This is a Chinese name; the family name is Deng. Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic

邓小平 Deng Xiaoping
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
In office 1956 – 1966
Preceded by	Zhang Wentian
Succeeded by	position abolished; later occupied by Hu Yaobang
Chairman of the Central Military Commission of CCP
In office 1981 – 1989
Preceded by	Hua Guofeng
Succeeded by	Jiang Zemin
Born	August 22, 1904(1904-08-22) Guang'an, Sichuan, Great Qing
Died	February 19, 1997 (aged 92) Beijing
Nationality	Chinese
Political party	Communist Party of China

Deng Xiaoping listen (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 邓小平; traditional Chinese: 鄧小平; pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-p'ing; August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician, pragmatist and reformer, as well as the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee ( is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat Zhang Wentian ( (1900&ndash July 1, 1976) also known as Luo Fu was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC from 1935 to March Hu Yaobang ( Chinese: 胡耀邦 Pinyin: Hú Yàobāng Wade-Giles: Hu Yao-pang 20 November 1915&ndash15 April 1989 was a leader of the People's The Central Military Commission ( CMC) ( refers to one of two bodies within the People's Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the People's Hua Guofeng ( (16 February 1921 &ndash 20 August 2008 born as Su Zhu ( was Mao Zedong 's designated successor as the Paramount leader of the Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Guang'an ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Sichuan province ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Deng never held office as the head of state or the head of government, but served as the de facto leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES He developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese economic reform, also known as the socialist market economy, and opened China to the global market. This article is about the term itself and its relationships For its implementation and effects see Economy of the People's Republic of China and Chinese economic The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of A socialist market economy is an economic form that is practiced in the People's Republic of China, where it is called Socialism with Chinese characteristics He is generally credited with opening China up to the world and stepping away from the original communist theories of Mao Zedong or Karl Marx. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led

Inheriting a China wrought with social and institutional woes left over from the Cultural Revolution and other mass political movements of the Mao era, Deng was the core of the second generation Communist Party leadership. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into Because both the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army promote according to seniority it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese Deng is generally credited with developing China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world and vastly raising the standard of living. China has the second-largest economy in the world with a GDP of over $ 6 The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population

Contents 1 Childhood 2 Early career 3 Political rise 4 Re-emergence 5 Opening up 6 Changing China: economic reforms 7 Crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests 8 After resignation and the 1992 southern tour 9 Death and reaction 10 Legacy 11 Memorials 12 References 13 External links

Childhood

Deng Xiansheng (simplified Chinese: 邓先圣; traditional Chinese: 鄧先聖) was born on August 22, 1904 in Paifang village in Xiexing township, Guang'an County, Sichuan Province. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Guang'an ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Sichuan province ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. While in school he adopted the name of Deng Xixian (simplified Chinese: 邓希贤; traditional Chinese: 鄧希賢). He was educated in France, as were many notable Asian revolutionaries (such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Pol Pot), where he discovered Marxism-Leninism. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 Saloth Sar ( May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) also known as Pol Pot, was leader of the Communist movement known as Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted

His first wife, Zhang Xiyuan, one of his schoolmates from Moscow, died when she was 24, a few days after giving birth to Deng's first child, a baby girl, who also died. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of His second wife, Jin Weiying, left him after he came under political attack in 1933. His third wife, Zhuo Lin, was the daughter of an industrialist in Yunnan Province. Zhuo Lin (卓琳 ( Wade-Giles: Chuo Lin or Cho Lin (* 1916 in Yunnan Province) was the third wife of Deng Xiaoping. She became a member of the Communist Party in 1938, and a year later married Deng in front of Mao's cave dwelling in Yan'an. Yan'an ( is a city in the Shanbei region of Shaanxi province in China. They had five children: three daughters (Deng Lin, Deng Nan, Deng Rong) and two sons (Deng Pufang, Deng Zhifang). Deng Nan (邓楠 Pinyin Dèng Nán (born 1945 is the second daughter of Deng Xiaoping and his third wife Zhuo Lin. Deng Pufang ( (born 16 April 1944) is the first son of former China 's Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping.

