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For other uses of the term 'diary', see Diary (disambiguation).

A diary is a record (originally in written book format) with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. A date in a calendar is a reference to a particular day represented within a Calendar system Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records (e. g. Hansard), business ledgers, and military records. Hansard is the traditional name for the printed transcripts of Parliamentary debates in the Westminster system of Government. A ledger or lieger (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive A service record is a collection of either electronic or printed material which provides a documentary History of a person's activities and accomplishments while Schools or parents may teach or require children to keep diaries in order to encourage the expression of feelings and to promote thought.

Generally the term is today employed for personal diaries, in which the writer may detail more personal information and normally intended to remain private or to have a limited circulation amongst friends or relatives. The word "journal" may be sometimes used for "diary," but generally one writes daily in a diary, whereas journal-writing can be less frequent. A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily has several related meanings a daily record of events or business a private

Whilst a diary may provide information for a memoir, autobiography or biography, it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it stands, but for the author's own use. for other uses see Memoir (disambiguation As a literary Genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account In recent years however there is internal evidence in some diaries (e. g. those of Alan Clark, Tony Benn or Simon Gray) that they are written with eventual publication in mind, with the intention of self-vindication (pre- or posthumous), or simply for profit. Alan Kenneth Mackenzie Clark (13 April 1928 &ndash 5 September 1999 was a British Conservative Politician, Historian and Diarist Anthony "Tony" Neil Wedgwood Benn (born 3 April 1925 formerly 2nd Viscount Stansgate, is a British Socialist Politician. Simon James Holliday Gray CBE ( October 21, 1936 – August 7, 2008) was a prolific postwar British playwright whose work was performed

By extension the term diary is also used to mean a printed publication of a written diary; and may also refer to other terms of journal including electronic formats (e. g. blogs). A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of

Contents

History

The word diary comes from the Latin diarium ("daily allowance", from dies, "day", more often in the plural form diaria). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The word journal comes from the same root (diurnus, "of the day") through Old French jurnal (modern French for day is jour). Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Until around the turn of the 20th century, with the world-wide rise of literacy, diary writing was generally a practice of the members of the middle and upper classes. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures.

The oldest extant diaries come from Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Pillowbooks of Japanese court ladies and Asian travel journals offer some aspects this genre of writing, although they rarely consist exclusively of diurnal records. is a book of observations and musings recorded by Sei Shōnagon during her time as court lady to Empress Sadako during the 990s and early 1000s in Heian For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The 9th century scholar Li Ao, for example, kept a diary of his journey through southern China. Li Ao ( 772–841 Courtesy name Xizhi (习之 was Chinese philosopher and Prose Writer of the Tang Dynasty.

In the medieval Near East, Arabic diaries were written from before the 10th century, though the surviving diary of this era which most resembles the modern diary was that of Ibn Banna in the 11th century. Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers His diary is the earliest known to be arranged in order of date (ta'rikh in Arabic), very much like modern diaries. [1]

Diaries and diarists

Diaries run the spectrum from business notations, to listings of weather and daily personal events, through to inner exploration of the human psyche, a place to express one's deepest self, or record one's thoughts and ideas. A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily has several related meanings a daily record of events or business a private Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. In Psychoanalysis, the psyche (ˈsaɪki refers to the forces in an individual that influence thought, Behavior and Personality. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation.

A strong psychological effect may arise from having an audience for one's self-expression, a personal space, or a "listener," even if this is the book one writes in, only read by oneself. Anne Frank went so far as to name her diary "Kitty". Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank ( (12 June 1929 – early March 1945 was a Jewish girl born in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany Friedrich Kellner, a court official in Nazi Germany, thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and named it "Mein Widerstand" - "My Opposition. ( February 1, 1885 &ndash November 4, 1970) was a mid-level official in Germany who worked as a justice inspector in Mainz and Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers My Opposition (Mein Widerstand is a Diary secretly written by the German social democrat Friedrich Kellner (1885 - 1970 during World War " Victor Klemperer was similarly concerned with recording for the future the tyrannies and hypocrisies of Nazi Germany and of its East German successor state in his diaries. Victor Klemperer ( 9 October 1881 – 11 February 1960) was a businessman journalist and eventually a Professor of Literature The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state In all of these cases however none of the authors anticipated early - or any - publication.

