A dental restoration or dental filling is a dental restorative material used artificially to restore the function, integrity and morphology of missing tooth structure. This page is about types of dental restorative materials For dental fillings see Dental restorations Dental restorative materials are specially fabricated materials Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny The structural loss typically results from caries or external trauma. Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth It is also lost intentionally during tooth preparation to improve the aesthetics or the physical integrity of the intended restorative material. A tooth preparation is the finished product of a tooth's structure prior to restoration with a dental restorative material such as Gold, Amalgam, composite Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Dental restoration also refers to the replacement of missing tooth structure by restoring dental implants.
Dental restorations may be fabricated out of a variety of materials, Common direct restorative materials include dental amalgam, glass ionomer cement and composite resins. This page is about types of dental restorative materials For dental fillings see Dental restorations Dental restorative materials are specially fabricated materials Amalgam is a commonly used dental filling that has been used for over 150 years A Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC is one of a class of materials commonly used in Dentistry as filling materials and luting cements. Dental composites, also called white fillings, are a group of restorative materials used in dentistry Common indirect restorative materials include acrylic, porcelain, zirconia, gold and other metals. This page is about types of dental restorative materials For dental fillings see Dental restorations Dental restorative materials are specially fabricated materials
Dental restorations can be divided into two broad types: direct restorations and indirect restorations. All dental restorations can be further classified by their location and size. If decay is spread beyond dentin, in that case root canal therapy is used, and a crown is fit. Dentin ( BE: dentine) is a calcified tissue of the body and along with enamel, Cementum, and pulp is one of the four Endodontic therapy is a sequence of treatment for the pulp of a Tooth whose end result is the elimination of infection and protection of the decontaminated tooth from Crown refers to the restoration of teeth using materials that are fabricated by indirect methods which are cemented into place
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Tooth preparation
Tooth preparation is cutting infected tooth cavity to clean and finish it for filling. A tooth preparation is the finished product of a tooth's structure prior to restoration with a dental restorative material such as Gold, Amalgam, composite Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth Generally a dental drill is used for the purpose. A dental drill (or dentist's drill) is a small high-speed Drill used in Dentistry to remove decayed tooth material prior to the insertion of a Dental If permanent restoration can not be carried out after tooth preparation, temporary restoration is done. Temporary restoration is a temporary filling of prepared tooth until permanent restoration is carried out
Direct restorations
Direct restorations are placed in the tooth in situ, while indirect restorations are created away from the tooth, traditionally prepared in a laboratory. In situ (ɪn siːˈtuː is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. Direct restorations are done using materials amalgam(silver color) or dental composite(white color) or suitable restorative materials. Dental composites, also called white fillings, are a group of restorative materials used in dentistry This page is about types of dental restorative materials For dental fillings see Dental restorations Dental restorative materials are specially fabricated materials If filled by white composite, the filling is photo-polymerised using a blue spectrum light, not to be confused with UV light, and maybe polished also. Tooth polishing is smoothening of Tooth surface The purpose of polishing is to make it difficult for plaque to accumulate on the surface area It is recommended not to chew anything hard for a day or two after fillings, which may dislodge fillings.
Indirect restorations
Common indirect restorations include inlays and onlays, crowns, bridges, and veneers. In Dentistry, an inlay is a filling consisting of a solid substance (as Gold or Porcelain) fitted to a cavity in a tooth and cemented into place In Dentistry, an inlay is a filling consisting of a solid substance (as Gold or Porcelain) fitted to a cavity in a tooth and cemented into place Crown refers to the restoration of teeth using materials that are fabricated by indirect methods which are cemented into place A dental bridge, otherwise known as a fixed partial denture is a Prosthesis used to replace missing Teeth and is not removable by the patient In Dentistry, a veneer is a thin layer of restorative material placed over a Tooth surface either to improve the Aesthetics of a tooth or to
Usually a dental technician fabricates the indirect restoration from records the dentist has provided of the prepared tooth. Once a proper fit and bite is confirmed the restoration is usually bonded permanently.
