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Didyma(Δίδυμα)
(Didim)
Enriched mouldings from the third-century rebuilding DidymaDidyma
Enriched mouldings from the third-century rebuilding
Didyma (Turkey )
Didyma
Didyma
Didyma

Didyma (Greek: Δίδυμα) was an ancient Ionian sanctuary, the modern Didim, Turkey. Didim, home of the antique city of Didyma with its ruined Temple of Apollo is a small town, popular seaside holiday resort and district of Aydın Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Didim, home of the antique city of Didyma with its ruined Temple of Apollo is a small town, popular seaside holiday resort and district of Aydın Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches [1] The sanctuary containing a temple and oracle of Apollo, the Didymaion. Greek temples ( Ancient Greek:, grc-Latn ho naós "dwelling" semantically distinct from Latin la templum " Temple An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion an Infallible authority usually spiritual in nature In Greek didyma means "twin", but the Greeks who sought a "twin" at Didyma ignored the Carian origin of the name. Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources [2] Next to Delphi, Didyma was the most renowned oracle of the Hellenic world, first mentioned among the Greeks in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo,[3] but an establishment preceding literacy and even the colonization of Ionia. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western The thirty-three anonymous Homeric Hymns celebrating individual gods are a collection of ancient Greek Hymns "Homeric" in the sense that they employ the Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Mythic genealogies of the origins of the Branchidae line of priests, designed to capture the origins of Didyma as a Hellenic tradition, date to the Hellenistic period. This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. [4]

Didyma was the largest and most significant sanctuary on the territory of the great classical city Miletus. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient To approach it, visitors would follow the Sacred Way to Didyma, about 17km long. Along the way, were ritual waystations, and statues of members of the Branchidae family, male and female, as well as animal figures. Some of these statues, dating back to the 6th century BC are now in the British Museum, taken by Charles Newton in the 19th century.

Greek and Roman authors laboured to refer the name Didyma to "twin" temples — not a feature of the site — or to temples of the twins, Apollo and Artemis, whose own cult center at Didyma was only recently established, or whether, as Wilamowitz suggested[5] there is a connection to Cybele Dindymene, "Cybele of Mount Dindymon", is mooted. In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister Enno Friedrich Wichard Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff ( 22 December 1848 &ndash 25 September 1931) was a German Classical Originally a Hittite and Phrygian Goddess, Cybele (Κυβέλη was a deification of the Earth Mother and was worshipped in In Greek mythology, Dindymon was a mountain in Phrygia that was sacred to the "mountain mother" Cybele or Rhea. Recent excavations by the German team of archaeologists have uncovered a major sanctuary dedicated to Artemis, with the key ritual focus being water.

The sixth-century Didymaion, dedicated to Apollo, enclosed its smaller predecessor, which archaeologists have identified. Its treasury was enriched by gifts from Croesus. This article refers to the historical King of Lydia For the opera by Reinhard Keiser, see Croesus (opera.

Contents

The Branchidae

A stone-carved Medusa head at Didyma, now Didim.
A stone-carved Medusa head at Didyma, now Didim. In Greek mythology, Medusa ( Greek: Μέδουσα (Médousa "guardian protectress" was a monstrous Chthonic female character gazing upon Didim, home of the antique city of Didyma with its ruined Temple of Apollo is a small town, popular seaside holiday resort and district of Aydın

Until its destruction by the Persians in 494 BC, Didyma's sanctuary was administered by the family of the Branchidae, who claimed descent from Branchos, a youth beloved of Apollo. Events By place Persian empire Having successfully captured several of the revolting Greek city-states the [6] The priestess, seated above the sacred spring, gave utterances that were interpreted by the Branchidae. Both Herodotus[7] and Pausanias dated the origins of the oracle at Didyma before the Ionian colonization of this coast. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this The Branchidae were expelled by Darius' Persians, who burned the temple in 493 BC and carried away to Ecbatana the archaic bronze statue of Apollo, traditionally made by Canachus of Sicyon[8] in the sixth century; the spring dried up, it was reported, and the archaic oracle was silenced. Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Events By place Persian Empire A Phoenician manned Persian fleet restores Persian control of Cyprus Ecbatana ( Old Persian: Haŋgmatana, written Agbatana in Aeschylus and Herodotus, Agámtanu by Nabonidos [9] Though the sanctuaries of Delphi and Ephesus were swiftly rebuilt, Didyma remained a ruin until the first steps of restoration were undertaken, in 334 BC. The Temple of Artemis ( Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον Events By place Persian Empire The king of Caria, Pixodarus, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Orontobates. Callisthenes, a court historian of Alexander reported that the spring began once more to flow after Alexander passed through, but there had been a complete break in the oracles' personnel and tradition. Callisthenes of Olynthus (in Greek; ca 360-328 BC was a Greek Historian. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' [10] Inscriptions, including inquiries and responses, and literary testimony record Didyma's role as an oracle, with the "grim epilogue"[11] of Apollo's supposed sanction of Diocletian's persecution of Christians, until the closing of the temples under Theodosius I. The Diocletianic Persecution was the last and most severe episode of Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄

After his capture of Miletus in 334 BC Alexander the Great reconsecrated the oracle but placed its administration of the oracle in the hands of the city, where the priest in charge was annually elected. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' About 300 BC[12] Seleucus I Nicator brought the bronze cult image back, and the Milesians began to build a new temple, which, if it had ever been completed, would have been the largest in the Hellenic world. Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i In the practice of Religion, a cult image is a man-made object that is venerated for the Deity, spirit or Daemon that it embodies or represents Vitruvius recorded a tradition that the architects were Paeonius of Ephesus, whom Vitruvius credited with the rebuilding of the Temple of Artemis there, and Daphnis of Miletus. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum The Temple of Artemis ( Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον The peripteral temple[13] was surrounded by a double file of Ionic columns. This page is a glossary of architecture. A Aisle - subsidiary space alongside the body of a building separated from it by columns piers or The Ionic order column forms one of the three '''orders''' or '''organizational systems''' of Classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the With a pronaos of three rows of four columns, the approaching visitor passed through a regularized grove formed of columns. A portico is a Porch that is leading to the entrance of a building or extended as a Colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway supported by Columns The usual door leading to a cella was replaced by a blank wall with a large upper opening through which one could glimpse the upper part of the naiskos in the inner court (adyton). For the Spanish town see Cella Spain Naos redirects here For other meanings see Naos (disambiguation. The naiskos ( Greek: ναΐσκος Greek etymology: νάος, English translation: "temple" is a small Temple in The adyton (Άδυτον or adytum ( Latin) was a restricted area within the Cella of a Greek or Roman temple. The entry route lay down either of two long constricted sloping passageways built within the thickness of the walls which gave access to the inner court, still open to the sky but isolated from the world by the high walls of the cella: there was the ancient spring, the naiskos— which was a small temple itself, containing in its own small cella the bronze cult image of the god— and a grove of laurels, sacred to Apollo. In the practice of Religion, a cult image is a man-made object that is venerated for the Deity, spirit or Daemon that it embodies or represents The inner walls of the cella were articulated by pilasters standing on a base the height of a man (1. 94 m). Turning back again, the visitor saw a monumental staircase that led up to three openings to a room[14] whose roof was supported by two columns on the central cross-axis. The oracular procedure, so well documented at Delphi, is unknown at Didyma and must be reconstructed on the basis of the temple's construction, but it appears that several features of Delphi were now adopted: a priestess[15] and answers delivered in classical hexameters. Hexameter is a literary and poetic form consisting of six metrical feet per line as in the Iliad. At Delphi, nothing was written; at Didyma, inquiries and answers were written; a small structure, the Chresmographion featured in this process: it was meticulously disassembled in the Christian period.

The annual festival held there under the auspices of Miletus was the Didymeia; it was made a Panhellenic festival in the beginning of the second century BC. German excavations made between 1905 and 1930 revealed all of the incomplete new temple and some carved fragments that belonged to the earlier temple and to associated statues.

Pausanias visited Didyma in the later second century AD. Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus [16] Pliny reported[17] the worship of Apollo Didymiae, Apollo of Didymus, in Central Asia, transported to Sogdiana by a general of Seleucus and Antiochus whose inscribed altars there were still to be seen by Pliny's correspondents. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great Corroborating inscriptions on amphoras were found at Dilbergin. [18]

Notes

  1. ^ Didim is located near the modern village of Yeni Hisar (Yoran) near the town of Söke in the province of Aydın. Söke is a town and a large district of Aydın Province in the Aegean region of western Turkey, south-west of the city of Aydın, near Aydın is a province of southwestern Turkey, located in the Aegean Region. Aidın (Αϊδίνιο is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey 's Aegean Region.
  2. ^ Didyma is akin to Idyma in Caria, and Sidyma in Lycia, Joseph Eddy Fontenrose noted, "Zeus Didymaeus" Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 63 (1932, pp. Joseph Eddy Fontenrose (1903-1986 was an American classical scholar 245-255) p 251.
  3. ^ Fontenrose 1932:245 demonstrates that a "Zeus Didymeus" that was mentioned once, by Nicander, is a phantom based on a merely geographical epithet: the Zeus who shared honors of patronage at Didyma, though not in the Didymaion itself, was actually Zeus Soter, "Zeus the Saviour". Nicander of Colophon (Νίκανδρος ὁ Κολοφώνιος 2nd century BC) Greek Poet, Physician and grammarian was born at Claros
  4. ^ Parke 1986.
  5. ^ Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, "Die Herkunft am Magneten-um-Maeander" Hermes 30 (1895), p 181, taking a cue from the suggestion in Strabo that the Magnesians came from the region round Mount Didyma in Thessaly and erected in their new home a temple to Dindymene, "Mother of the Gods", i. Magnesia on the Maeander is an ancient Greek city in Anatolia, located on the Maeander river upstream from Ephesus, near the town of Germencik Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. e. Cybele.
  6. ^ Strabo, 634. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.
  7. ^ Histories 1. 157. 3.
  8. ^ Pausanias, 2. 10. 5.
  9. ^ Parke reports that the adyton is normally dry today.
  10. ^ H. W. Parke, "The Temple of Apollo at Didyma: The Building and Its Function" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 106 (1986, pp. 121-131) p 123.
  11. ^ Robert Parker, reviewing Fontenrose 1988 in The Classical Review New Series 39. 2 (1989), p 270.
  12. ^ Pausanias (i. Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus 16. 3, viii. 46. 3) offers no date, but Seleucus gained control of Media in the years immediately after 312. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran.
  13. ^ This description follows that of Parke 1986:21-131.
  14. ^ Its rear wall divided it from the pronaos outside.
  15. ^ Iamblychus' profetis (in De mysteriis)
  16. ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece, 7. 2. 6.
  17. ^ Pliny's Natural History, 6. Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 18.
  18. ^ Hammond, 1998

See also

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References

Further reading

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