Depiction of Derafsh -e- Kaviani based on
Ferdowsi's descriptions in
Shahnameh.
Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc
The Derafsh-e Kavian (Derafš-e Kāvīān, Middle Persian) was the legendary royal standard of the Sassanid kings. Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire [1] The banner was also sometimes called the "standard of Jamshid" (Derafš-e Jamshid), the "standard of Fereydun" (Derafš-e Fereydun), and the "royal standard" (Derafš-e Kayr). Jamshēd, Jamshīd ( or Jam ( in Middle- and New Persian, or Yima in Avestan is a mythological figure of Greater Fereydūn (فریدون also pronounced Farīdūn, in medieval Persian Firēdūn, Middle Persian Frēdōn, and Avestan Θraētaona
The name Derafš-e Kāvīān (Modern Persian: Derafš Kāvīāni درفش كاويانى) means "the standard of the kay(s)" (i. e. , kavis "kings") or "of Kāva. "[1] The latter meaning is an identification with an Iranian legend in which the Derafš-e Kāvīān was the standard of a mythological blacksmith-turned-hero named Kāva (Modern Persian: Kāveh), who led a popular uprising against the foreign demon-like ruler Dahāg (Modern Persian: Zahhāk). Kāveh the Blacksmith, ( Persian: کاوه آهنگر (Kaveh Ahangar is a mythical figure in Iranian mythology who leads a popular uprising against a ruthless Zahhāk or Zohhāk (in ضحاک is a figure of Persian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian Folklore as Aži Dahāka, the name by which he Recalling the Sassanid-era legend, the 10th century epic Shāhnāma recasts Zahhak as an evil and tyrannical Arab, against whom Kāveh called the people to arms, using the blacksmith's leather apron on a spear as a standard. Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc In the story, after the war that called for the kingship of Fereydun (Middle Persian: Frēdōn) had been won, the people decorated the apron with jewels and the flag became the symbol of Iranian independence and resistance towards foreign tyranny. Fereydūn (فریدون also pronounced Farīdūn, in medieval Persian Firēdūn, Middle Persian Frēdōn, and Avestan Θraētaona
By the late Sassanid era (224-651), a real Derafš-e Kāvīān had emerged as the standard of the Sassanid dynasts. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire It was thus also representative of the Sassanid state - Ērānshāhr, the "Kingdom of Iran" - and may so be considered to have been the first "national flag" of Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The banner consisted of a star (the akotar) on a purple field, was encrusted with jewels and had trailing red, gold and purple streamers on its edges. The term akotar was significant since the star also represented "fortune", and the capture and destruction of the banner on a field of battle implied the loss of the battle (and hence the loss of fortune). [2] Following the defeat of the Sassanids at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, the Sassanid standard was recovered by one Zerar bin Kattab,[1] who received 30,000 dinars for it. The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah ( transliteration, Ma'rakat al-Qādisiyyah;; alternate spellings Qadisiyya Qadisiyyah Kadisiya was the decisive engagement After the jewels were removed the caliph Omar is said to have burned the standard. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great [1]
As the symbol of the Sassanid state,[3] the Derafsh-e Kavian was irrevocably tied to the concept of Eranshahr and hence with the concept of Iranian nationhood. Thus, in 867, when the Saffarid "Yaqub Layt 'claimed the inheritance of the kings of Persia' and sought 'to revive their glory,' a poem written on his behalf sent to the Abbasid caliph said: 'With me is the Derafsh-e Kavian, through which I hope to rule the nations'. The Saffarid dynasty ( Persian: سلسله صفاریان ruled a empire in Sistan, which is a historical region now in southeastern Iran and southwestern Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar or Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari ( 840 - 879) ( was the founder of the Saffarid dynasty in Sistan, with its capital "[2] Although no evidence that Yaqub Layt ever re-recreated such a flag survives, star imagery in banners remained popular until the ascendance of the lion and sun symbol. The Lion and Sun motif ( shir o khorshid, fa شیر و خورشید is one of the better known emblems of Iran, and between 1964 and 1979 was an element in
See also
References and Bibliography
- ^ a b c d Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1996). The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Iranian Nationalism is the term given to describe a political movement that has been in existence in the Iran for thousands of The current flag of Iran was adopted on July 29, 1980, and is a reflection of the changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution "Derafš-e Kāvīān". Encyclopedia Iranica 7. Cosa Mesa: Mazda.
- ^ a b Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2001). "Flags". Encyclopedia Iranica 10. Cosa Mesa: Mazda.
- ^ Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1996). "Derafš". Encyclopedia Iranica 7. Cosa Mesa: Mazda.
Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. Here are the list of characters represented in the Persian epic poem Shāhnāma by Ferdowsi, including heroes and villains: A Arash Abteen, also known as Abtin or Obteene (آبتين is a character in Shahnama (national epic of Iran) Fereydun 's father Arash (and variants is a heroic archer-figure of Iranian oral tradition and folklore Afrasiab ( afrāsiyāb) (افراسياب Avestan: Fraŋrasyan; Pahlavi: Frāsiyāv, Frāsiyāk and Freangrāsyāk Akem Manah ( Akәm Manah) is the Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demon of the "evil mind" or "evil purpose" or "evil thinking" Kai Bahman or - Wahman (and other variants is a mythological figure of Greater Iranian legend and lore Bijan and Manijeh (also Bizhan and Manizheh, Persian بيژن و منيژه) is a love story in Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh ( Shāh-Nāmeh In the Persian epic of Shahnameh Div-e Sepid is the chieftain of Divs (Persian for Demons of Mazandaran. Esfandiar (also known as Esfandyar or Asfandyar and in اسفنديار) is a legendary Iranian hero Fereydūn (فریدون also pronounced Farīdūn, in medieval Persian Firēdūn, Middle Persian Frēdōn, and Avestan Θraētaona Garshāsp (گرشاسپ is the name of a monster-slaying hero in Persian mythology. Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc Gurdāfarīd (گردآفريد is one of the heroines in the Shāhnāmeh "The Book of Kings" or "The Epic of Kings" an enormous poetic opus written Haoma is the Avestan language name of a plant and its divinity both of which play a role in Zoroastrian doctrine and in later Persian culture and mythology Homa (in Persian هما) is a Griffin -like mythological creature (with a head of an eagle and body of a lion and Symbol in Hushang or Hōshang (in هوشنگ older Persian Hōšang, was the second Shāh to rule the world according to Ferdowsi 's Shāhnāma Iraj (ایرج is a character in Persian epic Shahnameh. He is the youngest son of Fereydun and eventually inherits the throne of Iran when Jamasp (not to be confused with Djamasp) was an Iranian philosopher in the time of Zarathustra. Jamshēd, Jamshīd ( or Jam ( in Middle- and New Persian, or Yima in Avestan is a mythological figure of Greater Kāveh the Blacksmith, ( Persian: کاوه آهنگر (Kaveh Ahangar is a mythical figure in Iranian mythology who leads a popular uprising against a ruthless Kai Khosrow ( Persian: کیخسرو is a character in the Persian epic book Shahnameh. Manūchehr (in منوچهر older Persian Manōčihr Avestan Manuščiθra, is a character in Shahnameh. Bijan and Manijeh (also Bizhan and Manizheh, Persian بيژن و منيژه) is a love story in Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh ( Shāh-Nāmeh Mehrab is a character in Persian epic Shahnameh. He is king of Kabol and is most famous for being father of Rudaba and grandfather of her son Nowzar (نوذر is a character in Shahnameh. He is the son of Manuchehr and becomes the Shah of Iran after his father's death Poshng, King of Turan was according to Ferdowsi 's epic the Shahnameh, of the race of Tur the son of Fereydun (called his sire and the father of Rakhsh (in رخش meaning luminous) is the stallion of main protagonist Rostam in the Persian national epic Shahnameh of Ferdowsi Roham or (RohumRohaam ( روهام or رهام in Persian, means 'the guardian') is a hero in Ferdosi 's Shahnama He is son of Goodarz ( گودرز in For the historical general who fought at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah for the Sassanid Empire, also mentioned in the Shahnameh, see Rostam Farrokhzād For the character in the 10th century Persian epic Shahnameh or Epic of Kings, see Rostam. Rūdāba or Roodabeh (in Persian رودابه is a Persian mythological female figure in Ferdowsi 's epic Shahnameh. Salm is a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh. He is the oldest son of legendary hero and king Fereydun. Sām (سام is a mythical hero of ancient Persia, and an important character in the Shahnameh epic Shaghad (شغاد was the half-brother of Rostam, the mighty Iranian hero of the Shahnameh, who killed Rostam by dropping him into a pit full of swords or other sharp Siāmak or Siyamak ( sɪ jɑ ˈmæk is the beloved son of Keyumars, the first human in the world in the Persian language epic the Shahnameh Siyâvash (in سياوش) (common spelling Siavash) is a character in Ferdowsi 's epic Shahnameh. Simurgh or Simorgh (سیمرغ sometimes spelled Simurg or Simoorg, also known as Angha (عنقا is the modern Persian name for Sohrab or Suhrab ( سهراب) was the son of Rostam, and Rostam was from Samangan who later married Thahamina daughter of Shah Kabul "king Sudabeh is a character in Persian epic Shahnameh. She is the wife of Key Kavoos shah of Iran, and stepmother of prince Siyavash Tahmineh (تهمينه is one of female characters of the Shahnameh epic Tahmuras or Tahmures (طهمورث New Persian transliteration Ṭahmūraṯ, older Persian Tahmurat or Tahmurath, is the third Shāh Tur is a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh. He is the second son of the legendary Iranian king Fereydun and brother of both Salm Zāl (زال in Persian) is a legendary Persian warrior from the old Persian "The Book of Kings" or Zahhāk or Zohhāk (in ضحاک is a figure of Persian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian Folklore as Aži Dahāka, the name by which he Here are the list of places represented/mentioned in the Persian epic poem Shāhnāma by Ferdowsi: Irān Harā Bərəzaitī, literally meaning "High Watchpost" is the name given in the Avestan language to a legendary mountain around which the stars and planets revolve For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Mazandaran is a Caspian Samangan ( is one of the thirty-four Provinces of Afghanistan. Tūrān ( is the ancient Iranian name for Central Asia, literally meaning "the land of the Tur" Zabulistan ( also spelled Zabolestan, is a historical region in the border area of today's Iran and Afghanistan, around the province of Zabul } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Birjand (Persian بیرجند is the east iranian provincial capital of South Khorasan and the centre of the county Birjand resp The Ark is a massive Fortress located in the city of Bukhara, Uzbekistan that was initially built and occupied around the 5th century AD Abu Mansur Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (born Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan - died 1072 Tabriz, Iran) is arguably the second most Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc Bijan and Manijeh (also Bizhan and Manizheh, Persian بيژن و منيژه) is a love story in Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh ( Shāh-Nāmeh Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (935/942-976/980 (in ابو منصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی sometimes referred to as Daqiqi (also Dakiki Daghighi Sadé or Sada ( Jashn-e Sada/Sadé (in جشن سده also transliterated as Sadeh, is an ancient Iranian tradition celebrated 50 days before The Cup of Jamshid (Cup of Djemscheed or Jaam-e Jam, in Persian: جام جم is a cup of Divination which in Persian mythology,
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