Early career

In the summer of 1919, Deng Xiaoping graduated from the Chongqing Preparatory School. Chongqing ( Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China He and 80 schoolmates, participating in a work-study program for Chinese students, boarded a ship for France (traveling steerage) and in October arrived in Marseilles. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Deng, the youngest of all the Chinese students, had just turned 15. ^[1] He spent most of his time in France working, first at the Le Creusot Iron and Steel plant in central France, then later as a fitter in the Renault factory in the Paris suburb of Billancourt, as a fireman on a locomotive and as a kitchen helper in restaurants. This is about the company for other uses see Renault (disambiguation. Billancourt is a commune of the Somme département, in the north of France. He barely earned enough to survive. He also briefly attended middle schools in Bayeux and Chatillon. Bayeux (bajø is a commune in the Calvados département, in Normandy in northwestern France. Châtillon (French diminutive formed from châtel, ie castle is a common place name in French-speaking countries and may refer to Châtillon (family

In France, under the influence of his seniors (Zhao Shiyan, Zhou Enlai among others), Deng began to study Marxism and did political propaganda work. Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. In 1921 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe. In the second half of 1923 he joined the Chinese Communist Party and became one of the leading members of the General Branch of the Youth League in Europe. During 1926 Deng studied at Moscow in the then-USSR. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 He returned to China in early 1926.

In 1928 Deng led the Baise Uprising in Guangxi province against the Kuomintang government. Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. The uprising soon failed and Deng went to the Central Soviet Area in Jiangxi province. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsi is a southern province of the People's Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River

He was a veteran of the Long March, during which Deng served as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. The Long March ( was a massive Military retreat undertaken by the Red Armies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP the forerunner of the People's Liberation While acting as political commissar for Liu Bocheng, he organized several important military campaigns during the war with Japan and during the Civil War against the Kuomintang. Liu Bocheng ( December 4, 1892 - October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In late November 1948, Deng led the final assault on the Kuomintang forces, who were under the direct command of Chiang Kai-shek in Sichuan. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash The city of Chongqing fell to the PLA on December 1 and Deng was immediately appointed mayor and political commissar. Chongqing ( Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican (Chiang Kai-shek, who had moved his headquarters to Chongqing in mid-November fled to the provincial capital of Chengdu. ( located in southwest People's Republic of China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a Sub-provincial city. This last mainland Chinese city to be held by the KMT fell on December 10 and Chiang fled to Taiwan on the same day. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V ) When the PRC was founded in 1949 Deng was sent to oversee issues in the Southwestern Region, and acted as its First Secretary.

Political rise

As a supporter of Mao Zedong, Deng was named by Mao to several important posts in the new government, including Secretary General of the Communist Party, soon after the formation of the People's Republic of China. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

After officially supporting Mao Zedong in his Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957, Deng became General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and ran the country's daily affairs with then President Liu Shaoqi. Liu Shaoqi ( (24 November 1898 12 November 1969 was a Chinese revolutionary statesman and theorist The Anti-Rightist Movement ( of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and early 1960s consisted of a series of campaigns to purge alleged "rightists" The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee ( is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman Liu Shaoqi ( (24 November 1898 12 November 1969 was a Chinese revolutionary statesman and theorist Amid growing disenchantment with Mao's Great Leap Forward, Deng and Liu gained influence within the CCP. The Great Leap Forward ( of the People's Republic of China (PRC was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1960 which aimed to use China 's vast population They embarked on economic reforms that bolstered their prestige among the party apparatus and the national populace. The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of Deng and Liu advocated more pragmatic policies, as opposed to Mao's radicalist ideas.

In 1961, at the Guangzhou conference, Deng uttered what is perhaps his most famous quotation: "I don't care if it's a white cat or a black cat. It's a good cat so long as it catches mice. "^[2]

Mao grew apprehensive that the prestige Deng and Liu gained from these efforts could lead to himself being reduced to a mere figurehead. For this amongst other reasons, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which Deng fell out of favor and was forced to retire from all his offices. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into He was sent to the Xinjian County Tractor Factory in rural Jiangxi province to work as a regular worker. While there Deng spent his spare time writing. He was purged nationally, but to a lesser scale than Liu Shaoqi.

During the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping and his family were targeted by Red Guards. Red Guards imprisoned Deng's son, Deng Pufang. Deng Pufang ( (born 16 April 1944) is the first son of former China 's Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Deng Pufang was tortured and forced out of the window of a four-story building, becoming a paraplegic.

