Das Deutschlandlied English: The Germany Song
Facsimile of von Fallersleben's manuscript of the Lied der Deutschen. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A facsimile (From Latin fac simile, "make like" is a copy or reproduction of an old Book, Manuscript, Map, The original is kept in Kraków, Poland in the Berlinka collection. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Berlinka (from Berlin Looted art is the Polish name for a German collection of historic material which was originally at the Preußischen Staatsbibliothek [1]
National Anthem of	Germany
Also known as	Das Lied der Deutschen English: The Song of the Germans Deutschland, Deutschland über alles English: Germany, Germany Over All
Lyrics	August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, 1841
Music	Joseph Haydn, 1797
Adopted	1922

Das Deutschlandlied ("The Germany Song", also known as Das Lied der Deutschen, "The Song of the Germans") has been used wholly or partially as the national anthem of Germany since 1922. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ( April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874) who used as his pen name was a German Poet. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Outside Germany, the hymn is sometimes informally known by the opening words and refrain of the first stanza, Deutschland, Deutschland über alles (Germany, Germany above everything), but this was never the title of the original work.

The music was written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 as anthem for the birthday of the Austrian Emperor Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, which became the Austrian Emperors' anthem till the end of monarchy in 1918. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Save Emperor Francis was an anthem to Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In 1797 Haydn used it also for the second movement of his String Quartet No. 62 in C major, Op. 76, No. 3 (which is thus also known as Kaiserquartett). Joseph Haydn 's String quartets Op 76, composed in 1796 and 1797 were commissioned by and dedicated to Count Joseph Erdody

In 1841, the German linguist and poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics of "Das Lied der Deutschen" to Haydn's melody while in Heligoland, at that time a British possession. ( April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874) who used as his pen name was a German Poet. Heligoland (Helgoland Heligolandic: deät Lun) is a small German Archipelago in the North Sea. This and other works were considered as revolutionary by Prussia, and Hoffmann von Fallersleben lost his job as librarian and professor in Breslau. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Only after the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states was he reinstated. " Germany " at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 39 States loosely bound together in the German Confederation.

The song was chosen for the national anthem of Germany in 1922, at the time of the Weimar Republic. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 It continued to be used in Nazi Germany, but only its first verse, immediately followed by the Nazi Party's Horst-Wessel-Lied. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The Horst-Wessel-Lied ("Horst Wessel Song" also known as Die Fahne hoch ("The flag on high" from its opening line was the anthem of the In 1952, West Germany adopted the third stanza of the Deutschlandlied as its de facto national anthem. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (

Tune

See also: Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser

The tune later used for the Deutschlandlied was originally written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 to provide music to the poem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God save Francis the Emperor"), an anthem to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Habsburg and after 1804 as Francis I. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Save Emperor Francis was an anthem to Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria. Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling the first Emperor of Austria. The phrase Emperor of Austria describes an Hereditary Imperial title and position proclaimed in 1804 by the Austrian Habsburg After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 where Francis continued to rule as Austrian Emperor, "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" became the official emperors anthem of the Austrian Empire and the subsequent Austria-Hungary till the end of Austrian monarchy in 1918. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Haydn used the tune later also in the second movement of one of his string quartets, the "Kaiserquartett", along with several variations. This string quartet is still widely performed today.

The tune is also used in the English-speaking world as a hymn tune, often used for the hymn "Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken" by John Newton. A hymn tune is a musical composition to which a hymn text is sung John Henry Newton ( July 24, 1725 &ndash December 21, 1807) was an Englishman Anglican clergyman and former slave-ship captain In this context, the tune is called "Austria", "Austrian Hymn", or "Emperor's Hymn" [1] The tune is also used for the hymn "Not Alone for Mighty Empire" by William Merrill. William Emery Merrill (1837-91 was an American soldier and military engineer [2] In addition, the music was adopted for the "Alma Mater" of the University of Pittsburgh. The Alma Mater of the University of Pittsburgh was adopted soon after the University changed its name in 1908 from the Western University of Pennsylvania to its current moniker The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a non-sectarian coeducational independent state-related, "public" research University

Historical background

The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, considered the first German Empire, was already weak when the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars altered the political map of Central Europe. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions

Hopes for the Enlightenment, human rights, republics, democracy, and freedom after Napoleon's defeat in 1815 were dashed when the Congress of Vienna re-instated many monarchies. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The new German Confederation was still (or again) a collection of more than 30 quarreling monarchies and republican free cities, with their own currencies, laws, armies etc. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to All sorts of conflicts, from trade tariffs to wars, resulted.

