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This article is about the dental profession. For tooth care, see oral hygiene or dental surgery. Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Dental surgery is any of a number of Medical procedures which involve artificially modifying the Dentition.
A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient.
A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient.

Dentistry is the "evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical, surgical or related procedures) of diseases, disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body". [1] Those in the practice of dentistry are known as dentists. Other people aiding in oral health service include dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental therapists. A dental auxiliary is any of the Dentist 's supporting team who helps with dental treatment Dental assistants help the dental operator ( Dentist or other treating Dental auxiliary) provide more efficient dental treatment. A dental hygienist is a licensed Dental auxiliary who specializes in preventive dental care typically but not limited to focusing on techniques in Oral hygiene. A dental technician is a member of the dental team who with a written work order produces dental appliances such as a removable prothesis including Dentures and A dental therapist is a licensed Dental auxiliary in some countries who specializes in treating children's teeth and Oral hygiene.

A dentist is a healthcare professional qualified to practice dentistry after graduating with a degree of either Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD), Bachelor of Dentistry (BDent), Bachelor of Dental Science (BDSc), or Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Chirurgiae (BDS) or (BChD) or equivalent. The DDS degree referring to Doctor of Dental Surgery, denotes one of a few degrees that are awarded to dentists the others being Doctor of Dental Medicine ( DMD) The DDS degree referring to Doctor of Dental Surgery, denotes one of a few degrees that are awarded to dentists the others being Doctor of Dental Medicine ( DMD) The DDS degree referring to Doctor of Dental Surgery, denotes one of a few degrees that are awarded to dentists the others being Doctor of Dental Medicine ( DMD) The DDS degree referring to Doctor of Dental Surgery, denotes one of a few degrees that are awarded to dentists the others being Doctor of Dental Medicine ( DMD) The DDS degree referring to Doctor of Dental Surgery, denotes one of a few degrees that are awarded to dentists the others being Doctor of Dental Medicine ( DMD) In most western countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least 4 years of postgraduate study. Generally, 2 years of clinical experience working with patients in an educational setting are required. . While in most countries, dentists neither earn a Doctorate degree, or medical degree, they are afforded the honorary title "Doctor". A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral [2]

Contents

History

Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616-17.
Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. Johann Liss (also called Jan Lys (c 1590 or 1597 &ndash 1627 or 1631 was a leading German Baroque painter of the 17th century active mainly in Venice 1616-17.

Evidence of dentistry has been found in teeth dating from around 5500 BC to 7000 BC. [3][4] The teeth, showing evidence of holes from dental drills, were found in people of the Indus Valley Civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin [5] A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries. Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth [6] Evidence of this belief has also been found in India, Egypt, Japan, and China. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [7]

The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, includes the treatment of several dental ailments. The Edwin Smith Papyrus is the only surviving copy of part of an Ancient Egyptian Textbook on trauma Surgery. [8][9] In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment. The Code of Hammurabi ( Codex Hammurabi) is the best-preserved ancient Law code, created ca [10] Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics and surgery. The History of Ancient Egypt spans the period from the early predynastic settlements of the northern Nile Valley to the Roman conquest in 30 In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation In Medicine, a prosthesis (plural prostheses) is an Artificial extension that replaces a missing Body part. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental [1]

Medieval dentist extracting a tooth. London; c. 1360-75.
Medieval dentist extracting a tooth. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity London; c. 1360-75.

Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth, which not only resulted in the alleviation of pain, but often cured a variety of ailments linked to chronic tooth infection. A barber (from the Latin barba, " Beard " is someone whose occupation is to cut any type of hair give shaves, and trim Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican[2] (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used up until the late 18th century. Guy de Chauliac ( c.1300 &ndash 1368 born in Chaulhac, Lozère, France, was the most eminent of Surgeons during the European A pelican is a large water Bird with a distinctive pouch under the beak belonging to the Bird family Pelecanidae. The pelican was replaced by the dental key[3] which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 20th century. The dental key is an instrument that was used in Dentistry to extract diseased teeth.

The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530, and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685. [11] It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named "the father of modern dentistry". Pierre Fauchard (1678 &ndash March 22 1761) was a significant French Physician, he is credited to be the "father of modern Among many of his developments were the extensive use of dental prosthesis, the introduction of dental fillings as a treatment for dental caries and the statement that sugar derivate acids such as tartaric acid are responsible for dental decay. Prosthodontics is one of the 9 specialties recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and Royal Australasian College A dental restoration or dental filling is a Dental restorative material used artificially to restore the function integrity and morphology of missing tooth Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth Tartaric acid is a white crystalline Organic acid. It occurs naturally in many plants particularly Grapes Bananas and Tamarinds and is

The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first dental school in the world, opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1840, and in 1867 Harvard Dental School became the first dental school affiliated with a university. The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, (founded February 1 1840, is the birthplace of the Doctor of Dental Surgery degree ( D Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. In England, the 1878 British Dentists Act and 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners. [12][11] The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practicing dentistry. [13] The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practicing illegally. [12]

General dentistry

Image:JamieDentalDam.jpg
Patient with dental dam in mouth.

