronger components, starting a diesel engine is a harder task. More torque is required to push the engine through compression. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about

Either an electrical starter or an air start system is used to start the engine turning. An automobile self-starter (commonly "starter motor" or simply "starter" is an Electric motor that initiates rotational motion in a car's Internal An air start system is a power source used to provide the initial rotation to start large diesel and gas turbine engines On large engines, pre-lubrication and slow turning of an engine, as well as heating, are required to minimize the amount of engine damage during initial start-up and running. Lubrication is the process or technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity and moving relative to each another by interposing a substance called Some smaller military diesels can be started with an explosive cartridge, called a Coffman starter, which provides the extra power required to get the machine turning. A number of methods have been used to make an Internal combustion engine turn over during the starting process In the past, Caterpillar and John Deere used a small gasoline pony motor in their tractors to start the primary diesel motor. Deere & Company (usually known by its brand name John Deere) ( is an American Corporation based in Moline Illinois, and the leading manufacturer The pony motor heated the diesel to aid in ignition and utilized a small clutch and transmission to actually spin up the diesel engine. Even more unusual was an International Harvester design in which the diesel motor had its own carburetor and ignition system, and started on gasoline. International Harvester Company ( IHC or IH; now Navistar International Corporation) was an agricultural machinery construction equipment Once warmed up, the operator moved two levers to switch the motor to diesel operation, and work could begin. These engines had very complex cylinder heads, with their own gasoline combustion chambers, and in general were vulnerable to expensive damage if special care was not taken (especially in letting the engine cool before turning it off).

As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to have more torque at lower engine speeds than gasoline engines. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about However, diesel engines tend to have a narrower power band than gasoline engines. The power band which refers to the range of operating speeds under which the engine is able to operate efficiently Naturally-aspirated diesels tend to lack power and torque at the top of their speed range. This narrow band is a reason why a vehicle such as a truck may have a gearbox with as many as 18 or more gears, to allow the engine's power to be used effectively at all speeds. Turbochargers tend to improve power at high engine speeds; superchargers improve power at lower speeds; and variable geometry turbochargers improve the engine's performance equally by flattening the torque curve.

Quality and variety of fuels

Petrol/gasoline engines are limited in the variety and quality of the fuels they can burn. Older petrol engines fitted with a carburetor required a volatile fuel that would vaporize easily to create the necessary fuel/air mix for combustion. A carburetor (North American spelling or carburettor ( Commonwealth spelling) is a device that blends air and Fuel for an Internal Because both air and fuel are admitted to the cylinder, if the compression ratio of the engine is too high or the fuel too volatile (with too low an octane rating), the fuel will ignite under compression, as in a diesel engine, before the piston reaches the top of its stroke. The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine particularly piston engines (but can be used on essentially any Internal-combustion Octane is a straight-chain Alkane with the Chemical formula CH3(CH26CH3 This pre-ignition causes a power loss and over time major damage to the piston and cylinder. The need for a fuel that is volatile enough to vaporize but not too volatile (to avoid pre-ignition) means that petrol engines will only run on a narrow range of fuels. There has been some success at dual-fuel engines that use gasoline/ethanol, gasoline/propane, and gasoline/methane. Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas.

In diesel engines, a mechanical injector system vaporizes the fuel into a pre-combustion chamber (as opposed to a Venturi jet in a carburetor, or a Fuel injector in a fuel injection system vaporizing fuel into the intake manifold or intake runners as in a petrol engine). An aspirator, also called an Eductor-jet pump or filter pump is a device that produces Vacuum by means of the Venturi effect. Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine. This forced vaporisation means that less volatile fuels can be used. More crucially, because only air is inducted into the cylinder in a diesel engine, the compression ratio can be much higher as there is no risk of pre-ignition provided the injection process is accurately timed. This means that cylinder temperatures are much higher in a diesel engine than a petrol engine allowing less combustible fuels to be used.

Diesel fuel is a form of light fuel oil, very similar to kerosene, but diesel engines, especially older or simple designs that lack precision electronic injection systems, can run on a wide variety of other fuels. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid One of the most common alternatives is vegetable oil from a very wide variety of plants. Some engines can be run on vegetable oil without modification, and most others require fairly basic alterations. Biodiesel is a pure diesel-like fuel refined from vegetable oil and can be used in nearly all diesel engines. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by The only limits on the fuels used in diesel engines are the ability of the fuel to flow along the fuel lines and the ability of the fuel to lubricate the injector pump and injectors adequately. In general terms, inline mechanical injector pumps tolerate poor-quality or bio-fuels better than distributor-type pumps. Also, indirect injection engines generally run more satisfactorily on bio-fuels than direct injection engines. This is partly because an indirect injection engine has a much greater 'swirl' effect, improving vaporisation and combustion of fuel, and also because (in the case of vegetable oil-type fuels) lipid depositions can condense on the cylinder walls of a direct-injection engine if combustion temperatures are too low (such as starting the engine from cold). Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble

A related historical note: at the request of the French Government the Otto company demonstrated a diesel engine at the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) which used peanut oil (see biodiesel). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a World's fair held in Paris, France, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by The French government were at the time exploring the possibility of using peanut oil as a locally produced fuel in their African colonies. Diesel himself later tested extensively the use of plant oils in his engine and began to actively promote the use of these fuels.

