The remains of al-Omar's castle in Deir Hanna

Dhaher al-Omar (also: Dahar, Daher) (Arabic ظاهر العمر الزيداني zāhir al-`umar az-zaydānī, born ca. Deir Hanna (دير حنا דֵיר חַנָּא is a local council in the North District of Israel, located on the hills of the Lower 1690, died August 21, 1775) was the Arab-Bedouin ruler of the Galilee district of the southern Levant during the mid-18th century. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the The founder of modern Haifa, he fortified many cities, among them Acre. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U

Dhaher was born to a family of local notables in the Tiberias area, with strong connections to Arab-Bedouin tribesmen in the Galilee district, which at that time was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Tiberias ( British English: /taɪˈbɪəriæs -əs/ American English: /taɪˈbɪriəs/ טְבֶרְיָה Tverya; طبرية Ṭabariyyah The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Soon Dhaher rose to the rank of Sheikh and leader of his tribe. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh At first he became the ruler of the Safed area, but quickly the borders of his territory reached Tiberias. Safed (צְפַת pronounced Tsfat; صفد pronounced Safad) is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Tiberias ( British English: /taɪˈbɪəriæs -əs/ American English: /taɪˈbɪriəs/ טְבֶרְיָה Tverya; طبرية Ṭabariyyah Accounts from that time tell of the great admiration which the people had for Dhaher, especially for his war against bandits on the roads.

Dhaher, similar to many other strong local leaders under the Ottoman Empire who did not owe their power to the central Ottoman authorities, was disliked by the Ottoman administration. The Ottoman Sultan sent an order to the governor of Damascus to put an end to Dhaher's rule in the Galilee. The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. In September 1742, a military force led by the governor of Damascus came to the Galilee and laid siege to Tiberias. 83 days later, the siege was lifted due to observance of Ramadan. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic In July 1743 the governor returned with a larger force. A month later the governor died of kidney disease and the siege was lifted for good.

After the threat from the Ottoman administration was removed, Dhaher again expanded his realm. Dhaher turned west and took control over surviving Crusader fortresses. Acre was taken over and fortified by Dhaher, and became the main city of the area he governed. When Haifa was conquered by Dhaher, its location wasn't considered defensible, so that the city was razed and rebuilt at a new location 3 km away, with improved fortifications and a new seaport. Now controlling the major seaports in the area, Dhaher made contact with Maltese pirates. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Dhaher and the pirates agreed to barter the stolen goods they took — the pirates from different ships they looted, and Dhaher from his looting of travelers to Damascus and Mecca. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

Dhaher (unlike many governors and rulers in the middle east at the time) was very aware of the importance of a flourishing economy to provide a stable basis for his rule — he tried to refrain from squeezing the peasants with extortionately excessive taxes, and established a state monopoly on cotton-growing in the Galilee. The city of Acre underwent an economic boom (partly based on its role in exporting cotton grown in the Galilee to France).

In 1768, the central Ottoman authorities partially recognized or legitimized his de facto position by granting him the title of "Sheikh of Acre, Amir of Nazareth, Tiberias, Safed, and Sheikh of all Galilee". Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر)

From 1769 to 1775, Dhaher got involved in a war that led to his downfall. In 1750, his friend Ali Bey Al-Kabir was appointed the governor of Egypt and soon got into an argument with the Ottoman administration. Ali Bey Al-Kabir (Arabic علي بك الكبير lived 1728 &ndash May 8, 1773) was a politician and general Mamluk Sultan of Egypt This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Assassins were sent to kill Ali Bey, for fear of him attempting to rebel against the Ottoman Empire (1769). In response, Ali Bey declared Egypt to be an independent country. Dhaher helped Ali Bey by blocking an Ottoman force heading south to suppress the rebellion in Egypt. Bey sent a force of 30,000 which conquered most of Palestine and Damascus from November 1770 to June 1771. After the troops arrived at Damascus (with help from Dhaher) in 1771, the commander of the troops, Abu al-Dhahab, refused to continue fighting against the Ottomans, and turned against Ali Bey. When these troops returned to Egypt, Ali Bey fled to Acre to shelter under Dhaher's protection. The combined forces of Dhaher, Ali Bey, and Russia (which was at war with the Ottoman Empire that time) kept the majority of the Galilee free of Ottoman influence, and Dhaher was able to temporarily extend his rule along the coast as far south as Jaffa and as far north as Sidon. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh In 1773 Ali Bey returned to Egypt, but was defeated by the rebels against his authority and died. In 1774, the war between Russia and the Ottomans came to an end, and Dhaher was left without any outside support. The Ottomans ordered Abu al-Dhahab to attack Dhaher from Egypt, but Abu al-Dhahab died suddenly before this could happen, so the Ottomans launched a mainly naval invasion instead, besieging Acre. Dhaher's capital city of Acre was captured by the Ottomans in August 1774, and a year later Dhaher died in an attempt to flee on August 21, 1775.

Line of succession

See also

• District of Acre

References

• Encyclopaedia of Islam, article "Zāhir al-`Umar al-Zaydānī". A ruler, or rule, is an instrument used in Geometry, Technical drawing and engineering/building to measure distances and/or to rule straight "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Ahmed al-Jazzar (Arabic أحمد الجزار born 1720 in Bosnia, died 1804 in Ottoman Acre Damascus Wiliyah) was the ruler of Akko or Acre The District of Acre (also 'Province of' or Akko Sanjak was one of the districts of the Damascus Wilayah, established by the Ottoman Empire The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies.