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Rabbinical Eras

Derekh Eretz Zutta (Hebrew: מסכת דרך ארץ זוטא) is a non-canonical tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. Zugot (תְּקוּפָת הַזּוּגוֹת ( (təqūphāth hazZūghôth) refers to the period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE - 70 CE in which word /š n/ and /t n/ --> Geonim ( Hebrew: גאונים also transliterated Gaonim) were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The name is misleading in more than one respect; the word "zuṭa" (small) would seem to indicate that it is a shorter version of the treatise "Derek Ereẓ Rabbah," which is not the case, the two having little in common. Derekh Eretz Rabbah ( Hebrew: דרך ארץ רבה) is one of the Minor tractates (מסכתות קטנות of the Talmud. "Derek Ereẓ," moreover, is a very unsuitable name for a collection of ethical teachings such as form the substance of the treatise. Even Rashi, however (Ber. 4a), knows the treatise under this name, calling it "Masseket Derek Ereẓ," while the Tosafists likewise call it "Hilkot Derek Ereẓ" (Bek. 44b). For the astrological concept see Rāshi (Jyotiṣa. Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, (רבי שלמה יצחקי better known by the acronym Rashi See also Anales de Química Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France Tosafists were Medieval Rabbis who created critical and explanatory Glosses on the Talmud. This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name The designation "zuṭa" is probably of later origin.

Contents

Versions

In the Talmud editions the treatise consists of nine sections ("peraḳim"), to which the Section on Peace ("Pereḳ ha-Shalom") is added as a supplement. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Halakot Gedolot (ed. Simeon Kayyara ( Hebrew: ????? ?????) was a Jewish-Babylonian Halakist of the first half of the 9th century A. Hildesheimer, pp. Israel Azriel Hildesheimer ( May 20, 1820 &ndash July 12, 1899) was a German Rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism. 644-652) gives another version; here the same material is in two parts—(1) "Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa," corresponding to sections v. -viii. , and (2) "Derek Ereẓ Rabbah," containing sections i. Derekh Eretz Rabbah ( Hebrew: דרך ארץ רבה) is one of the Minor tractates (מסכתות קטנות of the Talmud. -iv. and ix. There are two manuscript copies with this division in the Bodleian (Nos. The Bodleian Library ( the main Research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in England 120 and 380 in A. Neubauer's catalogue), as well as a genizah fragment (Jew. Quart. Rev. x. Adolf Neubauer ( March 11, 1831 –1907 was sublibrarian at the Bodleian Library and reader in Rabbinic Hebrew at Oxford University. The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the Genizah or store room of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Not to be confused with the Jewish Quarterly. The Jewish Quarterly Review ( JQR) is the oldest English-language journal of 660); but in the latter the first four sections are under the title "Yir'at Ḥeṭ. " The Karaite Ḳirḳisani (10th century) cites a passage from the fourth section under that title (Jew. Karaite Judaism or Karaism (ˈkærəˌaɪt ˈkærəˌɪzəm) is a Jewish movement NOTE The word sect should not be used without defining it first and Quart. Rev. vii. 698). A third version is that in the Maḥzor Vitry (ed. Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry, (d 1105 ( Hebrew: שמחה בן שמואל מויטרי) was a French Talmudist of the 11th and 12th centuries pupil of Horwitz, pp. 721-723), where the first part of the eighth and the whole of the ninth section are given under the title "Hilkot Darkan shel Talmide Ḥakamim. " It is noteworthy that in the Talmud editions sections iv. -viii. are marked as having been taken from the Maḥzor Vitry. It should also be mentioned that the Siddur Rab Amram (Amram ben Sheshna) gives only the first and fourth sections, which is probably because the second and third were not included in the ritual. Amram Gaon ( עמרם גאון) (died 875 was a famous Gaon or head of the Jewish Talmud Academy of Sura (