Most large marine diesels (often called cathedral engines due to their size) run on heavy fuel oil (sometimes called "bunker oil"), which is a thick, viscous and almost un-flammable fuel which is very safe to store and cheap to buy in bulk as it is a waste product from the petroleum refining industry. Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue The fuel must be heated to thin it out (often by the exhaust header) and is often passed through multiple injection stages to vaporize it.

Rudolf Diesel experimented with the use of coal dust as a fuel.

Fuel and fluid characteristics

Main article: Diesel

Diesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Good-quality diesel fuel can be synthesised from vegetable oil and alcohol. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Biodiesel is growing in popularity since it can frequently be used in unmodified engines, though production remains limited. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by Recently, Biodiesel from coconut, which can produce a very promising coco methyl esther (CME), has characteristics which enhance lubricity and combustion giving a regular diesel engine without any modification more power, less particulate matter or black smoke, and smoother engine performance. The Philippines pioneers in the research on Coconut based CME with the help of German and American scientists. Petroleum-derived diesel is often called petrodiesel if there is need to distinguish the source of the fuel.

Pure plant oils are increasingly being used as a fuel for cars, trucks and remote combined heat and power generation especially in Germany where hundreds of decentralised small and medium sized oil presses cold press oilseed, mainly rapeseed, for fuel. For engines designed to burn #2 diesel fuel the Viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper Atomization of fuel otherwise incomplete combustion Energy recycling Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a Heat engine or a Power station to simultaneously generate both Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and (in the case of one particular group of There is a Deutsches Institut für Normung fuel standard for rapeseed oil fuel. Deutsches Institut für Normung eV ( DIN; in English, the German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and (in the case of one particular group of

The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from compressed natural gas, alcohols, gasoline, to the fuel oils from diesel oil to residual fuels. The type of fuel used is a combination of service requirements, and fuel costs.

Residual fuels are the "dregs" of the distillation process and are a thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, which are so thick that they are not readily pumpable unless heated. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. Residual fuel oils are cheaper than clean, refined diesel oil, although they are dirtier. Their main considerations are for use in ships and very large generation sets, due to the cost of the large volume of fuel consumed, frequently amounting to many tonnes per hour. The poorly refined biofuels straight vegetable oil (SVO) and waste vegetable oil (WVO) can fall into this category. For engines designed to burn #2 diesel fuel the Viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper Atomization of fuel otherwise incomplete combustion For engines designed to burn #2 diesel fuel the Viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper Atomization of fuel otherwise incomplete combustion Moving beyond that, use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems. Most diesel engines that power ships like supertankers are built so that the engine can safely use low grade fuels.

Normal diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once burning, a diesel fire can be fierce. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air

Diesel applications

The worldwide usage of the diesel engine is highly dependent on local conditions and the specific application. Applications which require the diesel's reliability and high torque output (such as tractors, trucks, heavy equipment, most buses etc. A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. Engineering vehicles, known by the other terms construction Equipment, earth movers heavy equipment or just plain equipment are machines specifically designed to execute ) are found practically world-wide (obviously these applications also benefit from the diesel's improved fuel economy). Local conditions such as fuel prices play a big part in the acceptance of the diesel engine — for example, in Europe most tractors were diesel-powered by the end of the 1950s, whilst in the U.S. diesel did not dominate the market until the 1970s. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Similarly, around half of all the cars sold in Europe (where fuel prices are high) are diesel-powered, while practically no North American private cars have diesel engines, because of much lower fuel costs and a poor public image.

Besides their use in merchant ships and boats, there is also a naval advantage in the relative safety of diesel fuel, additional to improved range over a gasoline engine. The German "pocket battleships" were the largest diesel warships, but the German torpedo-boats known as E-boats (Schnellboot) of the Second World War were also diesel craft. Description German capital ships were restricted by the Treaty of Versailles to a displacement of 10000 tons for "armoured ships" History After the Treaty of Versailles most of Germany's military production was severely curtailed Conventional submarines have used them since before the First World War. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability It was an advantage of American diesel-electric submarines that they operated a two-stroke cycle as opposed to the four-stroke cycle that other navies used.

Mercedes-Benz, cooperating with Robert Bosch GmbH, has had a successful run of diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, sold in many parts of the World, with other manufacturers joining in the 1970s and 1980s. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the Robert Bosch GmbH is a German diversified technology-based corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart Germany. Other car manufacturers followed, Borgward in 1952, Fiat in 1953 and Peugeot in 1958. Borgward was a German Automobile manufacturer founded by Carl F Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer For the article about the bicycle manufacturer see Cycles Peugeot.

In the United States, diesel is not as popular in passenger cars as in Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Such cars have been traditionally perceived as heavier, noisier, having performance characteristics which make them slower to accelerate, sootier, smellier, and of being more expensive than equivalent gasoline vehicles. From the late seventies to the mid-eighties, General Motors' Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Chevrolet divisions produced a low-powered and unreliable V8 diesel engine which generally serves as the prime example for this reputation. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Oldsmobile was a brand of Automobile produced for most of its existence by General Motors. Cadillac is a Brand of Luxury vehicles owned by General Motors. Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM Dodge with its ever-famous Cummins inline-six diesels optioned in pickup trucks (since about the late 1980s) really revitalized the appeal for diesel power in light vehicles among American consumers, but a superior and widely-accepted American regular-production diesel passenger car never materialized. Dodge is a United States -based brand of Automobiles Sport utility vehicles and Trucks manufactured and marketed by Chrysler LLC Cummins Inc ( is a corporation of complementary business units that design manufacture distribute and service diesel and Natural gas Engines and related Ford Motor Company tried diesel engines in some passenger cars in the 1980s, but to not much avail. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following In addition, before the introduction of 15 parts per million ultra-low sulfur diesel, which started at 15 October 2006 in the U. Ultra-low sulfur diesel ( ULSD) (also spelled “ sulphur ” is a term used to describe a standard for defining Diesel fuel with substantially lowered Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. S. (1 June 2006 in Canada), diesel fuel used in North America still had higher sulfur content than the fuel used in Europe, effectively limiting diesel use to industrial vehicles, which had further contributed to the negative image. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Ultra-low sulfur diesel is not mandatory until 2010 in the US. This image does not reflect recent designs, especially where the very high low-rev torque of modern diesels is concerned—which have characteristics similar to the big V8 gasoline engines popular in the US. Light and heavy trucks, in the U. S. , have been diesel-optioned for years. After the introduction of ultra-low sulfur diesel, Mercedes-Benz has marketed passenger vehicles under the BlueTec banner. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the BlueTec is Daimler AG 's name for its two Nitrogen oxide (NOx reducing systems for use in their Diesel Automobile engines In addition, other manufacturers such as Ford, General Motors, Honda, Subaru, Audi, Volkswagen, BMW, and Nissan plan to sell Diesel vehicle in the US in 2008-2010, designed to meet the tougher emissions requirements in 2010. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries Co AUDI AG, ( Xetra: NSU commonly known as Audi (aˈʊdi is a German Automobile manufacturer which produces Audi branded cars with headquarters ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 Recently, in early 2008, Honda has stated that they plan to offer their 50 state compliant 2. () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. 2 liter i-DTEC diesel engine in the new 2009 Acura TSX for the US market.

In Canada, Smart Fortwo was first introduced in 2004 with a diesel engine, up until 2008. The smart fortwo is a rear-engined two-seater It was first shown at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. [6]

In Japan, newly registered Diesel vehicles were less than 1% in 2005. [7] Honda and Mercedes-Benz have made plans to offer Diesel vehicles in the future, with Mercedes-Benz having already started selling the Mercedes-Benz E320 CDI in autumn 2006.

European governments tend to favor diesel engines in taxation policy because of diesel's superior fuel efficiency. Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense is the same as Thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier

In Europe, where tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel much cheaper than gasoline, diesel vehicles are very popular (over half the new cars sold are powered by diesel engines) and newer designs have significantly narrowed differences between petrol and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned. Often, among comparably designated models, the turbodiesels outperform their naturally aspirated petrol-powered sister cars. One anecdote tells of Formula One driver Jenson Button, who was arrested while driving a diesel-powered BMW 330cd Coupé at 230 km/h (about 140 mph) in France, where he was too young to have a gasoline-engined car hired to him. Jenson Alexander Lyons Button, often called Jense, (born 19 January, 1980) is a British Formula One racing driver from England The E46 Automobile platform is the fourth generation of BMW 's 3 Series Entry-level luxury car / Compact executive car. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Button dryly observed in subsequent interviews that he had actually done BMW a public relations service, as nobody had believed a diesel could be driven that fast. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 Yet, BMW had already won the 24 Hours Nürburgring overall in 1998 with a 3-series diesel. The 24 Hours Nürburgring is a GT and touring car Endurance racing event on the Nürburgring, inspired by the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans and The BMW diesel lab in Steyr, Austria is led by Ferenc Anisits and develops innovative diesel engines. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Ferenc Anisits Dr (1938- is a Hungarian Engineer, Engine developer

Mercedes-Benz, offering diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, has put the emphasis on high performance diesel cars in its newer ranges, as does Volkswagen with its brands. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Citroën sells more cars with diesel engines than gasoline engines, as the French brands (also Peugeot) pioneered smoke-less HDI designs with filters. Citroën (pronounced See-Troh-Enn is a French Automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. For the article about the bicycle manufacturer see Cycles Peugeot. In Chemistry and common usage a filter is a device (usually a membrane or layer that is designed Even the Italian marque Alfa Romeo, known for design and successful history in racing, focuses on diesels that are also raced. Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910

A few motorcycles have been built using diesel engines, but the weight and cost disadvantages generally outweigh the efficiency gains in this application. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records.

