Deutsche Mark German mark (English) Deutsche Mark (German)
Banknotes Coins
ISO 4217 Code	DEM
Official user(s)	Germany Trizone (1948-1949)  West Germany (1949-1990) West Berlin (1949-1990)  East Germany (Jul. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. BiZone (formerly "The Bisexual Network of New Jersey" is a statewide member-based organization created to foster a visible community for Bisexual Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state -Oct. 1990)
Unofficial user(s)	Montenegro (1999-2001) Kosovo (1999-2001)
ERM
Since	13 March 1979
Fixed rate since	31 December 1998
Replaced by €, non cash	1 January 1999
Replaced by €, cash	1 January 2002
€ =	1. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The Republic of Montenegro was a federal unit of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the state union of Serbia and Montenegro between 1992 and 2006 Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is the interim civilian administration in Kosovo, under the authority of the United Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The European Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM, was a system introduced by the European Community in March 1979 as part of the European Monetary System (EMS Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 95583 DM
Pegged by	Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, Bulgarian lev at par
Subunit
1/100	Pfennig
Symbol	DM
Pfennig	Pf. A fixed exchange rate, sometimes called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of Exchange rate regime wherein a Currency 's value is matched to the value of The konvertibilna marka ( Bosnian, Croatian and Latin-written Serbian, конвертибилна марка in Cyrillic-written Serbian, "convertible The lev (лев plural bg лева левове / ''leva levove'' is the Currency of Bulgaria. The Pfennig (abbreviation Pf) is an old German coin or note which existed from the 9th century until the introduction of the Euro A currency sign is a graphic symbol often used as a shorthand for a Currency 's name The Pfennig (abbreviation Pf) is an old German coin or note which existed from the 9th century until the introduction of the Euro
Plural	Mark
Pfennig	Pfennig
Coins	1, 2, 5, 10, 50 Pfennig, 1 DM, 2 DM, 5 DM
Banknotes
Freq. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world The Pfennig (abbreviation Pf) is an old German coin or note which existed from the 9th century until the introduction of the Euro used	10 DM, 20 DM, 50 DM, 100 DM, 200 DM, 500 DM
Rarely used	5 DM, 1000 DM
Central bank	Deutsche Bundesbank
Website	www.bundesbank.de
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states The Deutsche Bundesbank ( German for German Federal Bank) is the Central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the

The Deutsche Mark (DEM, DM) or German mark was the official currency of West Germany and, from 1990 onwards, all of unified Germany. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 replacing the Reichsmark, and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year until 1999, when the Mark was replaced by the euro; its coins and banknotes remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins in early 2002. BiZone (formerly "The Bisexual Network of New Jersey" is a statewide member-based organization created to foster a visible community for Bisexual For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the other eurozone nations, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. Legal tender or forced tender is Payment that by Law, cannot be refused in settlement of a Debt ( Debtor cannot successfully be sued Euro Enlargement of the However, DM coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002.

The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all DM in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so at any branch of the Bundesbank and banks worldwide. The Deutsche Bundesbank ( German for German Federal Bank) is the Central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the From time to time, some merchants hold promotions where Deutsche Marks are accepted as payment.

On 31 December 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for DM to euro as DM 1. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 95583 = one euro. ^[1]

One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 Pfennig. The Pfennig (abbreviation Pf) is an old German coin or note which existed from the 9th century until the introduction of the Euro

History

Before 1871

A Mark had been the currency of Germany since its original unification in 1871. The unification of Germany took place on January 18, 1871, when Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck managed to unify a number of independent Before that time, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16 2/3 grams of pure silver. The States of the German Confederation were those member states that from June 20, 1815 were part of the German Confederation, which lasted with some changes The Vereinsthaler ("union" thaler was a standard Silver Coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years prior For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Although the Mark was based on gold rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the Mark of 3 Mark = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.

