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For the academic journal, see diacritics (journal). diacritics is an Academic journal founded in 1971 at Cornell University.
Example of a letter with a diacritic
Example of a letter with a diacritic
Diacritical marks

accent

acute accent ( ´ )
double acute accent ( ˝ )
grave accent ( ` )
double grave accent (  ̏ )

breve ( ˘ )
caron / háček ( ˇ )
cedilla ( ¸ )
circumflex ( ^ )
diaeresis / umlaut ( ¨ )
dot ( · )

anunaasika ( ˙ )
anusvara (  ̣ )
chandrabindu (   ँ   ঁ   ઁ   ଁ ఁ )

hook / dấu hỏi (  ̉ )
horn / dấu móc (  ̛ )
macron ( ¯ )
ogonek ( ˛ )
ring / kroužek ( ˚, ˳ )
rough breathing / spiritus asper (  ῾ )
smooth breathing / spiritus lenis (  ᾿ )
Marks sometimes used as diacritics

apostrophe ( ’ )
bar ( | )
colon ( : )
comma ( , )
hyphen ( ˗ )
tilde ( ~ )
titlo (  ҃ )

A diacritic or diacritical mark is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. The double acute accent ( ˝) is a Diacritic mark of the Latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the See also Grave accent Double acute accent International Phonetic Alphabet Length The breve sign indicates a short vowel as opposed to the Macron  ¯ which indicates long vowels in academic transcription Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Overdot See also Anusvara Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark In Arabic romanization Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. This article is about chandrabindu the character in several Brahmi derived scripts See also Horn (diacritic Ɓ ɓ Ƈ ƈ Ɗ ɗ Ɠ ɠ See also Ơ Ư Hook (diacritic Acute accent Apostrophe A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the A ring Diacritic may appear above or below letters It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts The spiritus asper ( Latin for "rough breathing" δασὺ πνεῦμα dasỳ pneûma or daseîa) is a diacritical mark used in A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a Grapheme. A comma ( ,   is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus Titlo is an extended Diacritic symbol first used in Old Cyrillic manuscripts e A letter is an element in an Alphabetic system of writing such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants The term derives from Greek διακριτικός (diakritikos, "distinguishing"). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly "Diacritic" is both adjective and noun, whereas "diacritical" is only an adjective. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the Many diacritical marks are often called accents; e. g. the grave and acute accents are, but the cedilla is not.

A diacritical mark can appear above or below a letter, or in some other position. Its main usage is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added, but it may also be used to modify the pronunciation of a whole word or syllable, like the tone marks of tonal languages, to distinguish between homographs, to make abbreviations, such as the titlo in old Slavic texts, or to change the meaning of a letter, such as denoting numerals in numeral systems like early Greek numerals. Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words In linguistics a homonym is one of a group of words that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings and are usually spelled differently Titlo is an extended Diacritic symbol first used in Old Cyrillic manuscripts e The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a Mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by symbols in a consistent manner ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent.

A letter which has been modified by a diacritic may be treated as a new, individual letter, or simply as a letter-diacritic combination, in orthography and collation. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language This varies from language to language, and in some cases from symbol to symbol within a single language.

Contents

Types of diacritic

Some of these marks are sometimes diacritics, but also have other uses: tilde, dot, comma, titlo, apostrophe, bar and colon.

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters

Diacritics specific to non-Latin alphabets

Arabic

Further information: Arabic alphabet

Greek

Further information: Greek diacritics

Various combinations of accents with other diacritics and breathings. ISO 646 is an ISO standard that since 1972 has specified a 7- Bit character code from which several national standards are derived The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cue (kjuː R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. The Latin alphabet originated in the 7th century BC, undergoing a history of 2500 years before emerging as one of the dominant Writing systems in use today Palaeography, palæography ( British) or paleography ( American) (from the Greek grc παλαιός palaiós, Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages throughout the world Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Unicode as of version 51 defines the following ranges for encoding the Latin alphabet and derived characters See also Mapping of Unicode characters List of Latin letters. Basic alphabet Extensions and ligatures Letters with diacritics Digraphs trigraphs and tetragraphs The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Hamza ( Arabic: ar الهَمْزة ʼal-hamzah) (ar [[wiktء ء]] is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the Glottal stop. Shadda ( Arabic ar شَدَّةٌ " of emphasis" also called by the verbal noun to the same root Tashdid ar تشديد Iota subscript ( Ancient Greek:) in Greek Polytonic orthography is a way of writing the letter Iota as a small vertical stroke beneath a vowel The spiritus asper ( Latin for "rough breathing" δασὺ πνεῦμα dasỳ pneûma or daseîa) is a diacritical mark used in