Nonetheless, when Premier Zhou Enlai fell ill from cancer, Deng Xiaoping became Zhou's choice for a successor, and Zhou was able to convince Mao to bring Deng Xiaoping back into politics in 1974 as Executive Vice-Premier, in practice running daily affairs. Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 However, the Cultural Revolution was not yet over, and a radical political group known as the Gang of Four, led by Mao's estranged wife Jiang Qing, competed for power within the Communist Party. The Gang of Four ( was the name given to a leftist political faction composed of four Chinese Communist party officials Jiang Qing ( March 14, 1914 May 14, 1991) is the Pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong 's last wife The Gang saw Deng as their greatest challenge to power. Zhou Enlai died in January 1976, to an outpouring of national grief, and Deng lost firm support within the party. After delivering Zhou's official eulogy at the state funeral, Deng was purged again at the instigation of the Gang of Four, though the decision of the Politburo to relieve him of all his posts because of "political mistakes" was unanimous.

Re-emergence

Deng gradually emerged as the de-facto leader of China in the few years following Mao's death in 1976. Prior to Mao's death, the only official position he held was that of Executive Vice-Premier of the State Council. By carefully mobilizing his supporters within the Chinese Communist Party, Deng was able to outmaneuver Mao's anointed successor Hua Guofeng, who had previously pardoned him, and then oust Hua from his top leadership positions by 1980. Hua Guofeng ( (16 February 1921 &ndash 20 August 2008 born as Su Zhu ( was Mao Zedong 's designated successor as the Paramount leader of the

In contrast to previous leadership changes, Deng allowed Hua to retain membership in the Central Committee, to quietly retire, and helped to set a precedent that losing a high-level leadership struggle would not result in physical harm.

Deng then repudiated the Cultural Revolution and, in 1977, launched the "Beijing Spring", which allowed open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the period. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into For the pop band see Beijing Spring (band The Beijing Spring (北京之春 refers to a brief period of political Liberalization in the Meanwhile, he was the impetus for the abolishment of the class background system. Under this system, the CCP put up employment barriers to Chinese deemed to be associated with the former landlord class, its removal therefore effectively allowed Chinese capitalists to join the Communist Party. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where

Deng gradually outmaneuvered his political opponents. By encouraging public criticism of the Cultural Revolution, he weakened the position of those who owed their political positions to that event, while strengthening the position of those like himself who had been purged during that time. Deng also received a great deal of popular support.

As Deng gradually consolidated control over the CCP, Hua was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as premier in 1980, and by Hu Yaobang as party chief in 1981. Zhao Ziyang ( (17 October 1919&ndash17 January 2005 was a politician in the People's Republic of China. Hu Yaobang ( Chinese: 胡耀邦 Pinyin: Hú Yàobāng Wade-Giles: Hu Yao-pang 20 November 1915&ndash15 April 1989 was a leader of the People's Deng remained the most influential CCP cadre, although after 1987 his only official posts were as chairman of the state and Communist Party Central Military Commissions.

Originally, the president was conceived of as a figurehead head of state, with actual state power resting in the hands of the premier and the party chief, both offices being conceived of as held by separate people in order to prevent a cult of personality from forming (as it did in the case of Mao); the party would develop policy, whereas the state would execute it. The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman The Premier of the State Council ( sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "Prime Minister" is the Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of China A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise

Deng's elevation to China's new number-one figure meant that the historical and ideological questions around Mao Zedong had to be addressed properly. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Because Deng wished to pursue deep reforms, to continue Mao's hard-line "class struggle" policies and mass public campaigns was unreasonable. In 1982 the Central Committee of the Communist Party released a document entitled On the Various Historical Issues since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. Mao retained his status as a "great Marxist, proletarian revolutionary, militarist, and general", and the undisputed founder and pioneer of the country and the People's Liberation Army. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. "His accomplishments must be considered before his mistakes", the document declared. Deng personally commented that Mao was "seven parts good, three parts bad. " The document also steered the prime responsibility of the Cultural Revolution away from Mao (although it did state that "Mao mistakenly began the Cultural Revolution") to the "counter-revolutionary cliques" of the Gang of Four and Lin Biao. The Gang of Four ( was the name given to a leftist political faction composed of four Chinese Communist party officials Lin Biao ( born as Lin Yurong ( December 5, 1907 ?[[September 13]] 1971) was a Chinese Communist military leader