1873-1948

The first Mark, known as the Goldmark, was introduced in 1873. The Goldmark (officially just Mark) is the name used for the currency of the German Empire from 1873 to 1914 With the outbreak of the First World War, the Mark was taken off the gold standard. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The currency thus became known as the Papiermark, especially as high inflation, then the 1920s German inflation occurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. The name Papiermark (paper mark is applied to the German currency from the point in 1914 when the link between the Mark and gold was abandoned due to the outbreak In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time The inflation in the Weimar Republic was a period of Hyperinflation in Germany (the Weimar Republic) during 1921-1923 The Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark in late 1923 and the Reichsmark (RM) in 1924. The Rentenmark (literally " Security Mark" ( RM) was a Currency issued on 15 November 1923 to stop the Hyperinflation For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich.

Currency reform of June 1948

The Deutsche Mark was introduced on 21 June 1948 by the Western Allies (the USA, the United Kingdom and France). Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. The old Reichsmark and Rentenmark were exchanged for the new currency at a rate of 1 DM = 1 RM for the essential currency such as wages, payment of rents etc, and 1 DM = 10 RM for the remainder in private non banks credit balance, with half frozen. Large amounts were exchanged for 10RM to 65 pfennigs. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of 60 DM in two parts, the first being 40 DM and the second 20 DM. ^[2]

The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave of hyperinflation and to stop the rampant barter and black market trade (where American cigarettes acted as currency). Certain figures in this article use Scientific notation for readability The move angered the Soviet authorities, who regarded it as a threat. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. When the Deutsche Mark was introduced in West Berlin, the Soviets promptly cut off all road, rail and canal links between the three western zones and West Berlin. West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways This led to the Berlin Blockade. The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war.

Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone

In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany (later the German Democratic Republic), the East German Mark (also named "Deutsche Mark" from 1948-1964) was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West. The Soviet Occupation Zone ( German: Sowjetische Besatzungszone (SBZ or Ostzone; Советская зона Германии Sovetskaya zona Germanii The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The East German mark (Mark der DDR commonly called the eastern mark ( Ostmark in West Germany and after the reunification) in East Germany only In July 1948, a completely new series of East German Mark banknotes were issued.

Bank deutscher Länder and the Deutsche Bundesbank

Later in 1948, the Bank deutscher Länder assumed responsibility, followed in 1957 by the Deutsche Bundesbank. The Bank deutscher Länder (Bank of the German States, abbreviation BdL, was the forerunner of the Deutsche Bundesbank. The Deutsche Bundesbank ( German for German Federal Bank) is the Central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the The DM earned a reputation as a strong store of value at times when other national currencies succumbed to periods of inflation. To act as a store of value, a Commodity, a form of Money, or Financial capital must be able to be reliably saved stored and retrieved - and be predictably In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time It became a source of national pride and an anchor for the country's economic prosperity, particularly during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder in the 1950s. The term ( German for "economic miracle" describes the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria In the 1990s, opinion polls showed a majority of Germans opposed to the adoption of the euro; polls today show a significant number would prefer to return to the Mark.

The DM's role in German reunification

The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the reunification of Germany. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany It was introduced as the official currency of East Germany in July 1990, replacing the East German Mark (Mark der DDR), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state East German marks were exchanged for DM at a rate of 1:1 for the first 4000 Marks and 2:1 for larger amounts, rates which many economists have criticized as being too generous and a key cause of the subsequent economic problems in the new German states.

Stability of the DM

The DM had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the Bundesbank. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy is the foundation of the European Central Bank's present policy towards the euro. Some politicians say that this "German approach" is not good, but others say the "Mark policy" gives the ECB independence.

Coins

The first DM coins were issued by the Bank deutscher Länder in 1948 and 1949. The Bank deutscher Länder (Bank of the German States, abbreviation BdL, was the forerunner of the Deutsche Bundesbank. From 1950, the inscription Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins.