Engine speeds

Within the diesel engine industry, engines are often categorized by their speeds into three unofficial groups:

High-speed engines

High-speed (approximately 1200 rpm and greater) engines are used to power trucks (lorries), buses, tractors, cars, yachts, compressors, pumps and small electrical generators. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used A yacht is a recreational boat It designates two rather different classes of Watercraft, sailing and power yachts A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the Pressure of a Gas by reducing its Volume. For information on Wikipedia project-related discussions see WikipediaVillage pump. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic

Medium-speed engines

Large electrical generators are often driven by medium speed engines, (approximately 300 to 1200 rpm) which are optimised to run at a set synchronous speed depending on the generation frequency (50 or 60 Hertz) and provide a rapid response to load changes. alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to Alternating current electrical energy The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. Medium speed engines are also used for ship propulsion, and mechanical drive applications such as large compressors or pumps. The largest medium speed engines produced today (2007) have outputs up to approximately 22,400 kW (30,000)bhp). The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. and are supplied by companies like MAN B&W [1], Wartsila [2], and Rolls-Royce[3] (acquired Ulstein Bergen Diesel in 1999). MAN Diesel (formerly MAN B&W Diesel is is the world’s leading provider of large-bore Diesel enginess for Marine propulsion systems and Power plant applications Wärtsilä is a Finnish manufacturer of large ( Diesel) engines and Power plants The core business of Wärtsilä is marine diesel engines Rolls-Royce plc ( is a British Aircraft engine maker and the second-largest in the world behind GE Aviation. Medium speed engines produced today are primarily four-stroke machines, however there are some two-stroke units still in production.

Typical cylinder bore size for medium speed engines ranges from 20 cm to 50 cm, and engine configurations typically are offered ranging from in-line 4 cylinder units to Vee 20 cylinder units.

It should be noted that most liquid fueled medium speed engines operate on either diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil, in the same manner noted below for low speed engines.

It should also be noted that most major manufacturers of medium speed engines make natural gas fueled versions of their diesel cycle engines, which in fact operate on the Otto cycle, and require spark ignition, typically provided with a spark plug. Today Internal combustion engines in cars, Trucks motorcycles aircraft construction machinery and many others most commonly use a four-stroke cycle.

Low-speed engines

Also known as "slow-speed", the largest diesel engines are primarily used to power ships, although there are a few land-based power generation units as well. A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size These extremely large two-stroke engines have power outputs up to 80 MW, operate in the range from approximately 60 to 200 rpm and are up to 15 m tall, and can weigh over 2000 tons. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. They typically run on cheap low-grade "heavy fuel", also known as "Bunker C" fuel, which requires heating in the ship for tanking and before injection due to the fuel's high viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. The heat for fuel heating is often provided by waste heat recovery boilers located in the exhaust ducting of the engine, which produce the steam required for fuel heating.

Companies such as MAN B&W Diesel, (formerly Burmeister & Wain) and Wärtsilä (which acquired Sulzer Diesel) design such large low speed engines. MAN Diesel (formerly MAN B&W Diesel is is the world’s leading provider of large-bore Diesel enginess for Marine propulsion systems and Power plant applications MAN Diesel (formerly MAN B&W Diesel is is the world’s leading provider of large-bore Diesel enginess for Marine propulsion systems and Power plant applications Wärtsilä is a Finnish manufacturer of large ( Diesel) engines and Power plants The core business of Wärtsilä is marine diesel engines They are unusually narrow and tall due to the addition of a crosshead bearing. A crosshead (or crosshead bearing) is a Bearing used in large Reciprocating engines whether Internal combustion engines or Steam engines Today (2007), the 14 cylinder Wärtsilä-Sulzer 14RTFLEX96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine built by Wärtsilä licensee Doosan in Korea is the most powerful diesel engine put into service, with a cylinder bore of 960 mm delivering 84. A straight-14 engine is a Straight engine with fourteen cylinders A straight-14 is a very long engine and therefore only used for large Ships The only The Wärtsilä RT-flex96C Turbocharged Two-stroke Diesel engine is currently considered the largest Reciprocating engine in the world Wärtsilä is a Finnish manufacturer of large ( Diesel) engines and Power plants The core business of Wärtsilä is marine diesel engines Doosan Group is a South Korean conglomerate quoted on the Korea Stock Exchange. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː 42 MW (114,800 bhp). It was put into service in September 2006, aboard the world's largest container ship Emma Maersk which belongs to the A.P. Moller-Maersk Group. Capacity By normal calculations Emma Mærsk's cargo capacity is significantly greater than the listed capacity — between and. The A P Moller-Maersk Group ( AP Møller-Mærsk Gruppen) is an international Business conglomerate more commonly known simply as Maersk.

Typical bore size for low speed engines ranges from approximately 35 cm to 98 cm. So far (2008), all currently produced low speed engines are in-line configurations; no Vee versions are produced.

Unusual applications

Aircraft

Main article: aircraft diesel engine

The zeppelins Graf Zeppelin II and Hindenburg were propelled by "reversible" diesel engines. The Diesel engine has not been widely used as an Aircraft engine. A Zeppelin is a type of Rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on designs he had outlined WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The direction of operation was changed by shifting gears on the camshaft. From full power forward, the engines could be brought to a stop, changed over, and brought to full power in reverse in less than 60 seconds.