Opening up

Under Deng's direction, relations with the West improved remarkably. Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski: (born March 28 1928 Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Deng traveled abroad and had a series of amicable meetings with western leaders, and became the first Chinese leader to visit the United States in 1979, meeting with President Carter at the White House. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Shortly after this meeting, the U. S. broke diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) and established them with the People's Republic of China (PRC). REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Sino-Japanese relations also improved significantly. Deng used Japan as an example of a rapidly progressing economic power that sets a good example for China's future economic directions.

Another achievement was the agreement signed by Britain and China on December 19, 1984 (Sino-British Joint Declaration) under which Hong Kong was to be handed over to the PRC in 1997. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders With the 99-year British lease on the New Territories expiring, Deng agreed that the PRC would not interfere with Hong Kong's capitalist system for 50 years. New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island A similar agreement was signed with Portugal for the return of colony Macau. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Dubbed "one country-two systems", this fairly unprecedented approach has been touted by the PRC as a potential framework within which Taiwan could be reunited with the Mainland in more recent years. " One country two systems " is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping during the early 1980s then Paramount Leader of the People's Republic Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction

Deng, however, did little to improve relations with the Soviet Union, continuing to adhere to the Maoist line of the Sino-Soviet Split era that the Soviet Union was a superpower equally as "hegemonist" as the United States, but even more threatening to China because of its geographical proximity. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader The Sino-Soviet split was a gradual divergence of diplomatic ties between the People's Republic of China (PRC and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR

Changing China: economic reforms

Main article: Socialism with Chinese characteristics

Main article: Chinese economic reform

Improving relations with the outside world was the second of two important philosophical shifts outlined in Deng's program of reform termed Gaige Kaifang (lit. This article is about the term itself and its relationships For its implementation and effects see Economy of the People's Republic of China and Chinese economic The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of Reforms and Openness). The domestic social, political, and most notably, economic systems would undergo significant changes during Deng's time as leader. The goals of Deng's reforms were summed up by the Four Modernizations, those of agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military. The Four Modernizations ( were the goals of Deng Xiaoping ’s reforms The strategy for achieving these aims of becoming a modern, industrial nation was the socialist market economy. A socialist market economy is an economic form that is practiced in the People's Republic of China, where it is called Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng argued that China was in the primary stage of socialism and that the duty of the party was to perfect so-called "socialism with Chinese characteristics," and "seeking truth from facts. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution This article is about the term itself and its relationships For its implementation and effects see Economy of the People's Republic of China and Chinese economic " Seek truth from facts " ( Chinese: 实事求是 Pinyin: shí shì qiú shì is a slogan in the People's Republic of China referring to Pragmatism " This interpretation of Chinese Marxism reduced the role of ideology in economic decision-making and deciding policies of proven effectiveness. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Downgrading communitarian values but not necessarily the ideology of Marxism-Leninism himself, Deng emphasized that "socialism does not mean shared poverty". His theoretical justification for allowing market forces was given as such:

“

Planning and market forces are not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity. "[3]

”

Unlike Hua Guofeng, Deng believed that no policy should be rejected outright simply because it was not associated with Mao. Hua Guofeng ( (16 February 1921 &ndash 20 August 2008 born as Su Zhu ( was Mao Zedong 's designated successor as the Paramount leader of the Unlike more conservative leaders such as Chen Yun, Deng did not object to policies on the grounds that they were similar to ones which were found in capitalist nations. Chen Yun (( June 13, 1905 &ndash April 10, 1995) was one of the most influential leaders of the People's Republic of China and one

This political flexibility towards the foundations of socialism is strongly supported by quotes such as:

“

We mustn't fear to adopt the advanced management methods applied in capitalist countries (. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution . . ) The very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of the productive systems (. . . ) Socialism and market economy are not incompatible (. . . ) We should be concerned about right-wing deviations, but most of all, we must be concerned about left-wing deviations. [4]

”