There were a considerable number of commemorative silver 5 and 10 DM coins, which actually had the status of legal tender but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles. The coat of arms of Germany is a symbol of Germany; the Coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms of Germany is a symbol of Germany; the Coat of arms feature an eagle. Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. Theodor Heuss ( 31 January 1884 &ndash 12 December 1963) was a German politician Dr Kurt Schumacher (13 October 1895 - 20 August 1952 was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany from 1945 to 1952 "Erhard" redirects here For the saint of this name see Saint Erhard. Franz Josef Strauss (Franz Josef Strauß (fʁants jozɛf ʃtraʊs ( September 6, 1915 – October 3, 1988) was a German Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (18 December 1913 - 8 October 1992 was a German politician Chancellor of West Germany 1969&ndash1974 The coat of arms of Germany is a symbol of Germany; the Coat of arms feature an eagle. This is a list of Commemorative coins issued by the Federal Republic of Germany. Legal tender or forced tender is Payment that by Law, cannot be refused in settlement of a Debt ( Debtor cannot successfully be sued

Gold 1 DM coin

In addition, on 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing the Bundesbank to issue, in 2001, a special . Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. 999 pure gold 1 DM coin commemorating the end of the DM. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel 1 DM coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read "Deutsche Bundesbank" (instead of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland"), as the Bundesbank was the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold DM coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in the summer of 2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of the Bundesbank. The issue price varied by dealer but averaged approximately $165 in U. S. dollars.

German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during WW2 include the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for DM coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the German Euro coins. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e

Colloquial Expression

In colloquial German the 10 Pfennig coin was sometimes called a Groschen. Groschen (Grossus Groschen grossone groš grosz garas гроші, грош grosh, gros грош was the (sometimes colloquial name for a Coin Another colloquialism existed almost exclusively in Berlin. There, the expression Sechser (sixer), a reference to the six Pfennig coin that was half of a Groschen before 1871, was used to describe the five-Pfennig denomination from the introduction of the Mark, divided by 100 Pfennig, until the arrival of the Euro.

Banknotes

There were four series of DM banknotes:

• The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of ½, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM, with two designs of 20 and 50 DM notes.
• The second series was introduced in 1948 by the Bank deutscher Länder, an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the US Dollar and French franc, as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the Bank of France and the American Bank Note Company. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The franc (represented by the franc sign ₣ or more commonly just F) is a former Currency of France. The Banque de France is the Central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank (ECB There were denominations of 5 and 10 Pfennig, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM.
• The third series was introduced in 1960 by the Bundesbank, depicting neutral symbols and famous paintings and buildings. The Deutsche Bundesbank ( German for German Federal Bank) is the Central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the There were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 DM denominations.
• The fourth was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in forgery technology. Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a 200 DM denomination, to decrease the use of 100 DM banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the 100 DM and 500 DM denomination. Nevertheless the 200 DM denomination was rather rare.

In the latter two series, the 5 DM denomination was rarely seen, as were the ones with a value greater than 100 DM.

Banknotes of the fourth series (1990–2002)

A 10 Deutsche Mark banknote from Germany 1993 showing Carl Friedrich Gauß (http://www.germannotes.com)

The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, '70s and '80s. A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German During this period, forgery technology made significant advances so, in the late 1980s, the Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a 200 DM denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e. g. , place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.

The new security features were: a windowed security-thread (with the notes denomination in microprinting), watermark, micro-printing, intaglio-printing (viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a braille representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the 500 and 1000 DM denominations), a see-through register and UV-visible security features. Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo ɪn'tælɪəʊ is a family of Printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface known as the matrix or plate The Braille system is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write

First to be issued were the 100 and 200 DM denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "Frankfurt am Main, 2. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Januar 1989"). The next denomination was 10 DM on 16 April 1991, followed by 50 DM in autumn the same year. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Next was the 20 DM note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the 5, 500, and 1000 DM denominations on 27 October 1992. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The latter three denominations were rarely seen in circulation and were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (50, 100, and 200 DM) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new €5, €10, and €20 banknotes), and the EURion constellation on the note's reverse. Euro banknotes are the Banknotes of the Euro, the currency of the Eurozone (see European Union) The EURion constellation is a pattern of Symbols found on a number of Banknote designs since about 1996 Furthermore, the colors were changed a bit to pastel to hamper counterfeiting.