Diesel engines were first tried in aircraft in the 1930s. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. A number of manufacturers built engines, the best known probably being the Packard air-cooled radial, and the Junkers Jumo 205, which was moderately successful, but proved unsuitable for combat use in WWII. Packard was an American luxury Automobile marque built by the Packard Motor Car Company of Detroit Michigan, and later by the Studebaker-Packard Corporation WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Postwar, another interesting proposal was the complex Napier Nomad. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout In general, though, the lower power-to-weight ratio of diesels, particularly compared to kerosene-powered turboprop engines, has precluded their use in this application. Power-to-weight ratio (specific power is a calculation commonly applied to Engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid A turboprop engine is a type of aircraft powerplant that uses a Gas turbine engine to drive a Propeller.

The very high cost of avgas in Europe, and the advances in automotive diesel technology have seen renewed interest in the concept. Avgas is a high-octane Aviation fuel used for Aircraft and Racing cars Avgas is a Portmanteau for aviation gasoline New, certified diesel-powered light planes are already available, and a number of other companies are also developing new engine and aircraft designs for the purpose. Many of these run on the readily-available jet fuel, or can run on either jet fuel or conventional automotive diesel. To gain the high power-to-weight ratio needed for an aero engine, these new "aero-diesels" are usually two-strokes and some, like the British "Dair" engine, use opposed-action pistons to gain further power.

Automobile racing

Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. Truck and tractor pulling, also known as power pulling, is a competition using Tractors and large Trucks to pull a heavy drag along a 'track' and is very The land speed record is the fastest speed achieved by any wheeled vehicle on land as opposed to one on water or in the air or on rails. Endurance racing is a form of motorsport which is meant to test the durability of equipment and endurance of participants Even diesel engined dragsters exist, despite the diesel's drawbacks of weight and low peak rpm, specifications central to performance in this sport. However, in 2006, the new Audi R10 TDI LMP1 entered by Joest Racing became the first diesel-engined car to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Audi R10 TDI, usually abbreviated to R10, is a racing car from the German car manufacturer Audi. [8]

Historic

As early as 1931, Clessie Cummins installed his diesel in the Cummins "Diesel Special" race car, hitting 162 km/h (101 mph) at Daytona and 138 km/h (86 mph) at the Indianapolis 500 race,[9] where Dave Evans became the first driver to complete the Indianapolis 500 without making a single pit stop, completing the full distance on the lead lap and finishing 13th, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power. Clessie Lyle Cummins December 27, 1888 - August 17, 1968 was the founder of the Cummins Engine Co. The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, and historically known simply as "The 500" is an American The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, and historically known simply as "The 500" is an American In motorsports a pit stop is where a racing Vehicle stops in the pits during a race for refuelling new Tires repairs mechanical adjustments [10]

In 1933, a 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engine car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bentley Motors Limited is an English manufacturer of luxury Automobiles and Grand Tourers Bentley Motors was founded in England L Gardner and Sons Ltd was a well-known British builder of Diesel engines for stationary marine road and rail applications The Monte Carlo Rally (officially Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo) is a Rallying event organized each year by the Automobile Club de Monaco who also organize It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall. [11]

A 1952 "Cummins Diesel Special" Indianapolis 500 roadster.
A 1952 "Cummins Diesel Special" Indianapolis 500 roadster. The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, and historically known simply as "The 500" is an American

In 1952, Fred Agabashian in a Cummins diesel won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a turbocharged 6. Fred Agabashian ( 21 August 1913 Modesto California &ndash 13 October 1989 Alamo California) was an American 6 liter diesel car,[12] setting a record for pole position lap speed, 222. 108 km/h or 138. 010 mph. [10] Don Cummins and his chief engineer Neve Reiners recognized that the low center of gravity of the flat engine configuration (designed to lie beneath the floor of a bus) plus the power advantage gained by the novel use of Elliott turbocharging would be a winning combination. A flat engine is an Internal combustion engine with pistons that are all relatively horizontal A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. [13]

At the start, a slow pace lap (reportedly less than 80 mph) apparently induced what is now referred to as "turbo lag" and badly hampered the throttle response of the Cummins Diesel. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. Although Agabashian found himself in eighth place before reaching the first turn, he moved up to fifth in a few laps and was running competitively (albeit well back in the field after a tire change) until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the turbocharger at lap 71; he finished 27th. [14]

Modern

When turbocharged diesel technology made progress in the 1990s and rule makers supported the concept, BMW and Volkswagen raced diesel touring cars, with BMW winning the 1998 24 Hours Nürburgring with a 320d against other factory-entered diesel competition of VW and about 200 normally powered cars, mainly by being able to drive very long stints. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 Touring car racing is a general term for a number of distinct Auto racing competitions in heavily-modified street cars The 24 Hours Nürburgring is a GT and touring car Endurance racing event on the Nürburgring, inspired by the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans and The E36 Automobile platform was the basis for the 1990-2000 BMW 3 Series Entry-level luxury car / Compact executive car. Alfa Romeo even organized a racing series with their Alfa Romeo 147 1. Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 The Alfa Romeo 147 is a Small family car produced by Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2000 9 JTD models.