Although Deng provided the theoretical background and the political support to allow economic reform to occur, it is in general consensus amongst historians that few of the economic reforms that Deng introduced were originated by Deng himself. Premier Zhou Enlai, for example, pioneered the Four Modernizations years before Deng. In addition, many reforms would be introduced by local leaders, often not sanctioned by central government directives. If successful and promising, these reforms would be adopted by larger and larger areas and ultimately introduced nationally. Many other reforms were influenced by the experiences of the East Asian Tigers. The term Four Asian Tigers or East Asian Tigers refers to the Economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore

This is in sharp contrast to the pattern in the perestroika undertaken by Mikhail Gorbachev in which most of the major reforms were originated by Gorbachev himself. (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician The bottom-up approach of the Deng reforms, in contrast to the top-down approach of perestroika, was likely a key factor in the success of the former.

Deng's reforms actually included the introduction of planned, centralized management of the macro-economy by technically proficient bureaucrats, abandoning Mao's mass campaign style of economic construction. However, unlike the Soviet model, management was indirect through market mechanisms.

Deng sustained Mao's legacy to the extent that he stressed the primacy of agricultural output and encouraged a significant decentralization of decision making in the rural economy teams and individual peasant households. At the local level, material incentives, rather than political appeals, were to be used to motivate the labor force, including allowing peasants to earn extra income by selling the produce of their private plots at free market.

In the main move toward market allocation, local municipalities and provinces were allowed to invest in industries that they considered most profitable, which encouraged investment in light manufacturing. Thus, Deng's reforms shifted China's development strategy to an emphasis on light industry and export-led growth.

Light industrial output was vital for a developing country coming from a low capital base. With the short gestation period, low capital requirements, and high foreign-exchange export earnings, revenues generated by light manufacturing were able to be reinvested in more technologically-advanced production and further capital expenditures and investments.

However, in sharp contrast to the similar but much less successful reforms in Yugoslavia and Hungary, these investments were not government mandated. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The capital invested in heavy industry largely came from the banking system, and most of that capital came from consumer deposits. One of the first items of the Deng reforms was to prevent reallocation of profits except through taxation or through the banking system; hence, the reallocation in state-owned industries was somewhat indirect, thus making them more or less independent from government interference. In short, Deng's reforms sparked an industrial revolution in China.

These reforms were a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-reliance. China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. By participating in such export-led growth, China was able to step up the Four Modernizations by attaining certain foreign funds, market, advanced technologies and management experiences, thus accelerating its economic development.

Deng attracted foreign companies to a series of Special Economic Zones, where foreign investment and market liberalization were encouraged. Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs located in Mainland China.

The reforms centered on improving labor productivity as well. New material incentives and bonus systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants' homegrown products and the surplus products of communes were revived. Not only did rural markets increase agricultural output, they stimulated industrial development as well. With peasants able to sell surplus agricultural yields on the open market, domestic consumption stimulated industrialization as well and also created political support for more difficult economic reforms.

There are some parallels between Deng's market socialism especially in the early stages, and Lenin's New Economic Policy as well as those of Bukharin's economic policies, in that both foresaw a role for private entrepreneurs and markets based on trade and pricing rather than central planning. For the Malaysian New Economic Policy see Malaysian New Economic Policy. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (Никола́й Ива́нович Буха́рин ( &ndash March 15, 1938) was a Bolshevik

An interesting anecdote on this note is the first meeting between Deng and Armand Hammer. Armand Hammer ( May 21, 1898 – December 10, 1990) was a flamboyant US business tycoon most closely associated with Occidental Petroleum Deng pressed the industrialist and former investor in Lenin's Soviet Union for as much information on the NEP as possible.

Crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests

The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 began mid-April 1989, following an official visit by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev, and triggered by the death of Hu Yaobang, the former party General Secretary. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Hu Yaobang ( Chinese: 胡耀邦 Pinyin: Hú Yàobāng Wade-Giles: Hu Yao-pang 20 November 1915&ndash15 April 1989 was a leader of the People's Hu was widely seen as a liberal-minded person and was forced to resign from his position by Deng Xiaoping and other influential leaders of the Politsburo.