While the indirect restoration is being prepared, a provisory/temporary restoration sometimes is used to cover the prepared part of the tooth, in order to maintain the occlusal space and the contact points, and insulation of the pulpal tissues and maintenance of the periodontal relationship. Temporary restoration is a temporary filling of prepared tooth until permanent restoration is carried out The dental pulp is the part in the center of a Tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called Odontoblasts Anatomy Periodontology, or Periodontics, is the branch of Dentistry which studies supporting structures of teeth, and diseases and conditions that affect them
Removable dental prostheses (mainly dentures) are considered by some to be a form of indirect dental restoration, as they are made to replace missing teeth. Dentures are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth and which are supported by surrounding soft and hard tissues of the Oral cavity. There are numerous types of precision attachments (also known as combined restorations) to aid removable prosthetic attachment to teeth, including magnets, clips, hooks and implants which could be seen as a form of dental restoration.
Restoration by dental implants
Dental implants are becoming more widely used as the technology and treatment research improves. A dental implant is an Artificial tooth root replacement and is used in prosthetic Dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth A dental implant is an Artificial tooth root replacement and is used in prosthetic Dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth A dental implant, usually made from titanium or titanium alloy, is a screw which anchors into maxillary or mandibular bone. Some of the uses of dental implants in restorative care are to support an implant crown, bridge, or dental prosthesis. Dentures are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth and which are supported by surrounding soft and hard tissues of the Oral cavity. Ideally the bone integrates into the implant screw's roughened surface.
Restoration classifications
Greene Vardiman Black classified the fillings depending on their size and location. Greene Vardiman Black (1836 - 1915 commonly known as GV Black, is known as one of the founders of modern Dentistry in the United States For example, a one surface filling is called "Class I" under Black's system. [1]
GV Black Classification of Restorations
Materials used in dental restorations
Metals (and metallic alloys)
These metals are mostly used for making crowns, bridges and dentures. This page is about types of dental restorative materials For dental fillings see Dental restorations Dental restorative materials are specially fabricated materials Pure titanium could be successfully incorporated into bone. It is biocompatible and stable.
Precious metallic alloys
- gold (high purity: 99. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 7%)
- gold alloys (with high gold content)
- gold-platina alloy
- silver-palladium alloy
Base metallic alloys
Amalgam
Dental composites
Dental composites are also called white fillings, used in direct fillings. This is an incomplete list of named Alloys grouped alphabetically by base Metal. Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Dental composites, also called white fillings, are a group of restorative materials used in dentistry Crowns and in-lays can also be made in the laboratory from dental composites. These materials are similar to those used in direct fillings and are tooth coloured. Their strength and durability is not as high as porcelain or metal restorations and they are more prone to wear and discolouration.
Glass ionomer cement
A Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is one of a class of materials commonly used in dentistry as filling materials and luting cements. These materials are based on the reaction of silicate glass powder and polyalkeonic acid. These tooth-coloured materials were introduced in 1972 for use as restorative materials for anterior teeth (particularly for eroded areas, Class III and V cavities).
As they bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period modern day applications of GICs have expanded. The desirable properties of glass ionomer cements make them useful materials in the restoration of carious lesions in low-stress areas such as smooth-surface and small anterior proximal cavities in primary teeth. Results from clinical studies, do not support the use of conventional or metal-reinforced glass ionomer restorations in primary molars.
Composite resin
Dental composites, also called white fillings, are a group of restorative materials used in dentistry. As with other composite materials, a dental composite typically consists of a resin-based matrix, such as a bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate BISMA resin like urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), and an inorganic filler such as silicon dioxide silica. Compositions vary widely, with proprietary mixes of resins forming the matrix, as well as engineered filler glasses and glass ceramics. The filler gives the composite wear resistance and translucency. A coupling agent such as silane is used to enhance the bond between these two components. An initiator package begins the polymerization reaction of the resins when external energy (light/heat etc. ) is applied. A catalyst package can control its speed.
