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For other uses, see Cesar. Cesar ( Spanish, French and Portuguese - as C é sar - for Caesar) may refer to People César Augusto
Department of Cesar
Departamento del Cesar
Department of Colombia
Flag of Department of Cesar Coat of arms of Department of Cesar
Flag of the Department of Cesar Coat of arms of the Department of Cesar
Anthem: Himno del Cesar
Location of Department of Cesar
Established December, 1967
Region Caribbean Region
Capital Valledupar
Governor
- Governor's Political Party
 Cristian Moreno Panezo
Green Party of Colombia Option Center
Area
Total
 - Land
 - Water  (% of total) 		 Ranked 22
22,925 km²
km²
km² (%)
Population
 - Total (2005)
 - Density		 Ranked 15
879,914[1]
43. Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by thirty-two departments ( Spanish: departamentos, sing The Flag of the Department of Cesar is one of the symbols that represent the Department of Cesar. The term anthem means either a specific form of Anglican church music (in Music theory and religious contexts or more generally a song (or composition of Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Because of its natural structure Colombia can be divided into six very distinct Natural regions. The Caribbean Region or Caribbean Coast Region is a natural region of Colombia mainly composed of eight Departments located contiguous to Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia, capital of the Department of Cesar founded in 1550 by Spanish Conqueror Hernando de Santana Governors See also List of mayors of Valledupar List of Colombian Department Governors This article lists political parties in Colombia. Colombia has historically maintained a Two-party system, which means that there are two dominant political Cristian Moreno Panezo (born September 22, 1970 in Bogotá) is a Colombian Politician and lawyer from the Universidad del Green Party of Colombia Option Center (Partido Verde Opción Centro is a Colombian political party associated with the philosophies of the Green party, the " Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. List of Colombian Departments by area details the Departments of Colombia by their area In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of Colombian Departments by population details population of the Departments of Colombia according to a general census taken on 2005 by the Departamento 43/km²
ISO_Code CO-CES
Government's Website:
www.gobcesar.gov.co

Department of Cesar (Spanish: Departamento del Cesar - Chimila:Zazare) or simply Cesar is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region, bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar, to the south with Department of Santander, to the west with the Department of North Santander, and to the east with the country of Venezuela (State of Zulia). ISO 3166-2CO is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to Colombia. Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by thirty-two departments ( Spanish: departamentos, sing Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Caribbean Region or Caribbean Coast Region is a natural region of Colombia mainly composed of eight Departments located contiguous to The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Estado Zulia is one of Venezuela 's 23 states ''(estados''. The state capital is Maracaibo. The department capital city is Valledupar. Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia, capital of the Department of Cesar founded in 1550 by Spanish Conqueror Hernando de Santana [2]

The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparíes in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuríes in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Tupe, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilones and Alcoholados pertaining to the Chimilas. The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, but German Ambrosio Alfínger savagely conquered the region in 1532. Ambrosius Ehinger, also ( Ambrosio Alfínger in Spanish) Dalfinger Thalfinger, (* c [3] In 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos. Hernando de Santana was a Spanish conqueror the founder of the City of Valledupar and conqueror in what is now northern Colombia. Juan de Castellanos (born in Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century date of death unknown was a poet soldier and Catholic priest [4]

In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar and donated 300 horses to Simon Bolivar. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash In 1829 Valledupar became a Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta. A canton is an Administrative division of a country eg a region or state By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated frim Santa Marta becoming the Province of Valledupar. In 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29, 1864 became the Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year On December 27, 1967 the Department of Cesar was created officially. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. [5]

Contents

Etymology

The "Cesar" name is an adaptation from the Chimila indigenous word Chet-tzar or Zazare into the Spanish language which means "calm water", in reference to the Cesar River. The Cesar River is a river in northern Colombia which is a part of the Magdalena Basin. The valley that its basin covers is also named after the river and extends through most of the department. The Department of Cesar was created in 1967 by decree and the name officially adopted. [6]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Cesar Department

The Department of Cesar is located in northern Colombia bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the east with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, to the west with the Department of Magdalena, to the southwest with the Department of Bolivar and to the south with the departments of North Santander and Santander covering a total area of 22. The Geography of Cesar Department is part of the Geography of Colombia, located within the Colombian Caribbean region contiguous to the Caribbean sea The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the 905 km². [7]

The majority of the Department is flat in 57% of the total area and 43% mountainous mainly in the Serrania del Perija and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain ranges. [8]