Summary of Contents

Apart from this external evidence, a closer examination shows that the work consists of three different collections: (1) i. -iv. , (2) v. -viii. , (3) ix. , though it has a certain unity in that it consists almost exclusively of exhortations to self-examination and meekness and of rules of conduct, and urges temperance, resignation, gentleness, patience, respect for age, readiness to forgive, and, finally, the moral and social duties of a "disciple of the wise" ("talmid ḥakam"). It is written in the form of separate, short maxims arranged as in the Abot, but differing in that they are anonymous. Pirkei Avot / Ovos (Ethics of the Fathers פרקי אבות is a tractate of the Mishna composed of ethical maxims of the Rabbis of the Mishnaic period The compiler attempted to arrange the maxims according to external characteristics, the order followed being determined by the initial word, and by the number of maxims. Several precepts which begin with the same word are put together even when they are not at all related in subject-matter (compare The Wisdom of Ben Sira, ed. S. Schechter, vi. Solomon Schechter שניאור זלמן שכטר ( December 7, 1847 - November 19[[ 915]] was a Moldavian born Romanian and English 1-20, where twenty sayings begin with אל); especially are they thus combined into groups of four, five, or seven maxims, numbers which serve to aid in memorizing the passages. How far the compiler was able to carry out his principle can not be judged from the text in its present condition; and to ascertain the original form of the treatise it is necessary critically to reconstruct the text. The following analysis of contents is based on such a reconstruction.

The first section begins with introductory remarks on the duties and proper conduct of a "disciple of the wise"; then follow seven sentences, each a precept in four parts, which, however, are often confused in the text as it now exists. The order is:

  1. הוי
  2. אל – which sentence is to be read according to Ab. R. N., ed. Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (אבות דרבי נתן) usually printed together with the Minor tractates of the Talmud, is a Jewish Aggadic work probably S. Schechter, xxvi. Solomon Schechter שניאור זלמן שכטר ( December 7, 1847 - November 19[[ 915]] was a Moldavian born Romanian and English 83
  3. אם
  4. אל (the following saying, beginning with אם, belongs to No. 3, while the next אל sentence is the fourth part of No. 4)
  5. העבר (the two missing parts to be supplied from Abot ii. Pirkei Avot / Ovos (Ethics of the Fathers פרקי אבות is a tractate of the Mishna composed of ethical maxims of the Rabbis of the Mishnaic period 4)
  6. אהוב and its opposite הרחק
  7. אל – originally four sentences as shown by the Vatican MSS. in Goldberg and Coronel's version and as confirmed by the parallels in Ab. R. N., ed. Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (אבות דרבי נתן) usually printed together with the Minor tractates of the Talmud, is a Jewish Aggadic work probably S. Schechter, xxvi. Solomon Schechter שניאור זלמן שכטר ( December 7, 1847 - November 19[[ 915]] was a Moldavian born Romanian and English 82, xxxiii. 36; the concluding הרחק sentence belongs to No. 6. The three haggadic utterances which form the conclusion of the first section are a later addition. Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה tales lore pl Aggadot or (Ashkenazi Aggados) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical

The second section begins like the first, emphasizing particularly the duties of the "disciple of the wise. " After a series of admonitions concerning only the student, there follow, to the end of the section, maxims of a general nature for people in the most varied walks of life. These are also arranged in seven sentences, each beginning with the word הוי, which word also comes before למוד להיות גומל בטובה (compare Ab. R. N. xli. Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (אבות דרבי נתן) usually printed together with the Minor tractates of the Talmud, is a Jewish Aggadic work probably ). Then follow seven beginning with אל, and seven with אם.

In the third section the regular arrangement can be recognized beginning with the maxim אם רפית. There are three sentences each with אם and הוי; and as many with תחלת and אם. The following sentences probably belong to section four, and concern only the conduct of the student. The paragraph beginning with the words אל תאמר איש, which, as is to be seen from the Siddur Rab Amram, consists of four parts, concludes the fourth section, which is the end of the "Yir'at ḤeṬ. "

From the fourth section to the eighth is a collection of maxims arranged on the same plan. The eighth section contains eight maxims beginning with כל, but the initial and concluding maxims are not relevant to the proper matter of section. The ninth section is a well-ordered collection of twenty-eight maxims arranged in four paragraphs; seven of these maxims begin with אהוב, seven with הוי, and fourteen with אם.