Porcelain (ceramics)
Full-porcelain (ceramic) dental materials include porcelain, ceramic or glasslike fillings and crowns (a. k. a jacket crown, as a metal free option). They are used as in-lays, on-lays, crowns and aesthetic veneers. In Dentistry, a veneer is a thin layer of restorative material placed over a Tooth surface either to improve the Aesthetics of a tooth or to A veneer is a very thin shell of porcelain that can replace or cover part of the enamel of the tooth. Full-porcelain (ceramic) restorations are particularly desirable because their color and translucency mimic natural tooth enamel.
Another type is known as porcelain-fused-to-metal, which is used to provide strength to a crown or bridge. These restorations are very strong, durable and resistant to wear, because the combination of porcelain and metal creates a stronger restoration than porcelain used alone.
One of the blessings of computerized dentistry (CAD/CAM technologies) is that it enabled the application of zirconium-oxide (ZrO2). The introduction of this material in restorative and prosthetic dentistry is most likely the decisive step towards the use of full ceramics without limitation. With the exception of zirconium-oxide, existing ceramics systems lack reliable potential for the various indications for bridges without size limitations. Zirconium-oxide with its high strength and comparatively higher fracture toughness seems to buck this trend. With a three-point bending strength exceeding nine hundred megapascals, zirconium-oxide can be used in virtually every full ceramic prosthetic solution, including bridges, implant supra structures and root dowel pins.
Previous attempts to extend its application to dentistry were thwarted by the fact that this material could not be processed using traditional methods used in dentistry. The arrival of computerized dentistry enables the economically prudent use of zirconium-oxide in such elements as base structures such as copings and bridges and implant supra structures. Special requirements apply to dental materials implanted for longer than a period of thirty days. Several technical requirements include high strength, corrosion resistance and defect-free producability at a reasonable price.
Ever more stringent requirements are being placed on the aesthetics of teeth. Metals and porcelain are currently the materials of choice for crowns and bridges. The demand for full ceramic solutions, however, continues to grow. Consequently, industry and science are increasingly compelled to develop full ceramic systems. In introducing full ceramic restorations, such as base structures made of sintered ceramics, computerized dentistry plays a key role.
Dental restorations made by using computer technology (CAD/CAM)
The CEREC method is a chairside CAD/CAM restorative procedure. CEREC is a Dental restoration product that allows a dental practitioner to produce an indirect Ceramic dental restoration using a variety of Computer CAD/CAM Dentistry, (Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing in Dentistry is an area of Dentistry utilizing CAD/CAM technologies to produce dental restorations The dentist examines the tooth and determines the appropriate treatment. It could be a simple filling, an in-lay or a full crown, depending on how much healthy tooth structure is remaining. Then an optical impression of the prepared tooth is taken using a camera. Next, the specific software takes the digital picture and converts it into a 3D virtual model on the computer screen. After that, the restoration design data is sent to a separate milling machine in the office. A ceramic block that matches the tooth shade is placed in the milling machine. About 10-20 minutes later, an all-ceramic, tooth-colored restoration is finished and ready to bond in place.
See also
- Dental restorative materials the materials used for fillings
- CEREC
- Fixed prosthodontics
- Dental treatment
- Dental dam
References
External links
This page is about types of dental restorative materials For dental fillings see Dental restorations Dental restorative materials are specially fabricated materials CEREC is a Dental restoration product that allows a dental practitioner to produce an indirect Ceramic dental restoration using a variety of Computer Fixed prosthodontics in Dentistry is a technique used to restore teeth, using fixed restorations (also referred to as indirect restorations which include Dental surgery is any of a number of Medical procedures which involve artificially modifying the Dentition. Dental dams or rubber dams are rectangular sheets of Latex used in Dentistry, specifically Endodontic therapy.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic