The Deobandi (Urdu: دیو بندی devbandī) is a Sunni Sufi[1] Islamic revivalist movement which started in India and has more recently spread to other countries, such as Afghanistan, South Africa and the United Kingdom. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Islamic theology is a branch of Islamic studies regarding the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith In Islam, a Maturidi ( Arabic: الماتريدي) is one who follows Abu Mansur Al Maturidi 's theology which is a close variant of the The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan Athari ( al-Athariyya) in English is translated as textualism which is derived from the Arabic word Athar, which means "Narrations" Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The six major Hadith collections (Arabic Al-Sihah al-Sittah) are the works of some individuals from Islamic scholars who by their Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections as-Sunan as-Sughra (السنن الصغرى also known as Sunan an-Nasa'i (Arabic سنن النسائي is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. Jami al-Tirmidhi (جامع الترمذي popularly Sunan al-Tirmidhi (سُـنَن الترمذي is one of the Sunni Six major Hadith collections Sunan Ibn Maja (سُنن ابن ماجه is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections collected by Ibn Maja. The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. Sunan al-Darami by Al-Darami (181H-255H is a Hadith collection considered by Sunnis to be among the nine the Six major Hadith collections Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [2][3][4] The name derives from Deoband, India, where the school Darul Uloom Deoband is situated. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Deoband ( Hindi: देवबंद Urdu: دیوبند Deoband) is a city and a The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic school, where Deobandi Islamic movement was started Deobandis follow the fiqh of Abu Hanifa and Abu Mansur Maturidi's thought in Aqidah and Kalam, school of law (Fiqh). Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت) better known by In Islam, a Maturidi ( Arabic: الماتريدي) is one who follows Abu Mansur Al Maturidi 's theology which is a close variant of the Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the
Contents |
Tenets
Deobandi thought has five main principles, which are:
- Tawhid: Abrahamic Monotheism (of God); no one shares His attributes. Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]]
- Sunna: Following the methodology of Muhammad. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics
- Ħubbus-Sahaba: Following the methodology of companions of Muhammad. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad.
- Taqlid wal-Ittibā: Giving preference to the jurisprudence of one of the earliest jurists of Islam over that of later jurists. Taqlid or taqleed ( Arabic تَقْليد taqlīd) is an Arabic term meaning "to follow (someone" or "to imitate"
- Jihād fī Sabīlil-Lāh: Doing Jihād (Striving for the good, in the name of God)
History
The Deobandi movement developed as a reaction to the British colonialism in India, which was believed by Muslim theologians to be corrupting Islam. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Fearing its consequences, a group of Indian Hanafi Islamic scholars (Ulama) led by Qasim Nanotwi founded an Islamic seminary known as Darul Uloom Deoband. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs It is here that the Islamic revivalist and anti-British ideology of the Deobandis began to develop. Gradually, through organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat, their influence began to spread, and hundreds of schools and Darul Ulooms affiliated with Deoband sprouted. Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (or Organization of Indian Scholars) is one of the leading Islamic organizations in India. Tablighi Jamaat ("Conveying Group" ( Arabic: جماعة التبليغ, also Tabligh) is a Muslim Missionary and revival "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Darul uloom (دار العلوم also transliterated dar al-`ulum, darul ulum etc Notable Hanafi seminaries of Deobandi school include: Nadwatul-Ulama in Lucknow, India and Darul Uloom Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Darul 'Uloom Karachi is an Islamic seminary located in Karachi Pakistan. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
Early Deobandi scholars include Nanotwi, Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi, Husain Ahmed Madani, Mawlana Ashraf Ali Thanawi, Ilyas Khandhelawi, Ubaidullah Sindhi, and Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi. Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1244 AH – 1323 AH (1826 AD – 1905 AD Education Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (May Allah's Mercy be upon him is a descendant Husain Ahmad Madani (born 6 October 1879 died 1957 was an Islamic scholar from the Indian subcontinent and was among the senior khulafa Hakeem Al-Ummah Mawlana Ashraf Ali Thanwi, also Thanawi or Thanvi HE was one of the most prominent scholars of Deobandi in India hailing intellectually from Maulana Muhammad Ilyas Kandhelvi ( was the founder of the Islamic revivalist movement Tablighi Jamaat. Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi (10 March 1872-22 August 1944 ( Urdu: مولانا عبیداللہ سندھی) was a noted pan-Islamic leader a political activist of the Qutbul Aqtaab Shaikhul Hadith Hadhrat Aqdas Maulana Muhammad Zakarīyyā Kāndhlawī Muhajir Madani (RA nawarullahe marqadahu was a prominent Sunni Muslim
Present
Prominent Scholars