1989 Series [1]
Image		Value	€ equiv.	Dimensions	Main Colour	Description			Date of
Obverse	Reverse					Obverse	Reverse	Watermark	first printing	issue	withdrawal	lapse
		5 DM	2. 56	122 × 62 mm	Yellowish-green	Bettina von Arnim, Wiepersdorf estate and buildings of historic Berlin	Brandenburg Gate	As portrait	1 August 1991	27 October 1992	31 December 2001	Indefinite
		10 DM	5. Bettina Brentano von Arnim (the Countess of Arnim) ( 4 April 1785, Frankfurt am Main &ndash 20 January 1859, Berlin Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor is a former City gate and one of the main symbols of Berlin and Germany. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 11	130 × 65 mm	Blue-violet	Carl Friedrich Gauss, Gaussian distribution, historic buildings of Göttingen	Sextant, a small map showing the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hannover performed by Gauss		2 January 1989	16 April 1991
		20 DM	10. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German The normal distribution, also called the Gaussian distribution, is an important family of Continuous probability distributions applicable in many fields Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. This article is about the sextant as used for Navigation. For the astronomer's sextant, see Sextant (astronomical. In Trigonometry and Geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. 23	138 × 68 mm	Blueish-green	Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, buildings of the city of Meersburg	A quill pen and a beech-tree, referring to her work Die Judenbuche		1 August 1991	20 March 1992
		50 DM	25. (aˈnɛtə fɔn ˈdʁɔstəˈhʏlshɔf January 10, 1797 &ndash May 25, 1848) was a 19th century German author and one of the most Meersburg is a town of Baden-Württemberg in the southwest of Germany at Lake Constance. Quill is a high level object oriented Programming language created by the Dutch software company Quintiq. Die Judenbuche ("The Jew's Beech" is a Novella written by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff and first published in 1842 Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) 56	146 × 71 mm	Yellowish-brown	Balthasar Neumann, buildings of Old-Würzburg, an architect's ruler	Partial view of the stairway in the Würzburg Residence, the ground plan of a famous chapel, Kreuzkapelle, in Kitzingen		2 January 1989	30 September 1991
		100 DM	51. ( January 27, 1687 - August 19, 1753) was a German military engineer and Architect who developed a refined brand of Würzburg (ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany The Würzburg Residenz (Residence is a Palace in Würzburg, Germany. Kitzingen is a town in the German state of Bavaria, capital of the district Kitzingen. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. 13	154 × 74 mm	Dark blue	Clara Schumann, buildings of historic Leipzig and a lyre	Grand piano, the Hoch Conservatory			1 October 1990
		200 DM	102. Clara Josephine Wieck Schumann (September 13 1819 &ndash May 20 1896 was a German musician one of the most distinguished Pianists of the Romantic era, as This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later Chronology 1857 14 July Dr Joseph Hoch (1815-74 makes the Hoch Conservatory foundation the main heir of his fortune Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) 26	162 × 77 mm	Orange	Paul Ehrlich, buildings of historic Frankfurt, the formula of Arsphenamine	Microscope, the Rod of Asclepius surrounded by simplified cell structures
		500 DM	255. Paul Ehrlich ( March 14, 1854 &ndash August 20, 1915) was a German Scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used to treat Syphilis and trypanosomiasis. A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are The rod of Asclepius (also known as the rod of Asklepios, rod of Aesculapius or asklepian) is an ancient Greek Symbol associated 65	170 × 80 mm	Red-violet	Anna Maria Sibylla Merian, an insect, buildings of ancient Nuremberg	Dandelion, inchworm, butterfly		1 August 1991	27 October 1992
		1000 DM	511. Anna Maria Sibylla Merian (born April 2, 1647 in Frankfurt &ndash died January 13, 1717 in Amsterdam) was a naturalist A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) 29	178 × 83 mm	Dark-brown	Wilhelm and Jakob Grimm, buildings of historic Kassel	The 'German dictionary' (Deutsches Wörterbuch), the Royal library in Berlin
Hologram variant
		50 DM	25. Wilhelm Carl Grimm ( February 24, 1786 &ndash December 16 1859) was a German author the younger of the Brothers Grimm Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm ( Hanau, January 4, 1785 &ndash September 20, 1863 in Berlin) German Philologist The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Kassel (until 1926 officially Cassel) is a city situated along the Fulda River in northern Hessen, Germany, one of the two sources of the Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. 56	As previous					2 January 1996	2 February 1998	31 December 2001	Indefinite
		100 DM	51. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 13							1 August 1997
		200 DM	102. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar 26
These images are to scale at 0. 7 pixels per millimetre, a Wikipedia standard for world banknotes. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Spelling and Pronunciation

