The diet most often recommended for people who suffer from diabetes mellitus is high in dietary fiber, especially soluble fiber, but low in fat (especially saturated fat). Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs Patients may be encouraged to reduce their intake of carbohydrates that have a high glycemic index. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most The Glycemic index (also glycaemic index) or GI is a measure of the effects of Carbohydrates on Blood glucose levels However, in cases of hypoglycemia, they are advised to have food or drink that can raise blood glucose quickly, followed by a long-acting carbohydrate (such as rye bread) to prevent risk of further hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is the medical term for a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of Glucose ( sugar) in the blood Blood sugar, used in a physiological context is a misnomer and misleading Rye bread is Bread made with Flour from Rye grain of variable levels
| Diabetes mellitus
|
|---|
| Types of Diabetes |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Gestational diabetes Pre-diabetes: |
| Disease Management |
| Diabetes management: •Diabetic diet •Anti-diabetic drugs •Conventional insulinotherapy •Intensive insulinotherapy |
| Other Concerns |
| Cardiovascular disease
Diabetic comas: Diabetic myonecrosis |
| Blood tests |
| Blood sugar Fructosamine Glucose tolerance test Glycosylated hemoglobin |
Contents |
Early history of diabetic diet
There has been long history of dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus - as Ramachandran & Viswanathan (1998) note, dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus was used in Egypt as long ago as 3, 500 B. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes Type I diabetes T1D T1DM IDDM juvenile diabetes is a form of Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus type 2 or Type 2 Diabetes (formerly called non - Insulin -dependent Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology although of lesser risk than Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT is a pre- Diabetic state of dysglycemia that is associated with Insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology Diabetes is a Chronic disease with no cure As of 2008. It is associated with an impaired Glucose cycle, altering Metabolism. Anti-diabetic drugs treat Diabetes mellitus by lowering Glucose levels in the blood Conventional insulinotherapy is a therapeutic regimen for treatment of Diabetes mellitus which contrasts with the newer Intensive insulinotherapy. Intensive insulinotherapy is a therapeutic regimen for Diabetes mellitus treatment Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and Diabetic coma is a Medical emergency in which a person with Diabetes mellitus is Comatose (unconscious because of one of the acute complications Diabetic hypoglycemia describes a low blood glucose level occurring in a person with Diabetes mellitus. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA is a life-threatening complication in patients with diabetes mellitus Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma (nonketotic Hyperglycaemia) is a type of Diabetic coma associated with a high mortality seen in Diabetes mellitus type 2. Diabetic myonecrosis is a rare complication of Diabetes. It is caused by Infarcted Muscle tissue usually in the thigh Diabetic nephropathy ( nephropatia diabetica) also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome and intercapillary glomerulonephritis, is a progressive Kidney Diabetic neuropathies are neuropathic disorders that are associated with Diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy is Retinopathy (damage to the Retina) caused by complications of Diabetes mellitus, which can eventually lead to Blindness For women with Diabetes mellitus, Pregnancy can present some particular challenges for both mother and child Blood sugar, used in a physiological context is a misnomer and misleading Fructosamine is a compound that can be considered the result of a reaction between Fructose and Ammonia or an Amine (with a molecule of water being released A glucose tolerance test in medical practice is the administration of Glucose to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood Glycosylated (or glycated hemoglobin ( hemoglobin A1c Hb1c, or HbA1c) is a form of Hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc C. , and was used in India by Susrate and Charaka some 2, 500 years ago. In the eighteenth century, these authors note, John Rollo argued that calorie restriction in the diabetic diet could reduce glycosuria in diabetes. Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condition of Osmotic Diuresis due to excretion of Glucose by the kidneys However, more modern history of the diabetic diet may begin with Frederick Madison Allen, who, in the days before insulin was discovered, recommended that people with diabetes ate only a low-calorie diet to prevent ketoacidosis from killing them. Frederick Madison Allen (1879&ndash1964 was a doctor who is perhaps best remembered today for his work on a diet for sufferers of Diabetes mellitus. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic Acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of Ketone bodies, formed by the Deamination of Amino acids This was an approach which did not actually cure diabetes, it merely extended life by a limited period. The first use of insulin by Frederick Banting in 1922 changed all that, and at last allowed patients more flexibility in their eating. Frederick Grant Banting KBE MC FRSC ( November 14, 1891 &ndash February 21, 1941) was a Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
Exchange scheme
In the 1950s, the American Diabetes Association, in conjunction with the U.S. Public Health Service, brought forth the "exchange scheme". The American Diabetes Association, or the ADA is an American health organization providing Diabetes research information and advocacy Organization of the Public Health Service The Public Health Service Act placed the United States Public Health Service ( PHS) as the primary division This was a scheme that allowed people to swap foods of similar nutritional value (e. g. carbohydrate) for another, so, for example, if wishing to have more than normal carbohydrates for pudding, one could cut back on potatoes in one's first course. The exchange scheme was revised in 1976, 1986 and 1995 (Chalmers & Peterson, 1999, p85). However, not all diabetes dietitians today recommend the exchange scheme. A dietitian (also 'dietician' though 'dietitian' is used consistently by professionals is an expert in Food and Nutrition. Instead, they are likely to recommend a typical healthy diet: one high in fiber, with a variety of fruit and vegetables, and low in both sugar and fat, especially saturated fat.
