Dialectic of Enlightenment

Dialectic of Enlightenment, is the core text of Critical Theory explaining the socio-psychological status quo that had been responsible for, what the Frankfurt School considered, the failure of the Enlightenment. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century

In essence, Adorno and Horkheimer argue that the Enlightenment turned "magical" culture, which looked for associations, analogies, and relationships, into a scientific culture, which sought to reduce everything to the irreducible, to base units of measurement, to the smallest particles, and as often as possible to numbers. This resulted in an inability to address problems of relationships, and often of anything to do with the irrational (e. g. , sexuality, emotion, etc. ), as well as larger cultural concerns that could not be reduced to the individual. The ideological structure had the tendency, common to most political ideologies, of arguing for its own accuracy. This kind of enlightenment thinking, they argue, always implicitly claims that anything that is not reducible or quantifiable is simply not worth paying attention to. It is immaterial in the metaphorical sense: it might as well not exist. Thus, concepts as divergent as subjectivity (which cannot be measured or objectified) and collective action (which is always understood as merely the action of many individuals) cannot be understood because precisely what needs to be understood is relational and/or subjective. This "magical" versus "scientific" thinking is easily recognizable in the two solitudes of contemporary Humanities and Sciences research in universities.

Written by Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, the book made its first appearance in 1944 under the title Philosophische Fragmente by Social Studies Association, Inc. Max Horkheimer (February 14 1895 &ndash July 7 1973 was a German Philosopher and Sociologist, and a founder and guiding thinker of Critical Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist , New York. A revised version was published in 1947 by Querido Verlag in Amsterdam with the title Dialektik der Aufklärung. Emanuel Querido ( August 6 1871, Amsterdam - July 23 1943, Sobibor) was a successful Dutch publisher as the founder It was reissued in 1969 by S Fischer Verlag GmbH. There have been two English translations: the first by John Cumming (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972) and a more recent translation, based on the definitive text from Horkheimer's collected works, by Edmund Jephcott (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002). It has had a major effect on 20th century philosophy, sociology, culture, and politics, inspiring especially the 1960s counter-culture. The Counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s refers to a period between 1960 and 1973 that began in the United States as a reaction against

The work contains:

"The Concept of Enlightenment";
"Excursus I: Odysseus or Myth and Enlightenment"
"Excursus II: Juliette or Enlightenment and Morality"
"The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" (in which they prefigure Marshall McLuhan's thesis that "the medium is the message")
"Elements of Anti-Semitism: Limits of Enlightenment"
"Notes and Drafts"

Juliette is a novel written by the Marquis de Sade and published 1797 – 1801, accompanying Sade's Nouvelle Justine. Culture industry is a term coined by Theodor Adorno (1903-1969 and Max Horkheimer (1895-1973 who argued that popular culture is akin to a factory producing standardized Culture industry is a term coined by Theodor Adorno (1903-1969 and Max Horkheimer (1895-1973 who argued that popular culture is akin to a factory producing standardized The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. Freudo-Marxism is a loose designation of several twentieth-century Critical theory schools of thought that sought to synthesize the Philosophy and Political economy "Counter-Enlightenment" is a term used to refer to a movement that arose in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries in opposition to the eighteenth century

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