Although the government declared martial law on May 20, the demonstrations continued. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held After deliberating among Communist party leaders, the use of military force to resolve the crisis was ordered, and Zhao Ziyang was ousted from political leadership. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Zhao Ziyang ( (17 October 1919&ndash17 January 2005 was a politician in the People's Republic of China. Soldiers and tanks from the 27th and 28th Armies of the People's Liberation Army were sent to take control of the city. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. These forces were confronted by Chinese students in the streets of Beijing and the ensuing violence resulted in both civilian and army deaths.

Estimates of civilian deaths which resulted vary: 400-800 (New York Times [1]), 1,000 (NSA), and 2,600 (Chinese Red Cross). The National Security Agency/ Central Security Service ( NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government Student protesters maintained that over 7,000 were tortured and killed. Following the violence, the government conducted widespread arrests to suppress, torture and kill the remaining supporters of the movement, limited access for the foreign press and controlled coverage of the events in the mainland Chinese press. The violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protest caused widespread international condemnation of the PRC government. Deng Xiaoping, along with other hardliners, especially Li Peng, were generally blamed for the events. Li Peng ( (b 20 October 1928 was the Premier of China between 1987 and 1998 the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Critics accused Deng of suppressing any signs of political freedom that would undermine the direction of his economic reforms.

Deng's involvement in the events proved that he still possessed certain dictatorial powers. Deng and subsequent governments continue to justify crackdown on protests as a measure to enforce social stability for effective economic progress. In Richard Evan's "Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China" there are some hints as to how conflicted and confused elements in the government may have been. (1) After Tiananmen, Deng in a speech to officers praises the security forces "who had died 'as heroes' in the conflict and then offered his sympathy to the wounded. . . Yet he did not say a word about the conduct of the operations by their commanders or about orders . . . received from above. " (2) "A story from a party source that Deng called in Li Peng and Yang Shangkun at about the time of his address to the generals and told them that they had bungled the military operation appallingly. Li Peng ( (b 20 October 1928 was the Premier of China between 1987 and 1998 the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Yang Shangkun ( Simplified Chinese: 杨尚昆 Pinyin: Yáng Shàngkūn 5 July 1907&ndash14 September 1998 was President of the People's Republic of China " (3) "When the time came to replace Zhao Ziyang as general secretary, it was not Li Peng, who had decreed martial law and had been seen on television giving orders to the population on the evening of 3 June, but Jiang Zemin, the party secretary and mayor of Shanghai, who was chosen to succeed him. Zhao Ziyang ( (17 October 1919&ndash17 January 2005 was a politician in the People's Republic of China. Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of "

For years after the crackdown, opponents of Deng, centered mainly around college campuses, would anonymously burn and smash little glass bottles as a gesture of contempt toward him, especially on the crackdown anniversary. (The word for little bottle 'xiaoping' (Chinese: 小瓶; pinyin: xiǎopíng) sounds exactly like Xiaoping (Chinese: 小平; pinyin: xiǎopíng) in Chinese. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use )

After resignation and the 1992 southern tour

Officially, Deng decided to retire from top positions when he stepped down as Chairman of the Central Military Commission in 1989, and retired from the political scene in 1992. The Central Military Commission ( CMC) ( refers to one of two bodies within the People's Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the People's China, however, was still in the era of Deng Xiaoping. He continued to be widely regarded as the "paramount leader" of the country, believed to have backroom control. Paramount Leader ( literally "the highest leader of the country" in modern Chinese Political science, unofficially refers to the political leader of the Deng was recognized officially as "The chief architect of China's economic reforms and China's socialist modernization". To the Communist Party, he was believed to have set a good example for communist cadres who refused to retire at old age. He broke earlier conventions of holding offices for life. He was often referred to as simply Comrade Xiaoping, with no title attached.