Carbohydrates
The American Diabetes Association in 1994 recommended that 60-70% of caloric intake should be in the form of carbohydrates. The American Diabetes Association, or the ADA is an American health organization providing Diabetes research information and advocacy Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most This is somewhat controversial, with some researchers claiming that 40% is better,[1] while others claim benefits for a high-fiber, 75% carbohydrate diet. [2]
An article summarizing the view of the American Diabetes Association[3] contains the statement "Sucrose-containing foods can be substituted for other carbohydrates in the meal plan or, if added to the meal plan, covered with insulin or other glucose-lowering medications. The American Diabetes Association, or the ADA is an American health organization providing Diabetes research information and advocacy Care should be taken to avoid excess energy intake. " Sucrose does not increase glycemia more than the same number of calories taken as starch. Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Although it is not recommended to use fructose as a sweetener, fruit should not be avoided because of its fructose content. Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three Benefits may be obtained by consumption of dietary fibre in conjunction with carbohydrate; as Francis (1987) points out, evidence suggests that carbohydrate consumed with dietary fibre will have a less major impact on glycemic rise than the same amount of carbohydrate consumed alone.
Low-carbohydrate alternatives
Some studies show low carbohydrate diets may be effective in dietary management of type 2 diabetes. [4][5]
Dr. Richard K. Bernstein has a diet plan that is substantially different from the plan recommended here and he is harshly critical of the standard ADA diet plan for diabetics. Richard K Bernstein MD is a physician and an advocate for a Low-carbohydrate diabetes Diet to help achieve normal blood sugars for Diabetics. His plan includes very limited carbohydrate intake (30 grams per day) along with frequent blood glucose monitoring and for diabetics using insulin, frequent small insulin injections if needed. Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict Carbohydrate consumption usually for Weight control or for the treatment of His treatment target is "near normal blood sugars" all the time. [6]
Vegan alternative
Recent studies have shown that a vegan diet may also be effective in managing type 2 diabetes. [7][8]
Timing of meals
For people with diabetes, healthy eating is not simply a matter of "what one eats", but also when one eats. The question of how long before a meal one should inject insulin is asked in Sonsken, Fox and Judd (1998). Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance The answer is that it depends upon the type of insulin one takes and whether it is long, medium or quick-acting insulin. If patients check their blood glucose at bedtime and find that it is low, it is advisable that they take some long-acting carbohydrate before retiring to bed to prevent night-time hypoglycemia. Blood sugar, used in a physiological context is a misnomer and misleading Hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is the medical term for a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of Glucose ( sugar) in the blood
Special diabetes products
Recently, Diabetes UK have warned against purchase of products that are specially made for people with diabetes, on the grounds that:[9]
- They may be expensive,
- They may contain high levels of fat
- They may confer no special benefits to people who suffer from diabetes. Diabetes UK is a patient healthcare professional and Research charity dedicated to improving the lives of people with diabetes and to working towards a future without
See also
Further Reading
Francis, D. The Glycemic index (also glycaemic index) or GI is a measure of the effects of Carbohydrates on Blood glucose levels (1987) Diets for Sick Children (Oxford: Blackwell) has chapter on diet and diabetes (Chapter 5, pp128-144). More in dietary recommendations for diabetics can also be found in Ireland, J. T. , Thomson, W. S. T. & WIlliamson, J. (1980). Diabetes Today: A Handbook for the Clinical Team. (Chapter 9, pp112-120, is the chapter on diet).
References
- Bowling, S. (1995). Everyday Diabetic Cookbook. Grub Street. ISBN 1898697256. - Published in conjunction with the British Diabetic Association.
- Chalmers, K. & Peterson, A. (1999). Sixteen Myths of a Diabetic Diet. American Diabetes Association. ISBN 1-58040-031-0.
- British Diabetic Association. Festive Foods and Easy Entertaining. British Diabetic Association. ISBN 1-899288-70-8.
- Govindi, A. & Myers, J. (1995). Recipes for Health: Diabetes. Low fat, low sugar, carbohydrate counted recipes for the management of diabetes. . London: Thorsons/Harper Collins. ISBN 0-7225-3139-7.
- Ramachandran, A. & Viswanathan, M. (1998). Dietary management of diabetes mellitus in India and South Asia. In K. G. M. M. Alberti, R. A. DeFronzo & P. Zimmet (eds. ). International textbook of diabetes mellitus. pp773-777. Chichester : Wiley, 1997.
- (1998) Diabetes at Your Fingertips, Fourth Edition, London: Class Publishing. ISBN 1-872362-79-6.
- http://www.thrivewithdiabetes.com
Footnotes
- ^ Garg, Abhimanyu; et al. (11 May 1994). "Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". JAMA 271 (18): 1421–8. JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association is an international peer-reviewed general Medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 7848401.
- ^ Kiehm, Tae; et al. (Aug. 1976). "Beneficial effects of a high carbohydrate, high fiber diet on hyperglycemic diabetic men" (abstract page). Am J Clin Nutr 29: 895–99. PMID 941870.
- ^ American Diabetes Association (2006). The American Diabetes Association, or the ADA is an American health organization providing Diabetes research information and advocacy "Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes–2006". Diabetes Care 29: 2140–57. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16936169.
- ^ Nielsen JV, Joensson E (2006). "Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 22 months follow-up". Nutrition & metabolism 3: 22. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16774674.
- ^ "Original Human 'Stone Age' Diet Is Good For People With Diabetes, Study Finds", ScienceDaily. com, June 28, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
- ^ Bernstein, Richard K (2007). Dr Bernstein's Diabetes Solution (in English). New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-16716-1.
- ^ Nicholson A (02/15/05). Diabetes: Can a Vegan Diet Reverse Diabetes?. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
- ^ Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al (2006). "A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes". Diabetes Care 29 (8): 1777–83. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16873779.
Related news articles:- "Low-fat vegan diet treats type 2 diabetes more effectively than a standard diabetes diet", News-Medical. Net, 8-Aug-2006. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
- ^ Diabetic foods -- Joint statement on ‘diabetic foods’ from the Food Standards Agency and Diabetes UK. Positional statements. Diabetes UK (July 2002). Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
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