The term diaspora (in Ancient Greek, διασπορά – "a scattering or sowing of seeds") refers to the forcing of any people or ethnic population to leave their traditional homelands, the dispersal of such people, and the ensuing developments in their culture. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c A homeland (rel Country of origin and native land) is the concept of the territory ( Cultural geography) to which an Ethnic group

Contents 1 Origins 2 The 20th century and beyond 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links

Origins

Initially the term diaspora meant "the scattered" and was used by the Ancient Greeks to refer to citizens of a dominant city-state who emigrated to a conquered land with the purpose of colonization, to assimilate the territory into the empire. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. The current meaning started to develop from this original sense when the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek; the word "diaspora" then was used to refer to the population of Jews exiled from Judea in 586 BC by the Babylonians, and from Jerusalem in AD 136 by the Roman Empire. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Probably the earliest use of the word in reference specifically to Jewish exiles is in the Septuagint version of Deuteronomy 28:25, "thou shalt be a dispersion in all kingdoms of the earth". The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament

It subsequently came to be used to refer interchangeably to the historical movements of the dispersed ethnic population of Israel, the cultural development of that population, or the population itself. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The term was assimilated from Greek into English in the mid-20th century. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States As an academic field, diaspora studies has been established relating to the wider modern meaning of the usage 'diaspora'. Diaspora studies is an academic field established in the late twentieth century to study dispersed ethnic populations which are often termed Diaspora peoples

Sometimes refugees of other origins or ethnicities may be called a diaspora, but the two terms are far from synonymous. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race ^[1][2] Long-term expatriates in significant numbers from one particular country may also be referred to as a diaspora. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing ^[3][4] In all cases, the term diaspora carries a sense of displacement; that is, the population so described finds itself for whatever reason separated from its national territory; and usually it has a hope, or at least a desire, to return to their homeland at some point, if the "homeland" still exists in any meaningful sense. Some writers have noted that diaspora may result in a loss of nostalgia for a single home as people "re-root" in a series of meaningful displacements. In this sense, individuals may have multiple homes throughout their diaspora, with different reasons for maintaining some form of attachment to each.

History contains numerous diaspora-like events. The Migration Period relocations, which included several phases, are just one set of many. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name The first phase Migration Period displacement from between AD 300 and 500 included relocation of the Goths, (Ostrogoths, Visigoths), Vandals, Franks, various other Germanic tribes, (Burgundians, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi, Alemanni, Varangians), Alans and numerous Slavic tribes. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutae were a Germanic people who according to Bede were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany The Varangians or Varyags ( Old Norse: Væringjar Greek: Βάραγγοι Βαριάγοι Váraggoi / Varyágoi, Ukrainian The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The second phase, between AD 500 and 900, saw Slavic, Turkic, and other tribes on the move, resettling in Eastern Europe and gradually making it predominantly Slavic, and affecting Anatolia and the Caucasus as the first Turkic peoples (Avars, Bulgars, Huns, Khazars, Pechenegs) arrived. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the Magyars and the Viking expansion out of Scandinavia. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well

However, such colonizing migrations cannot be considered as diasporas indefinitely; over very long periods, eventually the migrants assimilate into the settled area so completely that it becomes their new homeland. Thus the modern population of Germany do not feel that they belong in the Siberian steppes that the Alemanni left 16 centuries ago; the Hungarian Magyars are not drawn back to the Altai; and the English descendants of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes do not yearn to reoccupy the plains of northwest Germany. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutae were a Germanic people who according to Bede were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time In comparison, however, the Jewish Sephardim of Iberia and Ashkenazim of Eastern Europe also settled in those areas for many centuries, and yet did not assimilate because of strong Jewish traditions of separation, a religious commitment to their own kind, and intolerance on the part of the majority. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.

One of the largest and most historic diasporas of pre-modern times was the African Diaspora which began at the beginning of the 16th century. The African diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe, the During the Atlantic Slave Trade, about ten million people from West, West-Central and Southeast Africa were transported to the Western Hemisphere as slaves. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another This population would leave a major influence on the culture of English, French, Portuguese and Spanish New World colonies. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The Arab slave trade similarly took large numbers out of the continent, although the effect of the diaspora to the east is more subtle. The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such

Another example is the mid-19th century Irish diaspora, brought about by a combination of harsh imperial British policies and the An Gorta Mór or "Great Hunger" of the Irish Famine. The Irish diaspora (Diaspóra na nGael consists of Irish Emigrants and their descendants in countries such as Great Britain, the United States Estimates vary between 45% and 85% of Ireland having emigrated, to Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia.

The 20th century and beyond

The twentieth century saw huge population movements. Some involved large-scale transfers of people by government action. For instance, Stalin shipped millions of people to Eastern Russia, Central Asia, and Siberia both as punishment and to stimulate development of the frontier regions. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Some migrations occurred to avoid conflict and warfare. Other diasporas were as a consequence of political decisions, such as the end of colonialism. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism

The twentieth century also witnessed the Afghan Diaspora as a result of the 1979 invasion by the former Soviet Union. Both official and unofficial records indicate that the Afghan Diaspora resulted in more than 6 million Afghan refugees becoming displaced.

During the Japanese war with China (1937-1945), Manchuria was established as a multi-ethnic Empire, Manchukou, and Korea (1910-1945) was also under Japanese influence. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Millions of Chinese fled to western provinces not occupied by Japan (i. e. Tibet and Sinkiang) and to Southeast Asia. More than 100,000 Koreans moved across the Amur River into Eastern Russia (then the Soviet Union) away from the Japanese.

Other diasporas have occurred as people fled ethnically directed persecution, oppression or Genocide. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Examples of these include: the Armenians who were forced out of Anatolia by the Ottoman Turks during the Armenian Genocide¹ (1915–1918), with survivors settling in areas of the Levant, United States, Europe and South America. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the

European Jews emigrated from the Russian Empire, Hungary and Poland, fleeing pogroms and discrimination from the 1880s to shortly after WWI. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Others fled from persecution by Nazi Germany actions, mostly before the the Holocaust of World War II when borders closed. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Other eastern European refugees moved west, away from Soviet annexation,^[5] and the Iron Curtain regimes after World War II. The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans, who had lived in eastern countries for nearly two centuries, were expelled by the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia after WWII, and moved west. Galicia, North of Spain, sent many emigrants into exile during Franco's military regime from 1936 to his death in 1975. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid

The 1947 Partition resulted in the migration of millions of people between India and Pakistan. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Many were murdered in the unrest of the period, with estimates of fatalities up to 10 million people. Thousands of former subjects of the British Raj went to the UK from the Indian subcontinent after India and Pakistan became independent in 1947. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

During and after the Cold War-era, huge populations of refugees migrated from areas of conflict, especially from then-developing countries. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties In the Middle East, the Palestinian diaspora was created as a result of the establishment of Israel in 1948 and further enlarged by the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Palestinian diaspora ( الشتات, al-shatat) is a term used to describe Palestinians living outside of historic Palestine - an area For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt Many Iranians fled the 1979 Iranian Revolution following the fall of the Shah. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Tens of thousands of Iraqis have fled conflict in their nation since 2003. Background Iraq was known in the west as Mesopotamia until the 20th century

From Southeast Asia 30,000 French colons from Cambodia were displaced after being expelled by the Khmer Rouge regime under Pol Pot. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed Saloth Sar ( May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) also known as Pol Pot, was leader of the Communist movement known as Beginning before that, many Vietnamese emigrated to France and later to the United States after the Vietnam War.

Diasporas have occurred in Africa, including the expulsion of 80 000 South Asians from Uganda in 1975. On 4 August 1972, Idi Amin, President of Uganda, gave Uganda's 50000 Asians (mostly Gujaratis of Indian origin 90 days Hundreds of thousands of people fled from the Rwandan Genocide in 1994 into neighboring countries. The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda 's minority Tutsis and the moderates of its Hutu majority Thousands of refugees from deteriorating conditions in Zimbabwe have gone to South Africa.

In South America, thousands of Chilean and Uruguayan refugees fled to Europe during periods of military rule in the 1970s and '80s. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders A million Colombian refugees have left Colombia since 1965 to escape the country's violence and civil wars. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. In Central America, Nicaraguans, Salvadorians, Guatemalans, Hondurans, Costa Ricans and Panamanians fled conflict and economic conditions. The 1980s were the backdrop to a savage civil war which saw conflict destroy the nation of Nicaragua, and the lives of 50000+ civilians in the process El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The millions of Third World refugees created more numerous diasporal populations, but the principle of peoples' becoming refugees because of war precedes written history. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically

Many economic migrants may gather in such numbers outside their home country that they form an effective diaspora: for instance, the Turkish Gastarbeiter in Germany; South Asians in the Persian Gulf; and Filipinos throughout the world. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race (native pronunciation /ˈɡastˌʔaːbaɪtɐ/ is German for "guest worker" (or "guest workers" - the plural is the same as the singular The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Since the 1970s Mexican immigrants to the United States have been chiefly economic refugees coming for work. Many have crossed the border illegally or remained undocumented aliens who never acquired legal residency or US citizenship.

Some diasporas are due to natural disasters. A natural disaster is the consequence of a Natural hazard (eg In a rare example of a diaspora in a prosperous Western democracy, observers have labeled evacuation from New Orleans and the Gulf Coast as a "diaspora" in the wake of Hurricane Katrina of 2005, since a significant number of evacuees have not started to return. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Earlier mass movements of the two waves of the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North, Midwest and West comprised a diaspora and resulted in urbanization of more than 6. 5 million African Americans from 1910-1970. Many were recruited by northern businesses eager for labor for their developing industries, but the people were also voting with their feet to leave behind segregation, lynchings, disfranchisement and limited chances in a rural economy. Historians identify as another diaspora the mass migration of people during the Dust Bowl years: the "Okies" from the drought-ridden American Great Plains and "Arkies" from the Ozarks of the American South in the 1930s. Okie is a term dating from as early as 1907 denoting a resident or native of Oklahoma. The majority of both groups went west to California.

1: The events known as the "Armenian Genocide" continue to be debated. Some people do not believe the events conform to criteria for state-sponsored genocide, although they agree that many Armenians died in the turmoil of the break-up of the Ottoman Empire.

In popular culture

Futuristic science fiction sometimes refers to a "Diaspora," taking place when much of humanity leaves Earth to settle on far-flung "colony worlds. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 "

The song "Prayer of the Refugee" from Rise Against's album The Sufferer & the Witness was originally named "Diaspora" when it was leaked. Rise Against is an American Punk rock band from Chicago Illinois that was formed in 1999 "Under the Knife" redirects here For the Nintendo DS game see Trauma Center Under the Knife.

See also

• Exodus is another Biblical term related to migration, but with a connotation of grouping rather than the scattering of a diaspora. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament.
• Displaced person
• Ethnic cleansing
• Immigration
• Population transfer
• Refugee
• Rural exodus
• Slave trade
• List of diasporas

Notes

External links

• Livius.org: Diaspora
• News for Diaspora Indian

A displaced person (sometimes abbreviated DP) is a person who has been forced to leave his or her native place a phenomenon known as Forced migration. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Rural exodus (or rural flight) is a term used to describe the migratory patterns that normally occur in a region following the mechanisation of Agriculture. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history History provides us with many examples of notable Diasporas Note the list below is not definitive and includes groups that have not been given significant historical attention

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