Because of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Deng's power had been significantly weakened and there was a growing formalist faction opposed to Deng's reforms within the Communist Party. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two To reassert his economic agenda, in the spring of 1992, Deng made his famous southern tour of China, visiting Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and spending the New Year in Shanghai, in reality using his travels as a method of reasserting his economic policy after his retirement from office. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Shenzhen is a city of sub-provincial administrative status in southern China's Guangdong province situated immediately Administration The Prefecture-level city of Zhuhai administers 3 county-level divisions, all of which are districts Xiangzhou Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million On his tour, Deng made various speeches and generated large local support for his reformist platform. He stressed the importance of economic construction in China, and criticized those who were against further economic and openness reforms. Although there is debate on whether or not Deng actually said it,^[5] his perceived catchphrase "To Get Rich Is Glorious," unleashed a wave of personal entrepreneurship that continues to drive China's economy today. He stated that the "leftist" elements of Chinese society were much more dangerous than "rightist" ones. Deng was instrumental in the opening of Shanghai's Pudong New Area, revitalizing the city as China's economic hub. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that

His southern tour was initially ignored by the Beijing and national media, which were then under the control of Deng's political rivals. President Jiang Zemin showed little support. Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of Challenging their media control, Deng penned several articles supporting reforms under the pen name "Huang Fuping" in Shanghai's Liberation Daily newspaper, which quickly gained support amongst local officials and populace. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Jiefang Daily ( Chinese: 解放日报 Pinyin: Jiěfàng Rìbào is the daily newspaper of the Shanghai Committee of Communist Party of China Deng's new wave of policy rhetoric gave way to a new political storm between factions in the Politburo. President Jiang eventually sided with Deng, and the national media finally reported Deng's southern tour several months after it occurred. Observers suggest that Jiang's submission to Deng's policies had solidified his position as Deng's heir apparent. On the backstage, Deng's southern tour aided his reformist allies' climb to the apex of national power, and permanently changed China's direction toward economic development. In addition, the eventual outcome of the southern tour proved that Deng was still the most powerful man in China. ^[6]

Deng's insistence on economic openness aided in the phenomenal growth levels of the coastal areas, especially the "Golden Triangle" region surrounding Shanghai. The Yangtze River Delta or Yangtze Delta, also called Chang Jiang Delta, or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze ( Hanyu Pinyin:) generally Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Deng reiterated that "some areas must get rich before others", and asserted that the wealth from coastal regions will eventually be transferred to aid economic construction inland. The theory, however, faced numerous challenges when put into practice, as provincial governments moved to protect their own interests. The policy contributed to a widening wealth disparity between the affluent coast and the underdeveloped hinterlands. Income inequality metrics or income distribution metrics are techniques used by economists to measure the distribution of Income and Economic inequality

Death and reaction

Deng Xiaoping died on February 19, 1997, at age 92 from a lung infection and Parkinson's disease, but his influence continued. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Even though Jiang Zemin was in firm control, government policies maintained Deng's ideas, thoughts, methods, and direction. Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of Officially, Deng was eulogized as a "great Marxist, great Proletarian Revolutionary, statesman, military strategist, and diplomat; one of the main leaders of the Communist Party of China, the People's Liberation Army of China, and the People's Republic of China; The great architect of China's socialist opening-up and modernized construction; the founder of Deng Xiaoping theory". The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. Deng Xiaoping Theory ( also known as Dengism, is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. ^[7]

Although the public was largely prepared for Deng's death, as rumors had been circulating for a long time, the death of Deng was followed by the greatest publicly sanctioned display of grief for any Chinese leader since Mao Zedong himself. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led However, in contrast to Mao's death, Deng's death in the media was announced without any titles attached (Mao was called the Great Leader and Teacher, Deng was simply "Comrade"), or any emotional overtones from the news anchors that delivered the message. Comrade means "friend" "colleague" or "ally" often with a Military or left-wing political Connotation. At 10 A. M. on the morning of February 24, from all walks of life in the entire nation, people were asked by Premier Li Peng to pause in silence in unison for three minutes. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Li Peng ( (b 20 October 1928 was the Premier of China between 1987 and 1998 the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress At that time, the same music that was played during Mao's moment of silence, played. The nation's flags flew at half-staff for over a week. Half-staff or half-mast describes a Flag flying approximately halfway up a flagpole or ship's mast (though anywhere from one-third to two-thirds of the way up is acceptable The nationally televised funeral, which was a simple and relatively private affair attended by the country's leaders and Deng's family, was broadcast on all cable channels. A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember Jiang Zemin's tearful eulogy to the late reformist leader declared, "The Chinese people love Comrade Deng Xiaoping, thank Comrade Deng Xiaoping, mourn for Comrade Deng Xiaoping, and cherish the memory of Comrade Deng Xiaoping because he devoted his life-long energies to the Chinese people, performed immortal feats for the independence and liberation of the Chinese nation. Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of " Jiang vowed to continue Deng's policies. After the funeral, Deng donated his organs to medical research, was cremated, and his ashes were subsequently scattered at sea, according to his wishes. For the next two weeks, Chinese state media ran news stories and documentaries related to Deng's life and death, with the regular 7PM National News program in the evening lasting almost two hours over the regular broadcast time.