Published diaries

Many diaries of notable figures have been published and form an important element of autobiographical literature. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write"

Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) is the earliest diarist who is well-known today; his diaries, preserved in Magdalene College, Cambridge, were first transcribed and published in 1825. Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for Magdalene College redirects here see also Magdalen College Oxford Magdalene College (ˈmɔːdlɪn was founded in 1428 as a Benedictine hostel in time Pepys was amongst the first who took the diary beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Pepys' contemporary John Evelyn also kept a notable diary. John Evelyn ( 31 October 1620 – 27 February 1706) was an English writer gardener and diarist

The practice of posthumous publication of diaries of literary and other notables began in the 19th century. As examples, the 'Grasmere Journal' of Dorothy Wordsworth (1771-1855) was published in 1897; the Journals of Fanny Burney (1752-1840) were published in 1889; the diaries of Henry Crabb Robinson (1776-1867) were published in 1869. Grasmere is a village in central Cumbria, England. It is also the name of the adjacent Lake. Dorothy Mae Ann Wordsworth ( December 25, 1771 – January 25, 1855) was an English Author, Poet and For playwright Frances Burney (1776–1828 niece of novelist Fanny Burney Madame d'Arblay 1752-1840 see Frances Burney (1776–1828 Frances Burney Henry Crabb Robinson (1775 - 1867 Diarist, was born in Bury St

Since the 19th century the publication of diaries by their authors has become a commonplace - notably amongst politicians seeking justification but also amongst artists and litterateurs of all descriptions. Amongst late 20th century British published political diaries, those of Richard Crossman, Tony Benn and Alan Clark are representative, the latter being more indiscreet in the tradition of the diaries of Chips Channon. Richard Howard Stafford Crossman, known as Dick Crossman, ( 15 December 1907 &ndash 5 April 1974 was a British Labour Party Anthony "Tony" Neil Wedgwood Benn (born 3 April 1925 formerly 2nd Viscount Stansgate, is a British Socialist Politician. Alan Kenneth Mackenzie Clark (13 April 1928 &ndash 5 September 1999 was a British Conservative Politician, Historian and Diarist Sir Henry "Chips" Channon ( 7 March 1897 – 7 October 1958) was an American -born British Conservative In the field of the arts notable diaries were published by James Lees-Milne, Roy Strong and Peter Hall. James Lees-Milne (1908-1997 was an English writer and expert on Country houses He was a noted biographer and historian and is also considered one of the twentieth century's Sir Roy Colin Strong (born 23 August 1935) is an English Art historian, museum curator writer broadcaster and landscape designer

The writing of diaries was also often practised from the 20th century onwards as a conscious act of self-exploration (of greater or lesser sincerity) - examples being the diaries of Carl Jung, Aleister Crowley, and Anaïs Nin. Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley (ˈkroʊli (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947 was a British Occultist Writer, mountaineer Anaïs Nin ana'iːs nin (born Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell) ( February 21 1903 - January 14 1977) was [2]

Pre-formatted diary blanks

Sales of printed "page a day" diaries (each page blank save for the date as a header) go back hundreds of years (Letts diary, for example, has been printed for over 200 years). At first, such books were principally used as ledgers, or business books. A ledger or lieger (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive

Another popular pre-formatted version of the diary is the personal use of time management tools such as the Filofax or Franklin Planner. Filofax is a company based in the UK that produces a range of Personal organisers that are traditionally Leather bound and have a six-ring loose-leaf The Franklin Planner is a Time management system created by Hyrum W

Journal writing software

While some people use standard word processing software to keep electronic journals or diaries there are computer programs that are designed specifically for journal writing. Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. Many have templates for daily, weekly, monthly or random entries. These programs have been designed to allow journal and diary writers to capture their thoughts as well as images, links or other notable information easily and in one location. All such software is, of course, an aid in the keeping of a journal or diary and not the actual creation of it. A number of these programs offer the ability to post journal entries to Blogs. A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of Some examples of journal and diary software are: LifeJournal, Pyxlin, MacJournal, WinJournal & Alpha Journal. MacJournal is Journaling and Blogging software originally developed for OS X. WinJournal is Journaling and Blogging software developed for Microsoft Windows Vista, XP, 2003 Server and 2000 Some organizer software (e. g. Outlook and GoBinder) has the ability to make diary entries. GoBinder is a Windows based mobile content organizer for Students.

