- This article refers to deterrent theories of punishment. For other uses, see Deterrence (disambiguation).
- See also: deterrence (psychological)
Deterrence is often contrasted with retributivism, which holds that punishment is a necessary consequence of a crime and should be calculated based on the gravity of the wrong done. Deterrence is but a theory from behavioural psychology about preventing or controlling actions or behavior through fear of punishment or retribution. Schools of thought In the mid-18th century criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law Penology (from the Latin poena, " Punishment " comprises Penitentiary Science: that concerned with the processes devised Anomie, in contemporary English language is a sociological term that signifies in individuals an erosion diminution or absence of personal norms standards or values In Criminology, Differential Association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others individuals learn the values attitudes Deviance describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e Originating in Sociology and Criminology, labeling theory (also known as social reaction theory) focuses on the linguistic tendency of majorities to negatively In Criminology, the Rational Choice Theory adopts a Utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends costs and benefits and makes a rational In Criminology, Social Control Theory as represented in the work of Travis Hirschi In Sociology, the Social Disorganization Theory was one of the most important theories developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories For the article on social learning theory in psychology and education see Social cognitive theory. In Criminology, the strain theory states that Social structures within Society may encourage Citizens to commit crime In Criminology, subcultural theory emerged from the work of the Chicago School on gangs and developed through the symbolic interactionism school into a Symbolic interactionism is a major sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the discipline Victimology is the study of victimization including the relationships between victims and offenders the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system -- that is the police In Criminology, blue-collar crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower Social class as opposed to White-collar crime which is associated In Criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a Corporation (i Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles Most Legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles such as "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. In Criminology, a political Crime is one involving overt acts or omissions (where there is a duty to act which prejudice the interests of the State For relevant case law see Public order crime case law in the United States In Criminology public order crime is defined by Siegel (2004 In Criminology, Public order crime case law in the United States is essential to understanding how the Courts interpret the policy of laws where In Criminology, state crime is activity or failures to act that break the State 's own Criminal law or Public international law. In Criminology, the concept of state-corporate crime or incorporated governance refers to crimes that result from the relationship between the policies of the State Within the field of Criminology, white-collar crime or 'incorporated governance' has been defined by Edwin Sutherland as "a crime committed by a person of respectability The term victimless crime refers to infractions of Criminal law without any identifiable Corpus delicti, or evidence of an Individual that Plaid-collar crime is an act of Theft or related criminal offence that directly affects farm workers such as the theft of produce or farm stock and equipment A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside Prisons aiming at a more effective Penal system. Psychological abuse; White noise: The endless playing of random static (similar to that of unused TV frequencies with no pattern this can cause insanity and mental The movement for prisoners' rights is based on the principle that Prisoners even though they are deprived of Liberty, are still entitled to basic Human rights Rehabilitation means To restore to useful life as through therapy and education or To restore to good condition operation or capacity. Recidivism ( IPA: /ɹɪˈsɪdɪvɪzm̩/ From recidive + ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring" from re- Retributive justice is a Theory of Justice that considers that proportionate punishment is a morally acceptable response to Crime, with Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness Retributive justice is a Theory of Justice that considers that proportionate punishment is a morally acceptable response to Crime, with
Deterrence can be divided into three separate categories.
Specific deterrence focuses on the individual in question. The aim of these punishments is to discourage the criminal from future criminal acts by instilling an understanding of the consequences.
General or indirect deterrence focuses on general prevention of crime by making examples of specific deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioral change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. The argument that deterrence, rather than retribution, is the main justification for punishment is a hallmark of the Rational choice theory (criminology) and can be traced to Beccaria and Bentham. In Criminology, the Rational Choice Theory adopts a Utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends costs and benefits and makes a rational Beccaria redirects here This article is about the philosopher and politician Jeremy Bentham ( IPA: or) (15 February 1748&ndash6 June 1832 was an English Jurist, Philosopher, and legal and Social reformer
Incapacitation is considered by some to be a subset of specific deterrence. Incapacitation in the context of sentencing philosophy refers to the effect of a sentence in terms of positively preventing (rather than merely deterring) future offending Incapacitation aims to prevent future crimes not by rehabilitating the individual but rather from taking away his ability to commit such acts. Rehabilitation means To restore to useful life as through therapy and education or To restore to good condition operation or capacity. Under this theory, criminals are put in jail not so that they will learn the consequence of their actions but rather so that while there they will be unable to engage in crime.
Criticism
It has been argued that deterrence is ineffective at achieving its ultimate goal. Critics of specific deterrence argue that offenders do not pause to consider the possible punishment for a crime they are about to commit, especially in the heat of the moment, and when drugs or alcohol are involved. A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Some suggest that potential offenders are more likely to be deterred by the threat of being caught rather than the threat of punishment, citing an example of the crime rate falling dramatically in areas where closed-circuit television surveillance systems were introduced. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors General deterrence has also been heavily criticised for relying on publicity of heavy punishments; it has been described as "the least effective and least fair principle of sentencing". In Law, a sentence forms the final act of a Judge -ruled process and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function [1]
References
- ^ Martin, Jacqueline (2005). The English Legal System (4th ed. ), p. 176. London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-340-89991-3.
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