Operas by Richard Wagner
Die Hochzeit (1832) Die Feen (1833) Das Liebesverbot (1836) Rienzi (1840) Der fliegende Holländer (1843) Tannhäuser (1845) Lohengrin (1848) Tristan und Isolde (1859) Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1867) Der Ring des Nibelungen: Das Rheingold (1869) Der Ring des Nibelungen: Die Walkure (1870) Der Ring des Nibelungen: Siegfried (1871) Der Ring des Nibelungen: Götterdämmerung (1874) Parsifal (1882)
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Die Walküre (The Valkyrie) is the second of the four operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), by Richard Wagner. Die Hochzeit (The Wedding is an unfinished Opera by Richard Wagner which predates all his completed works in the genre Die Feen ( The Fairies) is an Opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. Das Liebesverbot ( The Ban on Love) is an early Opera in two acts by Richard Wagner, with the Libretto written by the composer after Shakespeare's Rienzi der Letzte der Tribunen (WWV 49 ( Rienzi the Last of the Tribunes) is an early Opera by Richard Wagner in five acts with the Libretto Der fliegende Holländer ( The Flying Dutchman) is an Opera, with Music and Libretto by Richard Wagner. Tannhäuser (full title Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf der Wartburg / Tannhäuser and the Singers' Contest at Wartburg) is an Opera Lohengrin is a romantic Opera (or music drama in three acts composed and written by Richard Wagner. Tristan und Isolde ( Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan and Isolda) is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) is an Opera in three acts written and composed by Richard Wagner Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic Music dramas by the German composer Das Rheingold ("The Rhine Gold" is the first of the four operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) by Richard Wagner Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic Music dramas by the German composer Die Walküre ( The Valkyrie) is the second of the four Operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic Music dramas by the German composer Siegfried is the third of the four Operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) by Richard Wagner Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic Music dramas by the German composer ("Twilight of the Gods" – see Notes) is the last of the four Operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung Parsifal is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic Music dramas by the German composer It received its premiere at Munich's National Theatre on 26 June 1870. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Nationaltheater München ( National Theatre Munich) on Max-Joseph-Platz is an Opera house and the home base of the Bayerische Staatsoper Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It is the source of the famous piece Ride of the Valkyries. The Ride of the Valkyries (Walkürenritt is the popular term for the beginning of Act III of Die Walküre by Richard Wagner.

Wagner took his tale from the Norse mythology told in the Völsunga Saga and the Poetic Edda. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland The Völsunga saga is a Legendary saga, a late 13th century Icelandic prose rendition of the origin and decline of the Volsung clan The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval Manuscript Codex Regius. ^[1],^[2]

Composition

Main article: Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the text

Main article: Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the music

Roles

Synopsis

Act 1

This act hinges on hidden identities that are known to the audience. The evolution of Richard Wagner’s Operatic tetralogy The Ring of the Nibelung was a long and tortuous process and the precise sequence of events which The composition of the Operatic tetralogy The Ring of the Nibelung occupied Richard Wagner for more than a quarter of a century WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hans Richter ( 4 April 1843 in Raab The tenor is the highest male voice within the Modal register, just above the Baritone voice Albert Wilhelm Karl Niemann ( 15 January 1831 &ndash 13 January 1917) was a leading German Tenor Opera singer This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. A bass-baritone is a high-lying bass that shares certain qualities with the Baritone Voice type. This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. Johanna Jachmann-Wagner or Johanna Wagner (b Seelze, Hanover, 13 October 1826; d Lilli Lehmann ( November 24, 1848 Würzburg - May 17, 1929 Berlin) was a German Operatic (Wagner uses this situation in operas that are not part of the Ring: in the operas bearing their respective names, Parsifal does not know his own name, and his son Lohengrin is forbidden to reveal his. Parsifal is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner. Lohengrin is a character in some German Arthurian literature The son of Parzival (Percival he is a knight of the Holy Grail sent in a ) The program tells even the first-time viewer the names of the characters, and, from his leitmotif and his covering his missing eye with his hat, the "stranger" or "old man" (described but not seen on stage) and Wotan, Wolfe, and the Wanderer who will appear in Siegfried can be recognized as one and the same individual. A leitmotif (ˌlaɪtmoʊˈtiːf (also leitmotiv; lit "leading motif" is a recurring Musical theme, associated with a particular person place Siegmund (whose name means "victory protector or shield") and Sieglinde (meaning "gentle victory") each withhold their own names until the act's climax. (It would appear that, unlike Parsifal, Siegmund does know his own name, though he will not be the first to utter it. )

During a raging storm, Siegmund seeks shelter at the house of the warrior Hunding. Hunding is not present, and Siegmund is greeted by Sieglinde, Hunding's unhappy wife. Siegmund tells her that he is fleeing from enemies. After taking a drink of mead, he moves to leave, claiming to be cursed by misfortune. However, Sieglinde bids him to stay, saying that he can bring no misfortune to the "house where ill-luck lives. "

Returning, Hunding reluctantly offers Siegmund the hospitality demanded by custom. Sieglinde, increasingly fascinated by the visitor, urges him to tell his tale. Siegmund describes returning home with his father one day, to find his mother dead and his twin sister abducted. He then wandered with his father until he parted from him as well. One day he found a girl being forced into marriage and fought with the girl's relatives. However, his weapons were broken and the bride was killed, and he was forced to flee to Hunding's home. Initially Siegmund does not reveal his name, choosing to call himself 'Wehwalt', Woeful.

When Siegmund finishes, Hunding reveals that he is one of Siegmund's pursuers. He grants Siegmund a night's stay, but they are to do battle in the morning. Hunding leaves the room with Sieglinde, ignoring his wife's distress. Siegmund laments his misfortune, recalling his father's promise that he would find a sword when he most needed it. Sieglinde returns, having drugged Hunding's drink to send him into a deep sleep. She reveals that she was forced into a marriage with Hunding. During their wedding feast, an old man had appeared and plunged a sword into the trunk of the ash tree in the center of the room, which Hunding and his companions had all failed to remove. She expresses her longing for the hero who could draw the sword and save her. Siegmund expresses his love for her, which she reciprocates, and as she strives to understand her recognition of him, she realises it is in the echo of her own voice, and reflection of her image, that she already knows him. When he speaks the name of his father, Wälse, she declares that he is Siegmund, and that the Wanderer left the sword for him.

Siegmund now easily draws the sword forth, and she tells him she is Sieglinde, his twin sister. He names the blade "Nothung" (or needful, for this is the weapon that he needs for his forthcoming fight with Hunding). In Norse mythology, Gram ( Old Norse "wrath" is the name of the Sword that Sigurd (Siegfried used to kill the dragon As the Act closes he calls her 'bride and sister', and draws her to him with passionate fervour.

Act 2

Wotan is standing on a rocky mountainside with Brünnhilde, his Valkyrie daughter. He instructs Brünnhilde to protect Siegmund in his coming fight with Hunding. Fricka, Wotan's wife and the guardian of wedlock, arrives demanding the punishment of Siegmund and Sieglinde, who have committed adultery and incest. Frigg (or Frigga) is a major goddess in Norse paganism, a subset of Germanic paganism. She knows that Wotan, disguised as the mortal man Wälse, had fathered Siegmund and Sieglinde. Wotan protests that he requires a free hero (i. e. one that is not ruled by him) to aid his plans, but Fricka retorts that Siegmund is not a free hero, but an unwitting pawn of Wotan. Backed into a corner, Wotan promises Fricka that Siegmund is to die.

Hunding kills Siegmund

Fricka leaves, leaving Brünnhilde with a despairing Wotan. Wotan explains his problems: troubled by the warning delivered by Erda (at the end of Das Rheingold), he had seduced the earth-goddess to learn more of the prophesied doom; Brünnhilde was born to him by Erda. In Norse mythology, Jörð ( Old Norse "earth" jɔrð Jarð jɑrð in Old East Norse --> sometimes Anglicized as Jord Das Rheingold ("The Rhine Gold" is the first of the four operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) by Richard Wagner He had raised Brünnhilde and eight other daughters as the Valkyries, warrior maidens who gather the souls of fallen heroes to form an army against Alberich. Alberich was a legendary sorcerer who originated in the mythology or epic sagas of the Frankish Merovingian Dynasty of the 5th to 8th century AD and whose Valhalla's army will fail if Alberich should ever wield the Ring, which is in Fafner's possession. See also Death in Norse paganism In Norse mythology, Valhalla (from Old Norse Valhöll "hall of the slain" is a majestic enormous In Norse mythology, Andvarinaut ("Andvari's Gift" is a magical ring capable of producing gold first owned by Andvari. In Norse mythology, Fáfnir ( Old Norse and Icelandic) or Frænir was a son of the dwarf king Hreidmar and brother Using the Tarnhelm the giant has transformed himself into a dragon, lurking in a forest with the Nibelung treasure. Tarnhelm is the name of a magic Helmet in Richard Wagner 's Der Ring des Nibelungen. The German Nibelungen and the corresponding Old Norse form Niflung ( Niflungr) is the name in Germanic and Norse mythology Wotan cannot wrest the Ring from Fafner, who is bound to him by contract; he needs a free hero to defeat Fafner in his stead. However, as Fricka pointed out, he can only create thralls (i. e. servants) to himself. Bitterly, Wotan orders Brünnhilde to obey Fricka and ensure the death of his beloved child Siegmund.