Internet diaries

See main articles online journal and blog. This article refers to online equivalents of journals or magazines A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of

As internet access has become commonly available, people have adopted it as another medium with which to chronicle their lives with the added dimension of an audience. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The first online diary is thought to be Claudio Pinhanez's "Open Diary", published at the MIT Media Lab website from 14 November 1994 until 1996. An online diary is a personal diary or journal that is published on the World wide web on a personal website or a diary hosting website The MIT Media Lab (also known as the Media Lab) is a department within the School of Architecture and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [3] Other early online diarists include Justin Hall, who began eleven years of personal online diary-writing in 1994, [4], Carolyn Burke, who started publishing "Carolyn's Diary"[5] on 3 January 1995, and Bryon Sutherland, who announced his diary The Semi-Existence of Bryon in a USENET newsgroup on On 19 April 1995 [6]. Justin Hall (born December 16, 1974 in Chicago Illinois) is an American freelance Journalist who is best known as a pioneer Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system

Web-based services soon appeared to streamline and automate online publishing, but the great explosion in personal storytelling came with the emergence of weblogs, or "blogs. Electronic publishing includes the digital publication of E-books and Electronic articles and the development of digital libraries and catalogues A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of " While the format first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread weblog tools were quickly used to create web journals, thought of as short, spontaneous entries rather than crafted essays.

Other forms of diary

Travel journals

A travel journal, travel diary, or road journal, is the documentation of a journey or series of journeys. A travel journal, also called road journal or travelogue, is a record made by a voyager

Workout journals

A workout journal, or exercise tracker, is a journal where one registers exercise undertaken, typically including length of workout and other comments.

Sleep diaries

A sleep diary or sleep log is a tool used in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. A sleep diary is a record of an individual's sleeping and waking times with related information usually over a period of several weeks A sleep disorder (somnipathy is a medical disorder of the Sleep patterns of a person or animal

Audio journals

An audio journal records the spoken word instead of the written word. Some people use tape recorders or voice recorders to document their life. There is also a company called LifeOnRecord that allows people to make a journal entry by making a call from any phone. LifeOnRecord is a service that allows subscribers to make voice recordings from any phone and preserve those recordings electronically and save them to CD Those recordings can then be preserved in CD format. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio

Tagebuch

The German Tagebuch (a literal translation being 'day book') is normally rendered as diary in English, although this may include workbooks or working journals as well as diaries proper; for example, the notebooks of the Austrian writer Robert Musil. Robert Musil born Robert Edler von Musil ( November 6, 1880, Klagenfurt, Austria &ndash

Unusual Diaries

Some officer cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada wrote their diaries in India ink on their t-squares. Officer Cadet is a rank held by military Cadets during their training to become Commissioned officers The term Officer Trainee is used interchangeably The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC is the Military academy of the Canadian Forces, and is a degree-granting University. "Indian ink" redirects here For the play by Tom Stoppard see Indian Ink (play. A T-square is a Technical drawing instrument primarily a guide for drawing Horizontal lines on a Drafting table. The Royal Military College of Canada Museum retains examples of college diaries from the 1890s.

Fictional diaries

There are numerous examples of fictional diaries. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. These include radio broadcasts (e. g. Mrs. Dale's Diary) and published books (e. The Dales redirects here For the Yorkshire Dales National Park see Yorkshire Dales. g. the Diaries of Adrian Mole). Adrian Albert Mole (born April 2, 1967) is the fictional Protagonist in a series of books by English author Sue Townsend. The former prompted a long-running satirical feature in the magazine Private Eye, entitled Mrs Wilson's Diary. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human Private Eye is a fortnightly British satirical Magazine, edited by Ian Hislop. Prime Minister parodies are a long-running feature of British satirical magazine Private Eye, which have been included in the majority of issues since the magazine's

See also

External links

References and notes

  1. ^ Makdisi, George (May 1986), “The Diary in Islamic Historiography: Some Notes”, History and Theory 25 (2): 173-85 
  2. ^ This practise is explored in Tristine Rainer, The New Diary, 1978.
  3. ^ a copy of his "open diary" is still in existence
  4. ^ Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31. SFgate (2005-02-20). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Retrieved on 2006-06-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
  5. ^ "Carolyn's Diary"
  6. ^ USENET announcement

Dictionary

diary

-noun

  1. A daily log of experiences, especially those of the writer.
  2. The method or media used to keep such experiences.
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