In 2006, a BMW 120d repeated a similar result, scoring 5th in a field of 220 cars, many of them much more powerful, a significantly stronger competition than in 1998. The VW Dakar Rally race Touareg for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there. The Dakar Rally (or simply " The Dakar " formerly known as "The Paris Dakar" or "Paris to Dakar Rally" and now as "The Lisboa Dakar" is

The diesel engine of Audi's 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans-winning R10 TDI.
The diesel engine of Audi's 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans-winning R10 TDI. AUDI AG, ( Xetra: NSU commonly known as Audi (aˈʊdi is a German Automobile manufacturer which produces Audi branded cars with headquarters The 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 75th Grand Prix of Endurance and took place at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France from 16&ndash17 The Audi R10 TDI, usually abbreviated to R10, is a racing car from the German car manufacturer Audi.

Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Audi R8 race car was replaced by the Audi R10 TDI in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1100 N·m (810 lbf·ft) V12 TDI common rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6 used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The 24 Hours of Le Mans ( 24 Heures du Mans) is a sports car endurance race held annually since near the town of Le Mans, Sarthe, The Audi R8 is a sports-prototype race car introduced in 2000 for Sports car racing as a redevelopment of their Audi R8R (open top LMP) and The Audi R10 TDI, usually abbreviated to R10, is a racing car from the German car manufacturer Audi. Newton metre is the unit of moment ( Torque) in the SI system The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissions that could stand the torque long enough.

After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered R10 TDI, Audi obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. The Audi R10 TDI, usually abbreviated to R10, is a racing car from the German car manufacturer Audi. AUDI AG, ( Xetra: NSU commonly known as Audi (aˈʊdi is a German Automobile manufacturer which produces Audi branded cars with headquarters The 24 Hours of Le Mans ( 24 Heures du Mans) is a sports car endurance race held annually since near the town of Le Mans, Sarthe, This is the first time a sports car could compete for overall victories with diesel fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or methanol and bio-ethanol. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Ethanol fuel is Ethanol (ethyl alcohol the same type of Alcohol found in Alcoholic beverages. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternative fuels such as diesel. The Automobile Club de l'Ouest (Automobile Club of the West - referring to the western region of France sometimes abbreviated to ACO, is the largest Automotive group The American Le Mans Series ( ALMS) is a Sports car racing series based in the United States and Canada.

Audi again triumphed at Sebring in 2007. It had both a speed and fuel economy advantage over the entire field including the Porsche RS Spyders, gasoline powered purpose-built race cars. The RS Spyder (known internally as Type 9R6 is a LMP2 class race car built by Porsche. Audi's diesels won again the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, against competition coming from the Peugot 908 diesel powered racer. The Peugeot 908 HDi FAP is a Sports prototype racing car built by the French automobile manufacturer Peugeot to compete in the 24 Hours of Le Mans

In 2006, the JCB Dieselmax broke the diesel land speed record posting an average speed of over 328 mph. JCB, or J C Bamford (Excavators Ltd as it is more properly known is a family business named after its founder J The vehicle used "two diesel engines that have a combined total of 1,500 horsepower (1120 kilowatts). Each is a 4-cylinder, 4. 4-liter engine used commercially in a backhoe loader. " [15] [16]

In the 2008 BTCC (British Touring car Chamionship), Jason Plato and Darren Turner are racing factory sponsored SEAT Leon TDI with some success against a variety of gasoline powered competitors. [17]

Motorcycles

Main article: Diesel motorcycle

With a traditionally poor power-to-weight ratio, diesel engines are generally unsuited to use in a motorcycle, which requires high power, low weight and rapid acceleration. A Diesel motorcycle is a Motorcycle that is powered by a Diesel engine. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. However, in the 1980s NATO forces in Europe standardised all their vehicles to diesel power. The North Atlantic Treaty Some had fleets of motorcycles, and so trials were conducted with diesel engines for these. Air-cooled single-cylinder engines built by Lombardini of Italy were used and had some success, achieving similar performance to petrol bikes and fuel usage of nearly 200 miles per gallon. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries This led to some countries re-fitting their bikes with diesel power.

Development by Cranfield University and California-based Hayes Diversified Technologies led to the production of a diesel powered off road motorbike based on the running gear of a Kawasaki KLR650 petrol-engine trail bike for military use. Cranfield University is a British postgraduate University based on two Campuses with a research-oriented focus The Kawasaki KLR650 is a dual-purpose Motorcycle intended for use on both paved and unpaved roads The engine of the diesel motorcycle is a liquid cooled, single cylinder four-stroke which displaces 584 cc and produces 21 kW (28 bhp) with a top speed of 85 mph (136 km/h). Hayes Diversified Technologies mooted, but has subsequently delayed, the delivery of a civilian version for approximately USD$19,000.

In 2005 the United States Marine Corps adopted the M1030M1, an off-road motorcycle based on the Kawasaki KLR650, and modified it with an engine designed to run on diesel or JP8 jet fuel. Since other U. S. tactical vehicles like the HMMWV utility vehicle and M1 Abrams tank use JP8, adopting a scout motorcycle which runs on the same fuels would ease logistics. This article refers to the Military HMMWV not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors The M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled The M1 Abrams is a main battle tank produced in the United States.