In addition, with the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, Chancellor Prince Metternich and his secret police enforced censorship, mainly in universities, to keep a watch on the activities of professors and students, whom he held responsible for the spread of radical liberal ideas. The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of social restrictions introduced in the German Confederation by Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich on 20 September

Particularly since hardliners among the monarchs were the main adversaries, demands for freedom of press and other liberal rights were most often uttered in connection with the demand for a united Germany, even though many revolutionaries-to-be had different opinions whether a republic or a constitutional monarchy would be the best solution for Germany, as the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states would show. " Germany " at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 39 States loosely bound together in the German Confederation.

Hoffmann's lyrics

August Heinrich Hoffmann, who called himself von Fallersleben after his home town, to distinguish himself from others with the same common name of Hoffmann, wrote the text in 1841 on vacation on the North Sea island Helgoland— then a British territory. ( April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874) who used as his pen name was a German Poet. Fallersleben is a district in the City of Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, with a population of 12000 (as of 2004 The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Heligoland (Helgoland Heligolandic: deät Lun) is a small German Archipelago in the North Sea. The year after, he lost his job as professor in Prussia due to his revolutionary works, and had to flee.

Hoffmann von Fallersleben evidently intended "Das Lied der Deutschen" to be sung to Haydn's tune, as the first publication of the poem included the music. While it may seem strange today that Hoffmann chose a tune that was strongly associated with Austria and its monarch for his song about the utopia of a united Germany, this would not have seemed strange in 1841. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the First, at the time other countries likewise borrowed tunes for their patriotic songs, often the tune from Britain's God Save the King. Second, Austria was considered a part of Germany: it was a member of the German Confederation until that was dissolved in 1866 after the Seven Weeks' War. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Austro-Prussian

In its historical context, the opening line "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, über alles in der Welt" (Germany, Germany above everything, above everything in the world) has to be understood as an appeal to the various German sovereigns to give the creation of a united Germany a higher priority than the independence of their small states. Any claims to German supremacy on an international level, as interpreted in the First World War and later by the Nazis, were virtually unthinkable in the international situation of the 1840s. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Mainly due to the use by the Nazis, the anthem is still known in most of the English-speaking world by its first line, even though only the third stanza constitutes the official anthem for reasons that are explained below.

In this third stanza, with his call for Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit, Hoffmann expressed his desire for a united and free Germany where the rule of law would prevail, not monarchical arbitrariness. The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law

In the era after the Congress of Vienna ruled by Prince Metternich and his secret police, Hoffmann's text had a distinctly revolutionary, liberal connotation, since the demand for a united Germany was most often uttered in connection with demands for freedom of press and other liberal rights (see The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states). The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal " Germany " at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 39 States loosely bound together in the German Confederation. It can also imply that loyalty to a larger Germany should replace loyalty to one's sovereign personally. This in itself is a revolutionary idea. In fact, Hoffmann lost his job as professor in Breslau in 1842, and had to run and hide until being pardoned only after 1848.

Lyrics and translation

The following provides the lyrics of the "Lied der Deutschen" as written by Hoffmann von Fallersleben. ( April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874) who used as his pen name was a German Poet.

Only the third verse currently is the Federal Republic of Germany's National Anthem. The other two stanzas are not part of the National Anthem.

• National Anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany. (Third stanza) Mp3 sound file

Geography

Geography according to the first stanza, with modern borders (dark green) and territories where German is an official language today (light green)

The German Confederation. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to
This map does not include the Memel river in the north east corner. "Nieman" and "Niemen" redirects here For other uses see Neman and Nieman (disambiguation.

The borders mentioned in the first stanza reflected the breadth of territory across which German speakers were spread at the time of composition, but there were large territories inside the borders which were inhabited mainly by non-German speakers. Now and then, German is spoken at or near three of the four cornerstones given by Hoffmann, but Germans have since been removed from the Memel region.

In the 1840s, when the text was written, there was no unified German state and it was uncertain if there would ever be one. Events and trends Technology First use of General anesthesia in an operation by Crawford Long. The Napoleonic Wars had helped to give the German people a national identity of sorts, but had not unified them as a state. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Hoffmann, who in his research had collected German writings and tales, based his definition of Germany on linguistic criteria: he describes the approximate area where a significant percentage of German speakers lived at the time, as encountered in his studies. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. 19th century nationalists generally relied on linguistic criteria to determine the borders of the nation-states they desired. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy

• To the north, the Little Belt between Jutland and Funen is now part of Denmark. The Little Belt (Lillebælt is a Strait between the Danish island of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula. This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. Funen ( Danish: Fyn; ˈfyːˀn with a size of 2984 km² (1152 sq The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The border between Denmark and Germany ran through the Little Belt following the Second war of Schleswig (1864). The First Schleswig War occurred in 1848–1851. The Second Schleswig War (2 It was moved to the current location by plebiscite in 1920. The Schleswig Plebiscites were two Plebiscites organized according to section XII articles 109 to 114 of the Treaty of Versailles of June 28
• In the west, the Meuse River (German: Maas) runs through what is now France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The Meuse (in Dutch and in German: "Maas" in Latin: "Mosa" in Celtic:"Mus" (the rootword presumingly This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The river roughly defines the boundary separating the formerly German regions of Alsace (German: Elsass) and Lorraine (Lothringen) from the rest of France, as well the German-speaking areas from the rest of Belgium. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Lorraine (Lothringen is one of the 26 régions of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance Metz and Nancy
• In the east, the lower part of the Memel was located within East Prussia, part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which actually stretched beyond the river which was called Neman, Niemen or Nemunas in other languages, with the border - positioned few kilometres north of the Neman/Memel river in the Memelland - to Lithuania being stable for many centuries since 1422. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet Territoire de Memel was defined by the Treaty of Versailles Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the
• In the south, the Adige river (German: Etsch) runs through Italy's Bolzano-Bozen, which has had a majority of German speakers since the Middle Ages. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia

In the south and in the west, Hoffmann's definition of Germany coincided with the borders of the German Confederation as it existed then. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to The southernmost member of the Confederation was the Austrian Empire (already found in 1804); the westernmost members were Luxembourg and Limburg. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Limburg ( Dutch: (Nederlands Limburg is the southern-most of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. However, Hoffmann went beyond the Confederation boundaries of 1841 in the north and in the east; neither Schleswig nor East Prussia (although both German-speaking) belonged to it at that time yet, but joined before 1866. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thus, when the German Empire was finally founded in 1871, both were parts of the German Empire, whereas Luxemburg, Limburg, and Austria were not (see Kleindeutsche Lösung); the only German state since Hoffman's writing of the song to include all the territory that he mentioned was the Nazi "Großdeutsches Reich" (Greater German Empire), whose ideology substantially conflicted with Hoffman's vision of a liberal, republican, democratic Germany. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Kleindeutsche Lösung ("Lesser German Solution" was a 19th century political idea postulating the idea of a unified Germany consisting of the members Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

Use between the World Wars

Das Lied der Deutschen was not played at an official ceremony until Germany and Britain had agreed on the Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty in 1890, when it appeared only appropriate to sing it at the ceremony on the now officially German island of Helgoland. The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag was an 1890 agreement between the United Kingdom and the German Empire - hence also Anglo-German Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The song became very popular after the 1914 Battle of Langemarck during World War I, when several German regiments, consisting mostly of students no older than 16, attacked the British lines singing this song, suffering heavy casualties. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All They are buried in the Langemark German war cemetery. The German war cemetery of Langemark (also spelt 'Langemarck' is near the village of Langemark, part of the Municipality of Langemark-Poelkapelle, The official report of the army embellished the event as one of young German soldiers heroically sacrificing their lives for the fatherland. In reality the untrained troops were sent out to attack the British trenches side by side and were mowed down by machine guns. This report, also known as the "Langemarck Myth", was printed on the first page in newspapers all over Germany.

In 1921, a stanza was written that reflected the situation after Germany's defeat (see below for lyrics). Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar This stanza was popular at that time, but never became part of the official anthem. Today this stanza is largely forgotten.

As a result of the war, the Austro-Hungarian Empire fell apart. The remaining German-speaking part declared the Republic of German Austria and intended to join Germany. The Republic of German Austria (Republik Deutschösterreich or Deutsch-Österreich was the initial Rump state successor to the Austro-Hungarian Empire With this, the united Germany as described 80 years earlier in the Deutschlandlied would have been achieved.

Yet, the Treaty of Saint-Germain prohibited this, and required the use of the name Austria instead. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new In addition, the southern part of Tyrol was occupied and annexed by Italy which now controlled the river Adige in its full length. The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia Also, among other territories, the Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of areas near the other borders that were described 80 years earlier in the Deutschlandlied:

• in the North, Northern Schleswig at the Belt was ceded to Denmark after the Schleswig Plebiscites
• in the West, the cities Eupen and Malmedy located well East of the Maas, became part of Belgium in 1925 after plebiscites that required names and addresses of the voters
• in the East, the Memelland beyond the Memel was put under control of France and later transferred to Lithuania without plebiscite, making the Memel the new border
• in the South, Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, and thus all of the river Adige

On 11 August 1922, President Friedrich Ebert made all three official stanzas of Das Lied der Deutschen the official German national anthem. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. Short description of South Jutland South Jutland county is also known as Northern Schleswig ( Danish: Nordslesvig, German: Nordschleswig The Schleswig Plebiscites were two Plebiscites organized according to section XII articles 109 to 114 of the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 Eupen is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège, 15 km from the German border ( Aachen) from the Dutch Malmedy is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Province of Liege. The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet Territoire de Memel was defined by the Treaty of Versailles Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Friedrich Ebert ( February 4, 1871 February 28, 1925) was a German Politician ( SPD) who served as This choice certainly also served as a reminder of the lost areas.

During the Nazi era, the first stanza was used while the remainder was the Nazi song Horst-Wessel-Lied. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Horst-Wessel-Lied ("Horst Wessel Song" also known as Die Fahne hoch ("The flag on high" from its opening line was the anthem of the

In the Anschluss of 1938, Hitler added Austria to the German Reich, and in 1939, pressured Lithuania into returning the Memelland. The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi His deal with Mussolini regarding South Tyrol required the population there to choose the Alto Adige Option Agreement : either emigrating to neighboring Nazi Germany or remaining in the province and being forcefully integrated in to the mainstream Italian culture, losing their language and cultural heritage. The Alto Adige Option Agreement (Opzioni in Alto Adige Option in Südtirol refers to the period between 1939 and 1943 when the native German speaking people in the Province

Use after World War II

In 1945, after the end of World War II, singing Das Lied der Deutschen was banned for some time by the allies, due to its use by the Nazis, as were other symbols used by Nazi Germany. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The described border near the Memel river in the East was now a thing of the past. Due to the flight and expulsion of Germans during and after WWII, Germans were expelled up to 500 km to the West, behind the Oder and Neisse rivers. The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and Also, the call for "protection and defiance" and even for "unity and justice and freedom" was not welcome, as Germany was occupied, under martial law and split among four Allies plus Poland. As after the first war, some bitter parodies were written to reflect the situation.

After its foundation in 1949, West Germany simply did not have a national anthem for official events for some years despite the growing need for proper diplomatic procedures. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Different songs were discussed or used, like Beethoven's Ode An die Freude (Ode To Joy). Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. Though the black, red and gold colours of the national flag had been taken into Article 22 of the (West) German constitution, a national anthem was not specified in the constitution. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland is the Constitution of Germany. On 29 April 1952, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer asked President Theodor Heuss in a letter to accept Das Lied der Deutschen as the national anthem, with only the third stanza sung on official occasions. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. Theodor Heuss ( 31 January 1884 &ndash 12 December 1963) was a German politician President Heuss agreed to this on 2 May 1952. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This exchange of letters was published in the Bulletin of the Federal Government. ^[2] Since it was viewed as the traditional right of the president as head of state to set the symbols of the state, the Lied der Deutschen thus became national anthem.

The GDR adopted its own national anthem, Auferstanden aus Ruinen, which was written to fit the same melody, but later got its own. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state " Auferstanden aus Ruinen " ( German for "Risen from the Ruins" was the National anthem of East Germany (German Democratic Republic (GDR As the lyrics called for "Germany, united Fatherland", they were not sung anymore when this idea was dropped in the 1970s.

When West Germany won the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final in Berne, Switzerland, the lyrics of the first stanza dominated when the crowd sang along to celebrate the surprise victory that was later dubbed Miracle of Bern. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The 1954 FIFA World Cup Final was played at the Wankdorf Stadium in Berne, Switzerland on July 4, 1954. The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The 1954 FIFA World Cup, the fifth staging of the World Cup was held in Switzerland from June 16 to July 4. This might have been due to a lack of knowledge among Germans about the third stanza lyrics, while the first stanza was still well known, even among foreigners.

On 7 March 1990, months before reunification, the Constitutional Court declared only the third stanza of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poem to be protected as a national anthem under criminal law; Section 90a of the Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch) makes defamation of the national anthem a crime, but does not specify what the national anthem is. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany The Strafgesetzbuch is the name of the German, Swiss, Liechtenstein and Austrian Criminal law.

In November 1991, President Richard von Weizsäcker and Chancellor Helmut Kohl agreed in an exchange of letters to declare the third stanza alone the national anthem of the enlarged republic. Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (born April 15 1920) is a German politician ( CDU) Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born 3 April 1930 is a German conservative politician and statesman On official occasions, only Haydn's music is used, and the third stanza is supposed to be sung. For other uses, all stanzas may be performed. The singing of the first stanza may, however, considered by some as an expression of right-wing or nationalist political views, depending on the context.

Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit (unity and justice and freedom) from the third stanza appears on soldiers' belts. It was engraved into the rim of former 5-Deutsche Mark coins, and is shown on current 2-Euro coins minted in Germany. Linguistic

Apart from highly official state visits, the music of Haydn is mainly played after German victories in sports contests (e. g. Michael Schumacher in Formula One, Olympics) or before games of the Germany national football team without anyone providing vocals, apart from the attempts of the crowd present or the athletes involved. Michael Schumacher (German pronunciation;) (born January 3, 1969, in Hürth-Hermülheim, Germany) is a former Formula The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The German national football team (Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft From 1950 to 1990 the team was also informally called West Germany in English as since

As customary in sports events in the USA, an artist was invited to perform the national anthem a cappella at the opening ceremony of the new Allianz Arena stadium in Munich in June 2005. A cappella (Italian or Latin "From the chapel/choir" Music is Vocal music or Singing without instrumental Accompaniment The Allianz Arena is a football Stadium in the north of Munich, Germany German singer Sarah Connor made two mistakes, though. Sarah Terenzi (née Leweski; born June 13, 1980) better known as Sarah Connor, is a German Singer and Songwriter In anticipation of the later brüderlich (brotherly) and possibly impressed by the floodlight, instead of "Blüh im Glanze dieses Glückes" (Prosper in this fortune's blessing) she sang "Brüh im Lichte dieses Glückes" (Boil in the light of this fortune). In June 2006 at the same stadium, the proper refrain was spontaneously sung by the crowd during the first half of the FIFA World Cup 2006 playoff game to express joy about the early 2:0 lead of Germany over Sweden, possibly the first ever use of this refrain in such circumstances. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the knockout stage was the second and final stage of the World Cup following the group stage

Criticism

The song has frequently been criticised because of its generally nationalist theme, because of the geographic definition of Germany given in the first stanza and the somewhat male chauvinist attitude in the second one^[3]. The main negative associations come from the use by the Nazi Party, about 100 years after it was written.

Unlike many other anthems (e. g. , La Marseillaise, God Save the Queen, The Star Spangled Banner, Himno Nacional Mexicano), it does not praise nor even mention war in any way, which could have played a role in Germany's decision to continue using it after World War II. " La Marseillaise " (la maʁsɛˡjɛz in English The Song of Marseille) is the National anthem of France. "God Save the Queen", or "God Save the King", is an anthem used in a number of Commonwealth realms It is the National " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the National anthem of the United States of America The National Anthem of Mexico ( Himno Nacional Mexicano) was officially adopted in 1943 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It was originally also thought of as a simple drinking song, which explains the reference to German wine and women in the second stanza.

However valid the propagandists' interpretation may have been in regard to the Nazis, it does not reflect Hoffmann's original intentions. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German He had actually meant that in times of strife, Germany's welfare and unity must be put "above all else in the world. " There was no real united Germany at that time, only a large number of scattered German states, and these were the real "world" above which Germany was supposed to be ranked, while no international claims were made. Hoffmann and many Germans longed for them all to finally unite, a wish that only came true (except for Austria) when the German Empire was proclaimed in Versailles in 1871. Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important [3]

During the century after the song was written, the concept of nationalism changed drastically. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation In the middle of the 19th century, nationalism was a liberal, progressive idea aimed at overcoming monarchy and the often transnational borders these states had. Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or By the middle of the 20th century, after two World Wars and the establishment of states often according to the nationality of people, nationalism had become, to the opinion of some, a conservative, chauvinist, jingoist or even fascist concept aimed at territorial expansion. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy" Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology

Variants and additions

Hoffmann von Fallersleben also intended the text to be used as a drinking song; the second stanza's toast to German women and wine are typical of this genre. A drinking song is a song sung while drinking that is consuming Alcohol. A toast is someone or something in Honor of which people usually have a drink the drink or honor itself or the act ( Pledge) of indicating that honor The original Helgoland manuscript includes a variant ending of the third stanza for such occasions:

In 1921, Albert Matthai wrote a stanza in reaction to Germany's losses in and after World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This stanza was never used as a national anthem and was not part of the Deutschlandlied.

The German musician Nico would sometimes perform the national anthem at concerts and dedicate it to militant Andreas Baader, leader of the Red Army Faction who had killed himself in a German prison. Christa Päffgen ( October 16, 1938 ? &ndash July 18, 1988) was a German Singer - Songwriter, fashion model Andreas Bernd Baader ( 6 May 1943 – 18 October 1977) was one of the first leaders of the German organization Red Army Faction The Red Army Faction or RAF ( German Rote Armee Fraktion) (in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group ''Gang'' was one Her version was thought to be an attempt to re-interpret the anthem in a similar way to Jimi Hendrix's version of the Star Spangled Banner. James Marshall Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix) (November 27 1942 – September 18 1970 was an American Guitarist, Singer and Songwriter " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the National anthem of the United States of America She included a version of Das Lied der Deutschen on her 1973 album The End. The End is an album by Nico, released in 1974 The album is titled The End The song California Über Alles by the Dead Kennedys also is inspired heavily from this song. " California Über Alles " was the first single by the Dead Kennedys. Dead Kennedys was an American Hardcore punk band from San Francisco, California. 2006 saw another interpretation of the song by the Slovenian Industrial band Laibach titled "Germania". Laibach is a Slovenian avant-garde Music group strongly associated with industrial, martial, and neo-classical musical

References

External links

• Das Lied der Deutschen - A page with lyrics and mp3 vocal files of the anthem, sponsored by "Welcome to the Leader in Lieder"
• Deutschlandlied was available at the International Music Score Library Project. Der Spiegel (pronounced /deːɐ ˈʃpiːɡəl/ German for "The Mirror" is a German weekly Magazine, published in Hamburg The League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel or BDM was the only female youth organization in Nazi Germany. The Cross of Honor of the German Mother ( German: Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter or more colloquially Mutterkreuz) but often referred to simply as the The International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of Public domain music scores, based on the
• Deutsche Welle: Germans Stop Humming, Start Singing National Anthem