Prominent Deobandi scholars today include Maulana Saalim Qasmi, Mufti Taqi Uthmani, Mufti Ebrahim Desai, Grand Mufti Muhammad Rafi Usmani, and Tariq Jamil. Justice ( R) Maulana Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani ( Uthmani ( Arabic / Urdu: محمد تقی عثمانی Ebrahim Desai is an Muslim ( Deobandi) Mufti from Camperdown, near Pietermaritzburg, South Africa who is well known for This page is about the title and persons carrying the title For the former Grand Mufti of Jerusalem (from 1921-1948 see Mohammad Amin al-Husayni Muhammad Rafi Usmani (محمد رفيع عثماني is the Grand Mufti of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Maulana Tariq Jamil (born 1953 is a well known Islamic scholar of the Hanafi school of thought from Pakistan
Prominent Members
Some famous people who have joined the Tablighi Jamaat (a movement founded by Deoband Maulana Muhammad Ilyas) are Pakistani cricketers Shahid Afridi, Inzamam ul Haq, Mohammad Yousuf, Saqlain Mushtaq, former Pakistani cricketers Saeed Anwar and Salim Malik and famous pop star Junaid Jamshaid. Tablighi Jamaat ("Conveying Group" ( Arabic: جماعة التبليغ, also Tabligh) is a Muslim Missionary and revival Maulana Muhammad Ilyas Kandhelvi ( was the founder of the Islamic revivalist movement Tablighi Jamaat. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Sahibzada Mohammad Shahid Khan Afridi ( Pashto: صاحبزاده محمد شاهد خان اپرېدی Urdu:) born 1 March, 1980 in Inzamam-ul-Haq ( Urdu: انضمام الحق) (born 3 March 1970 in Multan, Punjab Province, Pakistan) Saqlain Mushtaq ( Urdu: ثقلین مشتاق) (born December 29, 1976 in Lahore, Punjab) is a Pakistani Saeed Anwar ( Urdu: سعید انور born September 6 1968) in Karachi, Pakistan, is a former Pakistani opening Saleem Malik ( Urdu: سلیم ملک (born April 16, 1963)(also known as Salim Malik is a former Pakistani Cricketer who played Junaid Jamshed is a famous Pakistani Recording artist who came to the limelight as Frontman of Pop group Vital Signs in 1987 with the
In the United Kingdom
According to The Times, about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,400 mosques are run by Deobandi affiliated clerics, and 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow Deobandi teachings, producing about 80 percent of all domestically trained Muslim clerics. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. [5][6][7]
Controversial Shaykh Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq is in line to become the spiritual leader of the Deobandi sect in Britain. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Shaikh Abu Yusuf Riyadh-ul-Haq was born in Gujarat, India in 1971 [8][9]
Condemnation of terrorism
In February 2008, an "Anti-terrorism Conference" organized by the seminary Darul Uloom in Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, denounced all forms of terrorism, saying "Islam prohibits killing of innocent people," and "Islam sternly condemns all kinds of oppression, violence and terrorism. Darul uloom (دار العلوم also transliterated dar al-`ulum, darul ulum etc WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Deoband ( Hindi: देवबंद Urdu: دیوبند Deoband) is a city and a Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U " The conference also denounced widespread attempts to blame religious Muslims for terrorist incidents. [10]
Controversy and Criticism
- Taliban
The Taliban are said to follow the teachings of the Deoband school, although some journalists, such as Ahmed Rashid, claim they follow a simplistic version of the school's teachings. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Ahmed Rashid (b 1948 in Rawalpindi) is a Pakistani Journalist and best-selling author [11]
- Conflict with Barelwis
Some Barelwi leaders have pronounced takfir on Deobandis for writings deemed to be against the Quran and Sunnah. Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" [12] In May 2001, riots broke out in Pakistan after the assassination of a leader of the Barelwi movement by Sipah Sahaba Pakistan, a Deoband-affiliated group. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by [13] Barelwi activists have forcibly taken control of several dozen Deobandi and Salafi Mosques between 1992 and 2002, with methods that have often sparked violence. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger [13]
- Salafi Criticism
Salafi scholars criticise Deobandis for:
- Frequent ta'weel of the attributes of Allah. An esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an is an Interpretation of the Qur’an which includes attribution of Esoteric or mystic meanings to the [14]
- Not considering the complete Qur'an to be the Speech of Allah. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [15]
- Acknowledgment of tawassul, which is considered shirk by Salafis. Tawassul (توسل is an Islamic religious practice in which a Muslim seeks nearness to Allah. [16]
- Belief in the eternal life of Muhammad[17] which, according to Salafi scholars, belongs only to Allah, and thus constitutes shirk, besides contradicting the verse from the Qur'an: "Verily you, (O Muhammad) will die and they will die too". [18]
- Denying that Iman is both belief and action, maintaining that it is simply "affirmation of the tongue and confirmation of the heart"[19] and that "righteous actions are not a part of Iman because actions increase and decrease";[20] and denying that Iman increases and decreases,[21] against the statements in the Qur'an: "And when His verses are recited to them they increase their Iman". [22] and "And the believers may increase in Iman"[23]
- Cash for fatwas scandal
Following a sting operation, StarTV Channel showed clerics belonging to Darul Uloom Deoband demanding and receiving cash for fatwas. The fatwas issued allegedly mandated that Muslims are not allowed to use credit cards, double beds or camera-equipped cell phones; that Muslims should not act in films, donate their organs or teach their children English; and that Muslim girls should not wear jeans. [24]
The seminary's vice chancellor, Marghoobur Rehman, said cleric Mufti Habibur Rehman was suspended from the fatwa department on Sunday after the television report, according to a Press Trust of India news agency report.