Hebrew

Further information: Hebrew alphabet

Non-alphabetic scripts

Some non-alphabetic scripts also employ symbols that function essentially as diacritics. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. In Hebrew Orthography, niqqud or nikkud ( is the system of Diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations The dagesh (דָּגֵשׁ is a Diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. The mappiq ( Hebrew: מפיק also mapiq, mapik, mappik, lit "causing to go out" is a Diacritic used in the Hebrew Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Geresh (" ׳ " Hebrew: גֵרֵשׁ or medieval) is a sign in Hebrew writing

Alphabetization or collation

Main article: Collation

Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either French treats letters with diacritical marks the same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries.

The Scandinavian languages, by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics ä, ö and å as new and separate letters of the alphabet, and sort them after z. Usually ä is sorted as equal to æ (ash) and ö is sorted as equal to ø (o-slash). Also, aa, when used as an alternative spelling to å, is sorted as such. Other letters modified by diacritics are treated as variants of the underlying letter, with the exception that ü is frequently sorted as y.

Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words. For instance, in German where two words differ only by an umlaut, the word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries (e. g. schon and then schön, or fallen and then fällen). However, when names are concerned (e. g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed e; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters (immediately following the underlying vowel).

In Spanish, the grapheme ñ is considered a new letter different from n and collated between n and o, as it denotes a different sound from that of a plain n. But the accented vowels á, é, í, ó, ú are not separated from the unaccented vowels a, e, i, o, u as the acute accent in Spanish only modifies stress within the word, not the sound of a letter. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word

For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see Collating sequence. The term collating sequence refers to the order in which character strings should be placed when Sorting them

Generation with computers

Modern computer technology was developed mostly in the English speaking countries, so data formats, keyboard layouts, etc. were developed with an English bias; a "simple" alphabet without diacritical marks. This has led to fears internationally that the marks and accents may become obsolete to facilitate the worldwide exchange of data. Efforts have been made to create internationalized domain names that further extend the English alphabet, e. An internationalized domain name ( g. "pokémon. com".

Depending on the keyboard layout, which differs amongst countries, it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional Some have their own keys, some are created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark followed by the letter to place it on. Such a key is sometimes referred to as a dead key, as it produces no output of its own, but modifies the output of the key pressed after it. A dead key is a key on a Typewriter or a Computer keyboard that allows modification (such as by placement of Diacritic) on the following letter

In modern Microsoft Windows operating systems, the keyboard layout US International allows one to type almost all diacritics directly: "+e gives ë, ~+o gives õ, etc. On Apple Macintosh computers, there are keyboard shortcuts for the most common diacritics; Option-e followed by a vowel places an acute accent, Option-u followed by a vowel gives an umlaut, option-c gives a cedilla, etc. Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc Diacritics can be composed in most X Window System keyboard layouts. On some Computer systems a compose key is a key which is designated to signal the Software to interpret the next keystrokes as a combination in order to produce a

On computers it is also a matter of available code pages, whether you can use certain diacritics. Code page is the traditional IBM term used to map a specific set of characters to numerical Code point values. Unicode solves this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code is known most modern computer systems provide a method to input it. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's With Unicode it is also possible to combine diacritical marks with most characters. In Digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters

Languages with letters containing diacritics

The following languages have letters which contain diacritics.