Ecoregions

The Department of Cesar contains five Ecoregions; the Serrania del Perija mountain range, the valley of the Cesar River, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the valley of the Magdalena River and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes complex. An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " The Serranía del Perijá, Cordilla de Perijá or Sierra de Perijá is a mountain range an extension of the eastern Andean branch ( Cordillera The Cesar River is a river in northern Colombia which is a part of the Magdalena Basin. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. The Magdalena River (Spanish Río Magdalena) also called Yuma River (Spanish Río Yuma) is the principal River of Colombia, running Ciénaga de Zapatosa (Marsh of Zapatosa is a large Marsh in a depression located between the Colombian departments of Cesar and Magdalena In Geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of Wetland which is subject [9]

Serrania del Perija mountain range

The Serrania del Perija mountain range covers most of the eastern side of the Department of Cesar between its border with Venezuela and the Department of North Santander, approximately 300 km in length penetrating into the Department of La Guajira to the north and covering 27% of the total area of Cesar. The Serranía del Perijá, Cordilla de Perijá or Sierra de Perijá is a mountain range an extension of the eastern Andean branch ( Cordillera The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. The Serrania del Perija covers, partially or totally the area of 17 municipalities in the Department of Cesar; Aguachica, Codazzi, Becerril, Chimichagua, Chiriguana, Curumani, Gonzalez, La Gloria, La Jagua de Ibirico, Los Robles La Paz, Manaure, Pailitas, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto, San Diego and San Martin. There are also the indigenous reserves pertaining to the Yukpas people; Iroka, Socorpa and Menkue-Misaya-La Pista; and to the Wiwas people; Caño Padilla, El Rosario-Bella Vista-Yucatan and Campoalegre. Yukpa is an Amerindian ethnic group that inhabits the northeastern part of the Cesar Department in northern Colombia by the Serrania del Perija [10]

Approximately 70% of the mountain range preserves unique flora and fauna and some 20 rivers are born in the mountain range among other minor streams, flowing into the Department of Cesar and feeding the Magdalena and Cesar river basins and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes. The Colombian government declared it a National Forest Reserve. [11]

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range

The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is an isolated mountain range located in the northwestern region of the Department of Cesar. The mountain range is shared with by Department of La Guajira, which covers the northern area, the Department of Magdalena to the western side and the Department of Cesar which covers the southern face, covering a total area of 16,615 km² (1'661,500 ha) of which 380,000 ha pertain to the Department of Cesar. The Cesar River and the western side of its basin is born on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, including the Guatapuri, Badillo, Ariguani, Cesarito, Los Clavos, Garupal and Rio Seco rivers. The Guatapurí River, or Rio Guatapurí in Spanish is a river that flows from the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta into the Cesar River Ariguaní River is a River in northern Colombia 's Caribbean Region born in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range in the area of the The mountains are within the boundaries of the municipalities of Pueblo Bello, Valledupar, El Copey and Bosconia. [12]

The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve on October 29, 1993. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) [13]

Valley of the Cesar river

Valley of the Magdalena river

Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes

Climate

Climate in the Department of Cesar presents variations in climate depending on altitude, as well as rainfall precipitations. Mountain climate in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serrania del Perija cools downs the higher the altitude reachin freezing low temperatures at the snowy peaks and the region has two rainy seasons and two dry seasons, averaging a temperature through out the year of 28°C. [14] Lower lands present a warm and dry climate, annual precipitations are less than 1,300 mm a year. The mountainous regions are characterized by low temperatures with snow at high altitude peaks and precipitations ranging more than 2,000 mm a year.

Weather averages for Valledupar
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 94. 5 (34. 7) 96. 1 (35. 6) 96. 6 (35. 9) 96. 1 (35. 6) 93. 2 (34. 0) 93. 6 (34. 2) 95. 7 (35. 4) 95. 2 (35. 1) 92. 8 (33. 8) 90. 7 (32. 6) 91. 8 (33. 2) 92. 5 (33. 6) 93. 6 (35. 1)
Average low °F (°C) 72. 3 (22. 4) 73. 6 (23. 1) 74. 5 (23. 6) 75. 4 (24. 1) 75. 4 (24. 1) 75. 2 (24. 0) 75. 6 (24. 2) 75. 2 (24. 0) 74. 3 (23. 5) 74. 5 (23. 6) 73. 6 (23. 1) 73. 0 (22. 8) 74. 3 (23. 6)
Precipitation inches (mm) (12) (10) (26) (71) (154) (82) (63) (116) (122) (199) (89) (28) (972)
Source: Weatherbase[15][16] Apr 2008

History

Pre-Columbian

The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparíes in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuríes in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Tupe, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilones and Alcoholados pertaining to the Chimilas. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric

Spanish chronicles describe the tribes as being part of a federation of tribes led by Caciques, with the village of Eupari as the largest and central to the other villages. Cacique or Cazique (female form Cacica) from the Taíno word for the Pre-Columbian tribal chiefs or leaders, of the Taino These tribes are believed to be related to the Mesoamerican culture, the Caribs and Arawaks, directly associated to the Muisca culture in the Colombian eastern branch of the Andes. Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined Cariban languages Carib, Island Carib or Kalinago people after whom the Caribbean Sea was named live in the Lesser Antilles islands The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for Cassava flour was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in Muisca refers to a nation of the Chibchan Culture that formed the Muisca Confederation encountered by the Spanish at the time of the conquest of what is now part The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. [17]

Archelogical findings has shown that the indigenous in the area worked with stones and wood, including a boomerang shaped weapon found in a cemetery at Los Robles La Paz. A boomerang is a simple implement used for various purposes It is primarily associated with Australian Aborigines but has been found amongst peoples of North Los Robles La Paz or simply La Paz is a municipality and a town in the Department of Cesar, Colombia. [18]

Spanish conquest and colonization

The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, but German Ambrosio Alfínger savagely conquered the region in 1531. Ambrosius Ehinger, also ( Ambrosio Alfínger in Spanish) Dalfinger Thalfinger, (* c [19][20] In 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos. Hernando de Santana was a Spanish conqueror the founder of the City of Valledupar and conqueror in what is now northern Colombia. Juan de Castellanos (born in Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century date of death unknown was a poet soldier and Catholic priest [21]

Republican era

In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar and donated 300 horses to Simon Bolivar. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash In 1829 Valledupar became a Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta. A canton is an Administrative division of a country eg a region or state By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated frim Santa Marta becoming the Province of Valledupar. In 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29, 1864 became the Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year On December 27, 1967 the Department of Cesar was created officially. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. [22]

Politics

Government and Politics

Governors

Main article: Governor of Cesar Department

Department Assembly

Main article: Department Assembly of Cesar

Administrative Divisions

Municipalities

See also: Municipalities of Colombia

The Department of Cesar is formed by 25 municipalities, some 171 corregimientos, 990 veredas and 10 indigenous reserves. Governors See also List of mayors of Valledupar List of Colombian Department Governors The Municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia. [23] For administrative reasons the Department of Cesar is subdivided into 4 strategic reagions; the Northern Subregion covering the municipalties of Valledupar, Codazzi, Pueblo Bello, La Paz, Manaure and San Diego. The Northwestern Subregion covering the municipalities of Bosconia, El Copey, El Paso and Astrea. The Central Subregion covering the municipalities of Curumani, Becerril, Chiriguana, La Jagua de Ibirico, Chimichagua, Tamalameque and Pailitas; and the Southern Subregion covering the municipalities of Aguachica, Gamarra, Gonzalez, La Gloria, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto and San Martin. [24]

Municipalities Map
  1. Aguachica
  2. Astrea
  3. Becerril
  4. Bosconia
  5. Chimichagua
  6. Chiriguana
  7. Codazzi
  8. Curumani
  9. El Copey
  10. El Paso
  11. Gamarra
  12. González
  13. La Gloria
  14. La Jagua de Ibirico
  15. Manaure
  16. Pailitas
  17. Pelaya
  18. Pueblo Bello
  19. Rio de Oro
  20. Robles La Paz
  21. San Alberto
  22. San Diego
  23. San Martín
  24. Tamalameque
  25. Valledupar
 Municipalities in the Cesar Department

Economy

Ciénaga de la Zapatosa marsh by La Gloria, southern Cesar Department
Ciénaga de la Zapatosa marsh by La Gloria, southern Cesar Department