In India, motorcycles built by Royal Enfield Could be bought with 325 cc single-cylinder diesel engines. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country See also Royal Enfield Motors Royal Enfield was the brand of the Enfield Cycle Company an English Engineering company. Due to the fact that diesel is much cheaper than petrol and of more reliable quality. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum These engines were noisy and unrefined, and not very popular because of low performance and weight penalties and also the unique kick-starting techniques. The diesel engine was designed to be used for other commercial applications like Gen-sets, water pump, etc. ,

Current and future developments

Already, many common rail and unit injection systems employ new injectors using stacked piezoelectric wafers in lieu of a solenoid, giving finer control of the injection event. Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably Crystals and certain Ceramics including bone to generate an Electric potential in response to

Variable geometry turbochargers have flexible vanes, which move and let more air into the engine depending on load. Variable geometry turbocharger s ( VGT s are a family of Turbochargers usually designed to allow the effective Aspect ratio (sometimes called A/R Ratio of This technology increases both performance and fuel economy. Boost lag is reduced as turbo impeller inertia is compensated for.

Accelerometer pilot control (APC) uses an accelerometer to provide feedback on the engine's level of noise and vibration and thus instruct the ECU to inject the minimum amount of fuel that will produce quiet combustion and still provide the required power (especially while idling. An accelerometer is a device for measuring Acceleration and gravity induced reaction forces )

The next generation of common rail diesels is expected to use variable injection geometry, which allows the amount of fuel injected to be varied over a wider range, and variable valve timing similar to that on gasoline engines. A Petrol engine or Gasoline engine is an Internal combustion engine with spark-ignition designed to run on petrol ( Gasoline) and similar volatile

Particularly in the United States, coming tougher emissions regulations present a considerable challenge to diesel engine manufacturers. Other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) are being studied. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, or HCCI, is a form of internal combustion in which well-mixed Fuel and Oxidizer (typically air are

Diesel car history

The first production diesel cars were the Mercedes-Benz 260D and the Hanomag Rekord, both introduced in 1936. The Mercedes-Benz 260 D was the first Diesel engined production passenger car and was introduced in 1936 Hanomag (Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG was a German producer of steam locomotives tractors trucks and military vehicles The Citroën Rosalie was also produced between 1935 and 1937 with an extremely rare diesel engine option (the 1766 cc 11UD engine) only in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) version. Citroën (pronounced See-Troh-Enn is a French Automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. The Citroën 7U was a car produced by the French Citroën company between 1935 and 1938 [18]

Following the 1970s oil crisis, turbodiesels were tested (e. g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles). The C111 was a series of experimental Automobiles produced by Mercedes-Benz in the 1960s and 1970s The first production turbo diesel car was, in 1978, the 3. Turbodiesel refers to any Diesel engine with a Turbocharger. Turbocharging is the norm rather than the exception in modern car and truck diesel engines 0 5-cylinder 115 hp (86 kW) Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America. For a complete overview of all S-Class models see Mercedes-Benz S-Class. In Europe, the Peugeot 604 with a 2. The Peugeot 604 was an Executive car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot from 1975 to 1985 3 litre turbo diesel was introduced in 1979, and then the Mercedes 300 TD turbo. The Mercedes-Benz W123 cars were produced from 1976 through 1985

Many Audi enthusiasts claim that the Audi 100 TDI was the first turbo charged direct injection diesel sold in 1989, but actually it isn't true, as the Fiat Croma TD-i. AUDI AG, ( Xetra: NSU commonly known as Audi (aˈʊdi is a German Automobile manufacturer which produces Audi branded cars with headquarters The Audi 100 is a Mid-sized Automobile from Audi (part of the Volkswagen Group) made between 1968 and 1994 The Fiat Croma is a nameplate used for two Automobiles produced by Italian automaker Fiat, one built from 1985 to 1996 and the other since 2005 d. was sold with turbo direct injection in 1986[19] and two years later Austin Rover Montego. The Austin Rover Group ( ARG) was a British motor manufacturer The Austin Montego is a British mid-size saloon Car that was produced by the Austin Rover subsidiary of British Leyland (BL [20] What was pioneering about the Audi 100, however, was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had purely mechanically controlled injection. The electronic control of direct injection really made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power.

The diesel car markets are the same ones who pioneered various developments (Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Peugeot/Citroën, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Volkswagen Group), with the exception of Austin Rover, although Austin Rover's ancestor, the Rover Company had been building small-capacity diesel engines since 1956, when it introduced a 2051 cc 4-cylinder diesel engine for its Land Rover 4 × 4. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 For the article about the bicycle manufacturer see Cycles Peugeot. Citroën (pronounced See-Troh-Enn is a French Automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (German (listed as Volkswagen AG) is a German automobile manufacturing group currently The Rover Company was a British Motor vehicle manufacturing company originating in Coventry in 1904 which moved to Solihull after World War II Land Rover is an all-terrain vehicle and Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV manufacturer based in Solihull, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar In fact, the 1988 Austin-Rover unit was developed by Perkins Engines of Peterborough, who have designed and built high-speed diesels since the 1930s. Perkins Engines, a subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc is a Diesel engine manufacturer for several markets including marine and stationary Power plant History Early history Present-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its situation where the Nene

In 1997 first common rail diesel passenger car was introduced, the Alfa Romeo 156. The Alfa Romeo 156 (known internally as the type 932 is a Compact executive car introduced by Italian automaker Alfa Romeo at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor [21]

In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary 24 Hours Nürburgring race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a BMW E36 fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from Robert Bosch GmbH. The 24 Hours Nürburgring is a GT and touring car Endurance racing event on the Nürburgring, inspired by the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans and The E36 Automobile platform was the basis for the 1990-2000 BMW 3 Series Entry-level luxury car / Compact executive car. Robert Bosch GmbH is a German diversified technology-based corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart Germany. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable petrol-powered cars spent more time refueling.

