Deportation, not to be confused with extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or country. Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity In general, the term now refers exclusively to the expulsion of foreigners (the expulsion of natives is usually called banishment, exile, or transportation). Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Transportation or penal transportation refers to the deporting of Convicted Criminals to a Penal colony, for example by France Historically, it also referred to penal transportation. Transportation or penal transportation refers to the deporting of Convicted Criminals to a Penal colony, for example by France

Internal deportation

Germans being deported from the Sudetenland in the aftermath of World War II

Deportation can also happen within a state, when (for example) an individual or a group of people is forcibly resettled to a different part of the country. Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of If ethnic groups are affected by this, it is also referred to as population transfer. Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion The rationale is often that these groups might assist the enemy in war or insurrection. For example, the American state of Georgia deported 400 female mill workers during the Civil War on the suspicion they were Northern sympathizers. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South ^[1]

During World War II, Volga Germans, Chechens, and others in the Soviet Union were deported by Joseph Stalin (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union) and Japanese and Japanese Americans were deported in the United States of America by President Franklin Roosevelt (see Japanese American internment). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Volga Germans (Wolgadeutsche or Russlanddeutsche) were Ethnic Germans living along the Volga River in the region of southern European Russia Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population often classified The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan are Americans of Japanese heritage Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities but in recent decades have become the sixth largest group The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation and Internment of approximately 110000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans to housing

In the 19th century, the federal government of the United States (particularly during the administration of President Andrew Jackson) deported numerous Native American tribes. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The most infamous of these deportations became known as the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma in the Western United States American state and local authorities also practiced deportation of undesirables, criminals, union organizers, and others. A union organizer is a specific type of Trade union member (often elected or an appointed union official In the late 19th and early 20th century, deportation of union members and labor leaders was not uncommon during strikes or labor disputes. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. ^[2] For an example, see the Bisbee Deportation. The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal Deportation of about 1300 striking mine workers their supporters and innocent citizen bystanders by 2000 Vigilantes

External deportation

Almost all countries reserve the right of deportation of foreigners, even those who are longtime residents. This article deals with personal residence in a given place For other uses see Residency (disambiguation and Resident. In general, deportation is reserved for foreigners who commit serious crimes, enter the country illegally, overstay their visa, or face trial by another country (see extradition). A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal It can also be used on non-criminal visitors and foreign residents who are considered to be a threat to the country. Deportation is generally done directly by the government's executive apparatus rather than by order or authority of a court, and as such is often subject to a simpler legal process (or none), with reduced or no right to trial, legal representation or appeal. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision

Deportation often requires a specific process that must be validated by a court or senior Minister. It should therefore not be confused with Administrative Removal, which is the process of a country refusing to allow an individual to enter that country. In Immigration Law Administrative Removal is the process of removing a person who does not qualify for admission to a particular Country or Territory.

Deportation from the United States

Any alien that is in the United States may be subject to deportation or removal if he or she:

• Is an inadmissible alien according to immigration laws in effect at the time of entry to the U. S. or adjustment of nonimmigrant status;
• Is present in the U. S. in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act or any other U. S. law;
• Violated nonimmigrant status or a condition of entry into the U. S. ;
• Terminated a conditional permanent residence;
• Encouraged or aided any other alien to enter the U. S. illegally;
• Engaged in marriage fraud to gain admission to the U. S. ;
• Was convicted of certain criminal offenses;
• Failed to register or falsified documents relating to entry in to the U. S. ;
• Engaged in any activity that endangers public safety or creates a risk to national security;
• Engaged in unlawful voting; or
• Failed to resubmit address info to immigration officals every three months, whether or not they have actually moved.

The last item in the above list is seldomly enforced unless the state sees fit. For instance, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, this policy allowed for roughly 2,000 Pakistanis to be deported.

There are numerous protections and sources of relief from deportation proceedings in the United States. As such, there are Immigration attorneys that specialize in removals and deportation proceedings. Many times, the immigrant is able to benefit from available sources of relief such as: asylum,^[3] withholding of removal, adjustment of status^[4] if married to a US Citizen spouse, and cancellation of removal^[5]. It is important to note that there are also waivers^[6] available against inadmissibility and removability of an individual during deportation proceedings.

Notes

References

• Dillman, Caroline Matheny. The Roswell Mills and A Civil War Tragedy: Excerpts From Days Gone by in Alpharetta and Roswell, Georgia. Vol. 1. Roswell, Ga. : Chattahoochee Press, 1996. ISBN 0963425307
• Hitt, Michael D. Charged with Treason: The Ordeal of 400 Mill Workers During Military Operations in Roswell, Georgia, 1864-1865. Monroe, N. Y. : Library Research Associates, 1992. ISBN 0912526556
• "The Law of Necessity As Applied in the Bisbee Deportation Case. " Arizona Law Review. 3:2 (1961).
• "Lewis Attacks Deportation of Leaders by West Virginia Authorities. " New York Times. July 17, 1921.
• Lindquist, John H. and Fraser, James. "A Sociological Interpretation of the Bisbee Deportation. " Pacific Historical Review. 37:4 (November 1968).
• Martin, MaryJoy. The Corpse On Boomerang Road: Telluride's War on Labor, 1899-1908. Lake City, Colo. : Western Reflections Publishing Co. , 2004. ISBN 1932738029
• Silverberg, Louis G. "Citizens' Committees: Their Role in Industrial Conflict. " Public Opinion Quarterly. 5:1 (March 1941).
• Suggs, Jr. , George G. Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners. 2nd ed. Norman, Okla. : University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. ISBN 0806123966
• President's Mediation Commission. Report on the Bisbee Deportations Made by the President's Mediation Commission to the President of the United States. Washington, D. C. : President's Mediation Commission, November 6, 1917.
• Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen, "Deportation and the liberal state: the involuntary return of asylum seekers and unlawful migrants in Canada, the UK, and Germany", New Issues in Refugee Research: Working Paper Series, No. 77, Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2003

See also

• Israelite deportation (historical)
• Trail of tears (historical)
• Acadian deportation (historical)
• Bisbee Deportation (historical)
• Prussian deportations of 1885-1890 (historical)
• German Expulsion
• ethnic cleansing
• exile
• illegal immigrant
• immigration detention centres
• Maher Arar
• penal transportation
• Persona non grata
• population transfer
• forced migration