The economy of the César Department is sustained by the Agricultural sector, secondly by a Services industry following with Commercial Industry and Mining. Aguachica, is a small city and municipality in the southern region of the Department of Cesar, Colombia. Astrea is a municipality and town of the Department of Cesar in northern Colombia. Becerril or Becerril de Campos is a town and municipality of the Colombian Department of Cesar. Bosconia is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. Chimichagua is a city and municipality in the central region of the Department of Cesar, Colombia. Chiriguaná is a city and municipality in the Department of Cesar, Colombia. Agustin Codazzi or Codazzi, is a city and municipality of the Department of Cesar. Curumaní is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. El Copey is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. El Paso is a municipality in the Cesar Department of Colombia. Gamarra is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. González is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. La Gloria is a Municipality and town in the Department of Cesar, northern Colombia by the Magdalena River. La Jagua de Ibirico (literally "The Jagua of Ibirico " is a town and municipality in the Department of Cesar, Colombia. Manaure also known as Balcón del Cesar (Cesar's Balcony is a Colombian town and municipality located in the northeastern region of the Cesar Department Pailitas is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. Pelaya is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. Pueblo Bello (Pretty Village is a village and municipality in the northern region of the Department of Cesar, Colombia. Río de Oro (River of Gold is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. Los Robles La Paz or simply La Paz is a municipality and a town in the Department of Cesar, Colombia. San Alberto is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. San Diego is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. San Martín is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. Tamalameque is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia, capital of the Department of Cesar founded in 1550 by Spanish Conqueror Hernando de Santana La Gloria is a Municipality and town in the Department of Cesar, northern Colombia by the Magdalena River. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Cattle raising is exploited extensively (using large farms), and for this reason large portions of forests have been chopped off to create corrals. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria In agriculture, plantations of cotton, rice, sugar cane, oil palm, yucca and plantain. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae The oil palms ( Elaeis) comprise two species of the Arecaceae, or palm family The yuccas comprise the Genus Yucca of 40-50 species of perennials Shrubs and Trees in the Agave family The plantain is a crop in the genus Musa and is generally used for cooking in contrast to the soft sweet Banana (which is sometimes called the Services are centered on commerce and the industry is represented by oil products, fats and milk derived products. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. As one of the biggest water resources areas of Colombia, if not America, part of the Magdalena River crosses the Department and helps create the Cienaga de Zapatosa (Zapatosa Marsh) along with the Cesar river. Water resources are sources of Water that are useful or potentially useful to Humans Uses of water include Agricultural, industrial, Household Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Magdalena River (Spanish Río Magdalena) also called Yuma River (Spanish Río Yuma) is the principal River of Colombia, running Ciénaga de Zapatosa (Marsh of Zapatosa is a large Marsh in a depression located between the Colombian departments of Cesar and Magdalena In Geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of Wetland which is subject It has a great potential to develop a fishing industry also, but it is practiced at a minimum. The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking culturing processing preserving storing transporting marketing or selling fish or fish products Most of the territory has not been explored in the search of more minerals due to violence, but because of recent findings, it became a potential source. [1]

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/regiones/cesar/cesar.pdf
  2. ^ (Spanish) Valledupar official website, Capital of the Department of Cesar
  3. ^ (Spanish) Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute: History of Cesar
  4. ^ LABLAA: Department of Cesar; History
  5. ^ (Spanish) Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute: History of Cesar
  6. ^ (Spanish) LABLAA - Luis Galvis: Don Gonzalo
  7. ^ (Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: The Territory
  8. ^ (Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: The Territory
  9. ^ (Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: The Territory
  10. ^ (Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: Serrania del Perija
  11. ^ (Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: Serrania del Perija
  12. ^ (Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
  13. ^ (Spanish) UNESCO: Buritaca 200 - Ciudad Perdida - Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
  14. ^ (Spanish) Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute: Climate of the Department of Cesar
  15. ^ Worldweather: Valledupar, Colombia. Weatherbase (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
  16. ^ *Climatological information is based on monthly averages for the 30-year period 1971-2000.
    • Precipitation includes both rain and snow.
    • Attention: Please note that the averaging period for climatological information and the definition of "Mean Number of Precipitation/Rain Days" quoted in this web site may be different for different countries. Hence, care should be taken when city climatologies are compared.
  17. ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p.  22
  18. ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p.  23
  19. ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p.  21
  20. ^ (Spanish) Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute: History of Cesar
  21. ^ LABLAA: Department of Cesar; History
  22. ^ (Spanish) Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute: History of Cesar
  23. ^ Government of Colombia: Human Rights in the Department of Cesar; municipalities
  24. ^ (Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: The Territory

References

External links

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