Germanic and Celtic
  • Danish and Norwegian uses additional characters like the ae æ, o-slash ø and the a-circle å. The Danish and Norwegian Alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian and 1955 Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language These letters are collated after z, in the order æ, ø, å.
  • Faroese uses acute accents, digraphs, and other special letters. The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters derived from the Latin alphabet: See also Alphabets derived from the Latin All are considered separate letters, and have their own place in the alphabet: á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ and ø. Eth ( Ð, ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese (in
  • Icelandic uses acute accents, digraphs, and other special letters. History The modern Icelandic Alphabet has developed from a standard established in the 19th century by the Danish linguist Rasmus Rask primarily All are considered separate letters, and have their own place in the alphabet: á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ö and þ. Æ ( minuscule: æ) is a Grapheme formed from the letters A and E. Î, î ( I - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Romanian language.
  • Among the Scandinavian languages, Danish and Norwegian have long used ash (æ, actually a ligature) and o-slash (ø), but have more recently incorporated a-ring (å) after Swedish example. The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages The Danish and Norwegian Alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian and 1955 Æ ( minuscule: æ) is a Grapheme formed from the letters A and E. The " Ø " ( minuscule: " ø " is a Vowel and a letter used in the Danish, Faroese and Norwegian Historically the å has developed from a ligature by writing a small a on top of the letter a; if an å character is unavailable, some Scandinavian languages allow the substitution of a doubled a. The Scandinavian languages collate these letters after z, but have different collation standards. Danish and Norwegian both follow the order æ, ø, å.
  • Swedish uses characters identical to a-diaeresis (ä) and o-diaeresis (ö) in the place of ash and o-slash in addition to the a-circle (å). The Swedish Alphabet consists of the following 29 letters Upper Case A, B, C, D, E, F Historically the diaresis for the Swedish letters ä and ö, like the German umlaut, has developed from a small gothic e written on top of the letters. These letters are collated after z, in the order å, ä, ö.
Romance
  • Galician: as in Spanish, the character ñ is a letter and collated between n and o
  • Romanian uses a breve on the letter a (ă) to indicate the sound schwa /ə/, as well as a circumflex over the letters a (â) and i (î) for the sound /ɨ/. Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde. The Romanian alphabet is a modification of the Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters Letters and their pronunciation See also Romanian In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral Romanian also writes a comma below the letters s (ș) and t (ț) to represent the sounds /ʃ/ and /ʦ/, respectively. These characters are collated after their non-diacritic equivalent.
  • Spanish: the character ñ is considered a letter, and collated between n and o. Spanish orthography is one of the most phonemic among those that are written with the Latin alphabet. Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde.
Slavic
  • Bosnian and Croatian have the symbols ć, č, đ, š and ž, which are considered separate letters and are listed as such in dictionaries and other contexts in which words are listed according to alphabetical order. The grapheme Ć ( minuscule: ć) formed from C with the addition of an Acute accent, is used in various languages The grapheme Č (Latin C with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike Đ (lowercase đ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from D with the addition of a bar or stroke through the letter The Grapheme Š, š (Latin S with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar fricative, including The grapheme Ž ( minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of Háček. Bosnian and Croatian also have one digraph including a diacritic, dž which is also alphabetised independently, and follows d and precedes đ in the alphabetical order. Dž ( titlecase form all- capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Bosnian D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː Đ (lowercase đ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from D with the addition of a bar or stroke through the letter The Serbian Latin alphabet contains the same letters, but the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet has no diacritics. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language,
  • The Czech alphabet contains 27 graphemes (letters) when written without diacritics and 42 graphemes when written including them. The Czech alphabet is a version of the Latin alphabet, used when writing Czech Czech uses the acute (á é í ó ú ý), the háček (č ď ě ň ř š ť ž), and for one letter (ů) the ring.
  • Polish has the following letters: ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż. The Polish alphabet is the script of the Polish language. It is based on the Latin alphabet but uses Diacritics such as the kreska These are considered to be separate letters, each of them is placed in alphabet right after its Latin counterpart (i. e. ą between a and b), ź and ż are placed after z in this order.
  • The Slovak alphabet uses the acute (á é í ó ú ý ĺ ŕ), caron (č ď ľ ň š ť ž), umlaut (ä) and circumflex accent (ô). The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian"
  • Slovenian: has the symbols č, š and ž, which are considered separate letters and are listed as such in dictionaries and other contexts in which words are listed according to alphabetical order. The Slovene alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet and is used in the Slovene. The grapheme Č (Latin C with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike The Grapheme Š, š (Latin S with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar fricative, including The grapheme Ž ( minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of Háček.
Baltic
  • Latvian has the following letters: ā ē ī ū ŗ ļ ķ ņ ģ š ž č. Alphabet The Latvian Alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet and consists of 33 letters
  • Lithuanian. Lithuanian employs a modified Roman script. It is composed of 32 letters. In general usage, where letters appear with the caron (č, š and ž) they are considered as separate letters from c, s or z and collated separately; letters with the ogonek (ą, ę, į and ų), the macron (ū) and the superdot (ė) are considered as separate letters as well, but not given a unique collation order. Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages.
Finno-Ugric
  • Estonian has a distinct letter õ which contains a tilde. The Estonian alphabet is used for writing the Estonian language and is based on the Latin alphabet, with German influence Estonian In Estonian, Õ is the 27th letter of the alphabet (between W and Ä) representing the Close-mid back unrounded vowel Estonian "dotted vowels" ä, ö, ü are similar to German, but these are also distinct letters, not like German umlauted letters. All four have their own place in the alphabet, between w and x. Carons in š or ž appear only in foreign proper names and loanwords. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Also these are distinct letters, placed in the alphabet between s and t.
  • Finnish uses dotted vowels (ä and ö). The Finnish alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, and especially its Swedish extension As in Swedish and Estonian, these are regarded as individual letters, rather than vowel + umlaut combinations (as happens in German). It also uses the characters å, š and ž in foreign names and loanwords. In the Finnish alphabet, å, ä and ö collate as separate letters after z, the others as variants of their base letter.
  • Hungarian uses the umlaut, the acute and double acute accent (unique to Hungarian): ö ü, á é í ó ú and ő ű. The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet. The acute accent indicates the long form of a vowel (in case of i/í, o/ó, u/ú) while the double acute performs the same function for ö and ü. The acute accent can also indicate a different sound (more open, like in case of a/á, e/é). Both long and short forms of the vowels are listed separately in the Hungarian alphabet but members of the pairs a/á, e/é, i/í, o/ó, ö/ő, u/ú and ü/ű are collated in dictionaries as the same letter. The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet.
  • Livonian has the following letters: ā, ä, ǟ, ḑ, ē, ī, ļ, ņ, ō, ȯ, ȱ, õ, ȭ, ŗ, š, ț, ū, ž. Livonian (Līvõ kēļ belongs to the Baltic Finnic branch of the Uralic languages.
Turk
  • Azerbaijani includes the distinct Turkish alphabet letters Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü. In Republic of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani alphabet may refer to either of two alphabets used to write the Azerbaijani language: one based on the Cyrillic alphabet The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters a certain number of which ( Ç, Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Ğ, or ğ, is a letter known as g- Breve in English, used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Berber, Crimean O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean
  • Crimean Tatar includes the distinct Turkish alphabet letters Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü. The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters a certain number of which ( Ç, Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Ğ, or ğ, is a letter known as g- Breve in English, used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Berber, Crimean O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Unlike Standard Turkish (but like Cypriot Turkish), Crimean Tatar also has the letter Ñ. Cypriot Turkish is a Dialect of Turkish spoken by Turkish Cypriots. Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde.
  • Gagauz includes the distinct Turkish alphabet letters Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü. The modern Gagauz alphabet, used for the Gagauz language, is a 32-letter Latin-based alphabet modelled on the Turkish alphabet. The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters a certain number of which ( Ç, Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Ğ, or ğ, is a letter known as g- Breve in English, used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Berber, Crimean O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Unlike Turkish, Gagauz also has the letters Ä, Ê and Ţ. " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with Ê, ê ( E - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Vietnamese language. Ţ is derived from the Romanian alphabet for the same sound. The Romanian alphabet is a modification of the Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters Letters and their pronunciation See also Romanian
  • Turkish uses a G with a breve (Ğ), two letters with a diaeresis (Ö and Ü, representing two rounded front vowels), two letters with a cedilla (Ç and Ş, representing the affricate /tʃ/ and the fricative /ʃ/), and also possesses a dotted capital İ (and a dotless lowercase ı representing a high unrounded back vowel). The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters a certain number of which ( Ç, Ğ, or ğ, is a letter known as g- Breve in English, used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Berber, Crimean O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language In Turkish each of these are separate letters, rather than versions of other letters, where dotted capital İ and lower case i are the same letter, as are dotless capital I and lowercase ı. Typographically, Ç and Ş are often rendered with a subdot, as in Ṣ; when a hook is used, it tends to have more a comma shape than the usual cedilla. In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises The new Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, and Gagauz alphabets are based on the Turkish alphabet and its same diacriticized letters, with some additions. In Republic of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani alphabet may refer to either of two alphabets used to write the Azerbaijani language: one based on the Cyrillic alphabet The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language The modern Gagauz alphabet, used for the Gagauz language, is a 32-letter Latin-based alphabet modelled on the Turkish alphabet.