The vice chancellor said a committee would investigate the matter and, if found guilty, the cleric would be sacked. [25]
See also
References
- ^ http://darululoom-deoband.com/english/aboutdarululoom/the_tack.htm Official Site of Darul Uloom Deoband
- ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2402973.ece
- ^ http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/inayat_bunglawala/2007/09/a_toxic_mix_of_fact_and_nonsense.html
- ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/leading_article/article2402813.ece
- ^ "Few people realise the extent to which the Deobandis have infiltrated mosques, schools and Muslim neighbourhoods across the country. Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Islam is the second largest religion in the United Kingdom with a total of 1591000 (or 2 The ultra-conservative movement, with modern roots in Pakistan’s extremist madrassas, now controls more than 600 mosques. It runs 17 of Britain’s 26 Islamic seminaries, and they produce 80 per cent of home-trained Muslim clerics. " Times Online September 7, 2007
- ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2402973.ece
- ^ http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/inayat_bunglawala/2007/09/a_toxic_mix_of_fact_and_nonsense.html
- ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2402998.ece
- ^ http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/inayat_bunglawala/2007/09/a_toxic_mix_of_fact_and_nonsense.html
- ^ Muslim clerics declare terror "un-Islamic" Times of India Feb. 25, 2008
- ^ Ahmed Rashid Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (2001)
- ^ http://www.sunnirazvi.org/library/booklets/deoband.htm#Beliefs%20of%20deobandi,%20tablighi%20&%20wahabi%20groups
- ^ a b The Hindu : Opinion / Leader Page Articles : Serious threat to Pakistan's civil society
- ^ "And the suitable ta'weel of the verses has been performed by our imaams based on the correct language and religion, so that those with less understanding may comprehend them, for example Istawaa which implies victory and Hand which implies power. Ahmed Rashid (b 1948 in Rawalpindi) is a Pakistani Journalist and best-selling author " Khaleel Ahmad Saharanpuri, Al-Mahnad 'ala al-Mufnad
- ^ "We do not say that the words and alphabets of the Qur'an are of previous existence. and we are not convinced that it is new. Rather, the meaning of the Qur'an is ancient, which is with the essence of Allah. Allah speaks with this established arrangement which indicates its ancient (pre-existene) meaning. It is this arrangement which Allah causes the people to hear. It is this arrangement which is memorized and its inscriptions and shapes are written in place of letters which indicate its meaning. So the meaning of His saying "So that he may hear the Word of Allah" (at-Tawbah 9:6) means until they hear the words which indicate the speech of Allah. Just as it is said 'I have heard the knowledge of so and so'. Thus Musa (peace be upon him) heard a voice which indicated Allah the Most High. However since it was not through the medium of a book or angel, he was particularized with the name 'Al-Kaleem'. It is a matter of fact that the speech of Allah the Most High is a term shared between the ancient Al-Kalaam and Nafsee (meaning being related to Him, being an attribute of Him, the Most High) and between the spoken, the new the one written from the chapters and verses (meaning that it is the creation of Allah and not from the writings of the created). ", Sharh aqaaid un-Nasfiyyah
- ^ "We and our scholars believe that the tawassul of the prophets, awliyaa, martyrs and the truthful is permissible while making supplication during their lifetime and after their death, one should clearly state: O Allah, through the means of so and so respected individual, I seek the acceptance of my supplication and the granting my wish. "< Khaleel ahmad Saharanpuri, p. 7
- ^ "And from that which is established with the Ulema is the fact that the Prophet is alive and being provided with sustenance. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) benefits from all the different types of pleasures and types of worship, except that he is concealed from the vision of those who are deficient of noble rank. " Hasan Sharbanlali Muraaqi al-Falah Ali Noor, al-Eedah
- ^ Qur'an, az-Zumar, 39:30
- ^ Tahawi, Kitab ul-Aqeedah
- ^ Abul Muntahi al-Mughnisani, Sharh al Fiqh al Akbar, p. 31
- ^ ". . . the reality that Iman does not increase or decrease. . . " Sharh Aqaaid Nasfiyyah, p. 88
- ^ Qur,an, al-anfaal, 8:2
- ^ Qur'an, al-Muddathir, 74:31
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_for_fatwas_scandal
- ^ http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2000879,00.html
Bibliography
- Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. ISBN 0691096805.
External links
- Ulama e Deoband online - Multimedia
- Deen ki Kuttab
- Dar ul Uloom Deoband
- Famous Scholars (Rahimahumullah) of Darululoom Deoband
- al-Balaagh Magazine Canada
- Muslim group behind ‘mega-mosque’ seeks to convert all Britain
- Islamic solutions to problems within Islam
- Borough mosques ‘are not a hotbed for extremists’
- British Muslims Reject Trial by Media of the Deobandi Movement
Opposing views
- Our followers ‘must live in peace until strong enough to wage jihad’ - The Times, September 8 2007
- A toxic mix of fact and nonsense - The Times, [[September 7 2007
- Hardline takeover of British mosques - The Times, September 7 2007
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