Having fled from Hunding's hall Siegmund and Sieglinde enter the mountain pass, where Sieglinde faints in guilt and exhaustion. Brünnhilde approaches Siegmund, telling him of his impending death. Siegmund refuses to follow Brünnhilde to Valhalla when he finds out that Sieglinde cannot accompany him there. Impressed by his courage, Brünnhilde relents and agrees to protect Siegmund instead.

Hunding arrives and attacks Siegmund. Blessed by Brünnhilde, Siegmund begins to overpower Hunding, but Wotan appears and shatters Nothung (Siegmund's sword) with his spear. Disarmed, Siegmund is slain by Hunding. Brünnhilde seizes Sieglinde and the shards of Nothung, and flees on horseback. Wotan looks down on Siegmund's body, grieving. He strikes Hunding dead with a contemptuous gesture, and angrily sets out in pursuit of his lawless daughter.

Act 3

Brünnhilde at the rock, Title page art from the 1899 Schott's Vocal Score.

The other Valkyries assemble on the summit of a mountain, each with a dead hero in her saddlebag. In Norse mythology the valkyries ( Old Norse Valkyrja "Choosers of the Slain" are Dísir, minor female deities They are astonished when Brünnhilde arrives with a living woman. She begs them to help, but they dare not defy Wotan. Brünnhilde decides to delay Wotan as Sieglinde flees. She also reveals that Sieglinde is pregnant by Siegmund, and names the unborn son Siegfried (meaning "joyous in victory" or "peace in victory"). Sigurd ( Old Norse: Sigurðr) is a legendary hero of Norse mythology, as well as the central character in the Völsunga saga.

Wotan arrives in wrath and passes judgement on Brünnhilde: she is to be stripped of her Valkyrie status and become mortal, to be held in a magic sleep on the mountain, prey to any man who happens by. Dismayed, the other Valkyries flee. Brünnhilde begs mercy of Wotan for herself, his favorite child. She recounts the courage of Siegmund and her decision to protect him, knowing that was Wotan's true desire. With the words 'Der diese Liebe mir in's Herz gehaucht' (He who breathed this love into me), introducing the key of E major, she identifies her own actions as Wotan's true will. Wotan consents to her last request: to encircle the mountaintop with magic flame, which will deter all but the bravest of heroes (who, shown through the leitmotif, they both know will be the yet unborn Siegfried). Wotan lays Brünnhilde down on a rock and, in a long embrace, kisses her eyes closed into an enchanted sleep. He summons Loge (the Norse demigod of fire) to ignite the circle of flame that will protect her, then slowly departs in sorrow, after pronouncing: "Whosoever fears the point of my spear shall not pass through the fire. " The curtain falls as the Magic Fire Music again resolves into E major.

Noted excerpts

• Prelude to Act I (The opening storm)
• Siegmund Spring Song and duet with Sieglinde (Winterstürme wichen dem Wonnemond) (Act I)
• Prelude to Act II
• Wotan's Monologue (Act II)
• Brünnhilde's Announcement of Siegmund's Death (Act II)
• Ride of the Valkyries (Prelude and scene from Act III)
• Brunnhilde's pleading (War es so schmählich) (Act III)
• Wotan's Farewell (Leb' wohl) (Act III)
• Magic Fire Music (Act III)

See also

• Der Ring des Nibelungen

• Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the text

• Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the music

References

External links

• Richard Wagner - Die Walküre. A gallery of historic postcards with motives from Richard Wagner's operas.
• Wagner Operas. A comprehensive website featuring photographs of productions, recordings, librettos, and sound files.
• Rilstone, Andrew (2004). "The Imperfect Wagnerite". (A Wagner-junkie's review and appreciation of the English National Opera's production of The Valkyrie along with discussion of Wagner's appeal. )
• Complete libretto (in German), following the 1971 re-edition
• Schiavo, Paul (2003) "Saint Louis Symphony Concert Program Notes". (Program notes from the November 14 and 15, 2003 performances of Die Walküre. )
• Vocal score of Die Walküre

Audio samples

• Der Ring des Nibelungen - Walkürenritt (The Ride of the Valkyries) - Free download online. TEMPUS Collection - Maximianno Cobra Edition.
• Die Walküre website with many audio clips including vocal parts.
• Ride of the Valkyries (Full) Full version of Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries, as performed by the American Symphony Orchestra in 1921. (From the Internet Archives' Collection of Open Source Audio)
• Recording of "Hinweg! Hinweg!" with soprano Lotte Lehmann from the San Francisco Opera in 1936