The German name of the currency is Deutsche Mark (fem.) IPA: [ˈdɔytʃə maʁk]; its plural form in standard German was the same as the singular. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Standard German ( German: Hochdeutsch) is the standard varieties of the German language used as a Written language, in formal contexts In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" in feminine singular nominative form) is capitalized due to its part in a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is anyway capitalized. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The English loanword "Deutschmark" had a slightly different spelling (possibly due to the silent E in English) and a plural form. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Silent e is a writing convention in English Spelling. When reading the Silent letter e at the end of a Word signals In Germany, the currency's name was often abbreviated as D-Mark (fem.) or sometimes Mark (fem.) IPA: [ˈdeːmaʁk] with the latter term also often used in English. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Like Deutsche Mark, D-Mark and Mark have no plural form, the singular being used to refer to any amount of money (e. g. eine (one) Mark and dreißig (thirty) Mark). Sometimes, a plural form of Mark, Märker IPA: [ˈmɛʁkɐ] was used as either as diminutive form or to refer to a (physically present or small) number of D-Mark coins or bills (e. A diminutive is a formation of a Word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning smallness of the object or quality named encapsulation intimacy or endearment g. Gib mir mal ein paar Märker (Just give me a few Mark (-bills or -coins)) and Die lieben Märker wieder (The lovely money again (with ironic undertone)). Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or

The subdivision unit is spelled Pfennig (masc.) IPA: [ˈpfɛnɪç] , which (unlike Mark) does have a commonly used plural form: Pfennige IPA: [ˈpfɛnɪgə], but the singular could also be used instead with no difference in meaning. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong (e. g. : ein (one) Pfennig, dreißig (thirty) Pfennige or dreißig (thirty) Pfennig). The official form is singular.

The mark as a major international reserve currency

Main article: Reserve currency

Before the switch to the euro, the mark was considered a major international reserve currency, second only to the US dollar. A reserve currency (or anchor currency) is a Currency which is held in significant quantities by many governments and institutions as part of their Foreign

References

See also

• Euro
• German euro coins
• List of commemorative coins of the Federal Republic of Germany
• German Papiermark and Notgeld
• German Reichsmark
• Economy of Germany

External links

• Coins of the Third Reich
• German historical Banknotes and Old Paper Money from Germany

• Don's World Coin Gallery - Germany
• Ron Wise's World Paper Money - Federal Republic of Germany ^{Mirror site}
• The Global History of Currencies - Germany
• Global Financial Data data series - Germany Deutschemark
• Global Financial Data currency histories table ( Microsoft Excel format)
• Overview of German Mark from BBC online
• Historical US Dollars to German Marks currency conversion, 1913-2005
• Coins 2