In Spring 2005, Mercedes-Benz unveiled the first application of a mass-produced aluminum block diesel engine for passenger vehicles and commercial use. While aluminum is traditionally considered of inferior strength and temperature resistance to withstand diesel applications, Mercedes engineers made extensive use of CAD/CAM design to arrive at an aluminum block that would meet with Mercedes' rigorous testing and reliability standards. First use was in 2006 model-year vehicles in the E-Class sedan and ML-class and GL-class SUVs. Similar in weight (208 kilograms (460 lb)) to the five-cylinder it replaced, and considerably lighter than the in-line six cylinder it also replaced, this 3. 0L V-6 produces 165 kW (224 hp) at 3,800 rpm and max torque of 510 Nm (376 ft·lbf) at 1,600-2,800 rpm and makes use of a four-valve head. Additionally, fitment of Mercedes-Benz BlueTec system, a concert of emissions control strategies, renders this new diesel 50-state legal in the U. BlueTec is Daimler AG 's name for its two Nitrogen oxide (NOx reducing systems for use in their Diesel Automobile engines S. beginning in 2008 (stringent NOx limits have made U. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric S. passenger-car diesels unpopular or impossible in parts of the U. S. in recent years).

In 2006, the new Audi R10 TDI LMP1 entered by Joest Racing became the first diesel-engined car to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Audi R10 TDI, usually abbreviated to R10, is a racing car from the German car manufacturer Audi. Joest Racing (currently Audi Sport Team Joest) is a racing team that was established in 1978 by former Porsche works The 24 Hours of Le Mans ( 24 Heures du Mans) is a sports car endurance race held annually since near the town of Le Mans, Sarthe, The winning car also bettered the post-1990 course configuration lap record by 1, at 380 laps. However, this fell short of the all-time distance record set in 1971 by over 200 kilometres (120 mi).

The Subaru car company of Japan is preparing to sell its station wagon version of their Legacy mid-size car (called the Subaru Outback in North America) with a new 2. is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries Co A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate The Subaru Outback is an All wheel drive crossover manufactured by Subaru since 1995 in sedan and station wagon body styles 0 liter, boxer engine format opposed-four cylinder engine of 110 kW (147 hp) power, and 350 Nm (258 ft-lb) of torque, in the United Kingdom, with sales in continental Europe planned for 2009, and in the United States by 2010. A flat engine is an Internal combustion engine with pistons that are all relatively horizontal The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

See also

References

  1. ^ Rudolf Diesel — Patent No 7241 Dated 1892. Oldengine. org (2005-12-15). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
  2. ^ The Akroyd Oil Engine. Ray Hooley's — Ruston-Hornsby — Engine Pages. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
  3. ^ Audi press release
  4. ^ Modern High-Speed Oil Engines, Volume II by C. W. Chapman, published by The Caxton Publishing Co. Ltd. Reprinted in July 1949
  5. ^ Engine Genetics. Perkins Engines Company Limited (2006).
  6. ^ Filion, Nadine (2006-11-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Smart ForTwo 2008 Preview. Auto123. com.
  7. ^ Honda plans shift towards diesel in Japanese and US markets. autoindustry. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
  8. ^ "World's First 7-Second Diesel Dragster" (January 2007). Diesel World Magazine.  
  9. ^ Martin Leduc. The Diesel engine and its development, A historical timeline.
  10. ^ a b Paul Abelson. Track Star, The diesel-powered Audi R10 owns every race it enters. Road King Magazine.
  11. ^ Firsts in sport.
  12. ^ Cummins History. Cummins. Cummins Inc ( is a corporation of complementary business units that design manufacture distribute and service diesel and Natural gas Engines and related
  13. ^ Greg Littleton. Snowberger's Done It Again — 1952 Cummins Diesel Car. National Indy 500 Collector Club.
  14. ^ Gavin Foster (27 July 2006). Viva la diesel!. Mail & Guardian Online. The Mail & Guardian is a South African weekly investigative newspaper published by M&G Media in Johannesburg, South Africa, with a strong focus (incorrect reference to the Cummins Diesel leading laps in the race)
  15. ^ Associated Press. New diesel land speed record: 328 mph. MSNBC.
  16. ^ JCB car beats diesel speed record. BBC (22 August 2006).
  17. ^ http://www.seatsportuk.co.uk/sport/
  18. ^ Cats Citroën Net History
  19. ^ Turin will host GM's diesel center.. britannica. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
  20. ^ Maestro/Montego. austin-rover. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
  21. ^ New Powertrain Technologies Conference. autonews. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian

External links

Dictionary

diesel engine

-noun

  1. an internal combustion engine which operates using diesel fuel
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