General practitioners of dentistry prevent, evaluate, diagnose, and treat diseases of the oral cavity and associated structures (e. g. the temporomandibular joint), as well as maintain the functionality and esthetics of the teeth and associated tissues and structures. The temporomandibular joint is the joint of the Jaw and is frequently referred to as TMJ. They can prescribe medication , x-rays, and devices for home or in-office use. Many oral diseases (such as bilateral odontogenic keratocysts) and abnormalities (such as several unerupted teeth) can indicate systemic, neural, or other diseases. This article is about the political term for the term as used in Biology, see symmetry (biology. An odontogenic keratocyst is a benign but locally aggressive developmental odontogenic Cyst. A general practitioner may refer patients to their physician or a specialist for further evaluation, or vice versa for treatment.

Contrary to popular belief, most dentists do not regularly clean teeth, and instead delegate this task to other oral health providers (e. g. dental hygienists). Most general practitioners of dentistry perform restorative, prosthetic, routine endodontic therapy, routine periodontal therapy, and simple exodontia, as well as performing examinations. In Medicine, a prosthesis (plural prostheses) is an Artificial extension that replaces a missing Body part. Endodontics, from the Greek endo (inside and odons (tooth is a specialist sub-field of Dentistry that deals with the tooth pulp and the Periodontology, or Periodontics, is the branch of Dentistry which studies supporting structures of teeth, and diseases and conditions that affect them General practitioners can choose which cases to treat, and which will be referred to a specialist for further care. Many general practitioners are comfortable treating more complex cases, as well as placing implants and surgically extracting third molars (wisdom teeth). All dentists must achieve a certain degree of skill in various disciplines in order to graduate from dental school and earn licensure. Many complex procedures are frequently referred to specialists.

Specialities

In addition to general dentistry, there are 9 recognized dental specialties in the US, Canada, and Australia. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity To become a specialist requires one to train in a residency or advanced graduate training program. Once residency is completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many specialty programs have optional or required advanced degrees such as (MD/MBBS specific to Maxillofacial Surgery), MS, or PhD.

Specialists in these fields are designated registrable (U. S. "Board Eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pediatric dentist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local (U. S. "Board Certified"), (Australia/NZ: "FRACDS"), or (Canada: "FRCD(C)") registry requirements.

Two other post-graduate formal advanced education programs: General Practice Residency (advanced clinical and didactic training with intense hospital experience) and Advanced Education in General Dentistry (advanced training in clinical dentistry) recognized by the ADA do not lead to specialization. A General Practice Residency (GPR is a one or two year Hospital based postgraduate training program for Dentists seeking additional Education in all aspects

Special category: Oral Biology - Research in Dental and Craniofacial Biology

Other dental education exists where no post-graduate formal university training is required: cosmetic dentistry, dental implant, temporo-mandibular joint therapy. Cosmetic dentistry is comprehensive oral care that combines art and science to optimally improve dental health aesthetics and function A dental implant is an Artificial tooth root replacement and is used in prosthetic Dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth Temporomandibular joint disorder ( TMJD, TMJ or TMD) or TMJ syndrome, is an umbrella term covering acute or chronic These usually require the attendance of one or more continuing education courses that typically last for one to several days. There are restrictions on allowing these dentists to call themselves specialists in these fields. The specialist titles are registrable titles and controlled by the local dental licensing bodies.

Forensic odontology consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology is the proper handling Examination and Evaluation of dental Evidence, which will be then This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.

Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal ageing and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals. Geriatric dentistry or gerodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis prevention and treatment of problems associated with normal aging

Veterinary dentistry, a speciality of veterinary medicine, is the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals [4][5]. Veterinary dentistry is the field of Dentistry applied to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife

Dentistry throughout the world

Main article: Dentistry throughout the world

Organizations

Main article: List of dental organizations

See also

Sagittal section of a tooth
Sagittal section of a tooth

Lists

References

  1. ^ Dentistry Definitions, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Dentistry throughout the world is practiced differently and training in Dentistry varies as well This is a list of dental organizations around the world Albania Albanian Dental Association Andorra Collegi d-Odontolegs I Estomatolegs A sagittal plane of the human body is an imaginary plane that travels from the top to the bottom of the body dividing it into left and right portions Biodontics Dentistry was founded by Dr Edward Rossomando in 2001 as an area of Oral health. Bruxism (from the Greek βρυγμός (brugmós gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth and is typically accompanied by the clenching In Dentistry, calculus or tartar refers to calcified deposits on the teeth, formed by the continuous presence of Dental plaque. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) Crown refers to the restoration of teeth using materials that are fabricated by indirect methods which are cemented into place A dental restoration or dental filling is a Dental restorative material used artificially to restore the function integrity and morphology of missing tooth Dental braces (also known as orthodontic braces) are a device used in Orthodontics to align teeth and their position with regard to a person's bite Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth Dentists, in writing or speech use several different Dental notation systems for associating information to a specific tooth A Dental Spa is a dental facility supervised by a licensed dentist in which dental services are provided alongside Spa treatments Dentin ( BE: dentine) is a calcified tissue of the body and along with enamel, Cementum, and pulp is one of the four A dental restoration or dental filling is a Dental restorative material used artificially to restore the function integrity and morphology of missing tooth Dental floss is either a bundle of thin Nylon filaments or a plastic ( teflon or polyethylene) ribbon used to remove Food and Dental Water fluoridation is the addition of a chemical to increase the concentration of Fluoride Ions in Drinking water with the purpose of reducing the Fluoride therapy is the delivery of Fluoride to the Teeth Topically or systemically in order to prevent Tooth decay ( Dental caries Gingivitis (" Inflammation of the gums quot ( Gingiva) around the Teeth is a general term for gingival diseases affecting the gingiva Halitosis, oral malodor, breath odor mouth odor foul breath fetor oris fetor ex ore or most commonly bad breath are terms used to describe noticeably unpleasant A dental implant is an Artificial tooth root replacement and is used in prosthetic Dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth A dental laboratory is a Light manufacturing facility for the production of dental restorations on the order of a dentist Mouthwash or mouth rinse is a product used for Oral hygiene. Antiseptic and anti-plaque mouth rinse claims to kill the bacterial plaque Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Procaine is a Local anesthetic drug of the Amino Ester group It is used primarily to reduce the pain of Intramuscular injection of A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible Local anesthesia and a loss of Nociception. Occlusion, in a dental context means simply the contact between teeth Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Orthodontics is a specialty of Dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of Malocclusions (improper bites which may be a result of Tooth Saint Apollonia was one of a group of virgin martyrs who suffered in Alexandria during a local uprising against the Christians prior to the persecution of Periodontology, or Periodontics, is the branch of Dentistry which studies supporting structures of teeth, and diseases and conditions that affect them Periodontology, or Periodontics, is the branch of Dentistry which studies supporting structures of teeth, and diseases and conditions that affect them Dental plaque is Biofilm (usually colorless that builds up on the Teeth. Many Medical researchers believe that stem cell treatments have the potential to change the face of human disease and alleviate suffering The use of Information technology and Telecommunications for dental primary care consultation education and public awareness in the same manner as Telehealth Temporomandibular joint disorder ( TMJD, TMJ or TMD) or TMJ syndrome, is an umbrella term covering acute or chronic The toothbrush is an instrument consisting of a small Brush on a handle used to clean Teeth through Tooth brushing. Toothpaste is a Paste or Gel Dentifrice used to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of Teeth. Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of Saliva. Dental fear refers to the Fear of Dentistry and of receiving Dental care. Dental fear refers to the Fear of Dentistry and of receiving Dental care. Good oral health is the absence of disease disorder and injury from the Mouth, especially from the teeth and gums. Page accessed December 11, 2007. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This definition was adopted the association's House of Delegates in 1997.
  2. ^ Dentists in the UK to use courtesy title doctor (Dr) Dentists in the UK should be referred to by the courtest title doctor.
  3. ^ Stone age man used dentist drill, hosted on the BBC News website. Last updated April 6, 2006. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Page accessed December 11, 2007. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  4. ^ Dig uncovers ancient roots of dentistry: Tooth drilling goes back 9,000 years in Pakistan, scientists say, hosted on the MSNBC website. Page accessed on January 10, 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ Coppa, A. et al. 2006. "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population." Nature. Volume 440. 6 April 2006. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  6. ^ History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed January 9, 2007. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  7. ^ Suddick, Richard P. and Norman O. Harris. "Historical Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series". Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 1(2), pages 135-151, 1990.
  8. ^ Arab, M. Sameh. Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Page accessed December 15, 2007. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  9. ^ Ancient Egyptian Dentistry, hosted on the University of Oklahoma website. Page accessed December 15, 2007. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  10. ^ Wilwerding, Terry. History of Dentistry, hosted on the Creighton University School of Dentistry website, page 4. Page accessed December 15, 2007. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  11. ^ a b The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline, hosted on the British Dental Association website. Page accessed December 11, 2007. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  12. ^ a b Gelbier, Stanley. 125 Years of Developments in Dentistry. British Dental Journal (2005); 199, 470-473. Page accessed December 11, 2007. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The 1879 register is referred to as the "Dental Register".
  13. ^ History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh, hosted on the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh website. Page accessed December 11, 2007. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

External links

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Dictionary

dentistry

-noun

  1. Operations performed on teeth by dentists, such as drilling teeth, filling cavities, and placing crowns and bridges.
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