Date of Composition

The date of composition can only be conjectured. It is almost certain that sections v. -viii. are the work of one editor, who lived after the completion of the Babylonian Talmud. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history One needs only to compare the maxim לעולם (v. 2) with Sanh. 23a and Mek. Mishpaṭim 20 to see that the compiler had the Talmud before him. Sanhedrin (סנהדרין is one of ten tractates of the Nezikin (a section of the Talmud that deals with damages ie Mekhilta or Mekilta ( Hebrew: מכילתא) is the Halakic midrash to the Book of Exodus. The next maxim is a combination of Er. 65b and Ab. R. N., ed. Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (אבות דרבי נתן) usually printed together with the Minor tractates of the Talmud, is a Jewish Aggadic work probably כל המתנבל S. Schechter, xxxii. Solomon Schechter שניאור זלמן שכטר ( December 7, 1847 - November 19[[ 915]] was a Moldavian born Romanian and English 68. Ab. R. N. viii. , (ed. Schechter, xxii. 46), Midr. Mishle ix. Midrash Proverbs ( Hebrew: מדרש‏ ‏משלי) is the Haggadic midrash to Book of Proverbs, first mentioned under the title "Midrash 9. Pesiḳ. viii. , כל זמן (ed. S. Buber, 44b), and probably Derek Ereẓ Rabbah were also used. Solomon (or Salomon Buber (1827&ndash1906 was a Jewish Galician scholar and editor of Hebrew works Derekh Eretz Rabbah ( Hebrew: דרך ארץ רבה) is one of the Minor tractates (מסכתות קטנות of the Talmud.

As already mentioned, the Spanish version of the Halakot Gedolot, probably made about 1000, adopted these four sections as a complete treatise; hence one would not be far wrong in setting the 9th century as the date of composition. Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule in Spain, before they The first four sections date from a much earlier period. From their contents they may even have been an independent collection already in existence at the time of the Tannaim. word /š n/ and /t n/ --> At any rate this collection contains much that is old, even if it can not be proved that the Megillat Ḥasidim, which is cited in Abot de-Rabbi Natan (ed. Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (אבות דרבי נתן) usually printed together with the Minor tractates of the Talmud, is a Jewish Aggadic work probably Schechter, xxvi. 52), is identical with the treatise under discussion.

The ninth section, originally, perhaps, a small collection of maxims, is more modern than the first and older than the second part of the treatise. The conclusion of the ninth chapter, which treats of peace, caused the insertion in the Talmud of a Section on Peace ("Pereḳ ha-Shalom"), in which various sayings concerning peace, taken from different Midrashim, especially from the Midrash to Num. vi. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic The Book of Numbers, ( Bamidbar, meaning in the wilderness) is the fourth book of the Torah, the Tanakh, and the Old Testament. 26, are placed together. This tenth (supplementary) section is comparatively a very late product, and is not found in Maḥzor Vitry, in Halakot Gedolot, nor in the MSS. Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry, (d 1105 ( Hebrew: שמחה בן שמואל מויטרי) was a French Talmudist of the 11th and 12th centuries pupil of

Importance of the Treatise

The Abot excepted, this treatise is the only collection of precepts from the period of the Talmud and the Midrashim, and is therefore of great importance in any estimate of the earliest ethical views of the old rabbis. Pirkei Avot / Ovos (Ethics of the Fathers פרקי אבות is a tractate of the Mishna composed of ethical maxims of the Rabbis of the Mishnaic period The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic Zunz appropriately characterizes the treatise: "The Derek Ereẓ, Zuṭa, which is meant to be a mirror for scholars, is full of high moral teachings and pithy worldly wisdom which philosophers of to-day could study to advantage. Leopold Zunz (1794&ndash1886 ( Hebrew / Yiddish: יום טוב ליפמן צונץ &mdash"Yom Tov Lipmann Tzuntz" was the founder of what " The treatise deals mainly with man's relation to man, and is moral rather than religious in nature. A few quotations from it will illustrate its character:

The treatise was much read, and the fact that it went through so many hands partly accounts for the chaotic condition of the text. Scholars of the 18th century did much, by means of their glosses and commentaries, toward making possible an understanding of the text, but a critical edition is still needed (as of 1906).

Jewish Encyclopedia Bibliography

External links

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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