Other
  • Albanian has two special letters Ç and Ё upper and lowercase. The modern Albanian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, and consists of 36 letters History The modern Latin-based Albanian Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Yo (Ё ё is the seventh letter of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, invented in 1783 by Yekaterina Dashkova, and first used among others in 1797 by the Russian They are placed next to the most similar letters in the alphabet, c and e correspondingly.
  • Esperanto has the symbols ŭ, ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ and ŝ, which are included in the alphabet, and considered separate letters. Esperanto is written in a Latin alphabet of twenty-eight letters with upper and lower case Ŭ or ŭ is a letter in the Belarusian language, when written in the 20th cent Ĉ or ĉ (C Circumflex) is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless Postalveolar Affricate The grapheme Č (Latin C with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike Ĥ, or ĥ is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless velar fricative or Voiceless uvular fricative. Ĵ or ĵ (J Circumflex) is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiced Postalveolar Fricative Ŝ or ŝ (S Circumflex) is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless postalveolar fricative (either Palato-alveolar
  • Hawaiian uses the kahakô or macron over vowels, although there is some disagreement over considering them as individual letters. The kahakô over a vowel can completely change the meaning of a word that is spelled the same but without the kahakô.
  • Maltese uses a C, G, and Z with a dot over them (Ċ, Ġ, Ż), and also has an H with an extra horizontal bar. The Maltese alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of some letters with Diacritic marks and Digraphs It is used to write the Maltese For uppercase H, the extra bar is written slightly above the usual bar. For lowercase H, the extra bar is written crossing the vertical, like a t, and not touching the lower part (Ħ, ħ). The above characters are considered separate letters. The letter 'c' without a dot has fallen out of use due to redundancy. 'Ċ' is pronounced like the English 'ch' and 'k' is used as a hard c as in 'cat'. The digraph 'għ' (called għajn after the Arabic letter name ʻayn for ع) is considered separate, and sometimes ordered after 'g', whilst in other volumes it is placed between 'n' and 'o' (the Latin letter 'o' originally evolved from the shape of Phoenician ʻayin which was traditionally collated after Phoenician nūn). The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC
  • Vietnamese uses the horn diacritic for the letters ơ and ư; the circumflex for the letters â, ê, and ô; the breve for the letter ă; and a bar through the letter đ. The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ See also Ơ Ư Hook (diacritic Acute accent Apostrophe Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Length The breve sign indicates a short vowel as opposed to the Macron  ¯ which indicates long vowels in academic transcription
Cyrillic alphabets
  • Belarusian has a letter ў. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Belarusian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic script and is derived from the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language Short U (Ў ў is a letter of the Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet.
  • Belarusian, Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian have the letter й. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group
  • Belarusian and Russian have the letter ё. The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. Yo (Ё ё is the seventh letter of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, invented in 1783 by Yekaterina Dashkova, and first used among others in 1797 by the Russian In Russian, this letter is usually replaced in print by е, although it has a different pronunciation. For the letter E (Е е of the Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Ukrainian alphabets see Ye (Cyrillic Ё is still used in children's books and in handwriting. A minimal pair is все (vse, "all" pl. In Phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of Words or phrases in a particular Language, which differ in only one phonological element such as a Phone ) and всё (vsio, "everything" n. sg. ). In Belarusian, ё is a distinct letter, and replacement by е is a mistake.
  • Ukrainian has the letter ï. The Ukrainian alphabet is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine. Yi (Ї ї is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Ukrainian and Rusyn languages
  • Macedonian has the letters ќ and ѓ. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Kje (Ќ ќ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Macedonian language. Gje (Ѓ ѓ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Macedonian language to represent / ɟ / or / ʥ /

Languages with diacritics that do not produce new letters

Blackboard used in class at Harvard shows students' efforts at placing the ü and acute accent diacritic used in Spanish orthography.
Blackboard used in class at Harvard shows students' efforts at placing the ü and acute accent diacritic used in Spanish orthography. A class in Education has a variety of related meanings It can be the group of students which attends a specific course or Lesson at a University The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. Spanish orthography is one of the most phonemic among those that are written with the Latin alphabet.

The following is a list of languages with letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters.

Transliteration

Several languages which are not written with the Roman alphabet are transliterated, or romanized, using diacritics. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Examples:

See also


External links

Dictionary

diacritic

-noun

  1. A special mark added to a letter to indicate a different pronunciation, stress, tone, or meaning.
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