Domestically, again in contrast to Mao's death, during which people wept on the streets, the reaction to Deng's death was largely calm, with no stock market crashes, no business closures, no wearing special armbands of grief, and no interruption to life in general. Certain segments of the Chinese population, notably the modern Maoists and radical reformers (the far left and the far right) both had negative views on Deng. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader In the year that followed, songs like "Story of the Spring" by Dong Wenhua, which were created in Deng's honour shortly after Deng's Southern Tour in 1992, once again were widely played. Dong Wenhua (born June 29, 1962) is a famous Chinese singer from the People's Liberation Army.

There was a significant amount of international reaction to Deng's death. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said Deng was to be remembered "in the international community at large as a primary architect of China's modernization and dramatic economic development". The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations French President Jacques Chirac said "In the course of this century, few men have, as much as Deng Xiaoping, led a vast human community through such profound and determining changes"; British Prime Minister John Major commented about Deng's key role in the return of Hong Kong to Chinese control; Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien called Deng a "pivotal figure" in Chinese history. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime The Taiwan presidential office also sent its condolences, saying it longed for peace, cooperation, and prosperity. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Dalai Lama voiced regret. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile ^[8]

Legacy

As a pivotal figure in modern Chinese history, Deng Xiaoping's legacy is very complex and opinion remains divided. Deng changed China from a country obsessed with mass political movements to a country focused on economic construction. In the process, Deng was unrelenting of the political clout of the Communist Party of China, as evidenced by the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two Although some criticize Deng for his actions in 1989, China's significant economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s was largely credited to Deng's policies. Put into sharp contrast with Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika, Deng's economic socialist market economy socio-economic model was a largely novel concept. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev

The same policies, however, left a large number of issues unresolved. These issues, including unprofitable state-owned enterprises, regional imbalance, urban-rural wealth disparity, official corruption, and the resurfacing of evils within a more liberal society, were exacerbated during Jiang Zemin's term (1993-2003). Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of Although some areas and segments of society were notably better off than before, the re-emergence of significant inequality did little to legitimize the Communist Party's founding ideals, as the party faced increasing social unrest. Deng's emphasis in light industry, compounded with China's large population, created a large cheap labour market which became significant on the global stage. Favouring joint-ventures over domestic industry, Deng allowed foreign capital to pour into the country. A joint venture (often abbreviated JV) is an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together While some see these policies as a fast method to put China on par with the west, Chinese hardline communists criticize Deng for abandoning the CPC's founding ideals

Deng was an able diplomat, and he was largely credited with the successes of China in foreign affairs. Deng's time as China's leader saw agreements signed to return both Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Deng's era, set under the backdrop of the Cold war, saw the best Sino-American relations in history. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Some Chinese nationalists assert, however, that Deng's foreign policy was one of appeasement, and past wrongs such as war crimes committed by Japan during the World War II were forgotten to make way for economic partnership. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the

Memorials

When compared to the memorials of other former CCP leaders, those dedicated to Deng have been relatively low profile, in keeping with Deng's pragmatism. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Deng's portrait, unlike that of Mao, has never been hung publicly anywhere in China. Likewise, he was cremated after death, as opposed to being embalmed like Mao.

There are a few public displays of Deng in the country. A bronze statue of Deng was erected on November 14, 2000, at the grand plaza of Lenhuao Mountain Park (simplified Chinese: 莲花山公园; traditional Chinese: 蓮花山公園; pinyin: liánhuā shān gōngyuán) of Shenzhen. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Shenzhen is a city of sub-provincial administrative status in southern China's Guangdong province situated immediately This statue is dedicated to Deng's role as a great planner and contributor to the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, starting in 1984. The statue is 6 meters high, with an additional 3. 68 meter base. The statue shows Deng striding forward confidently. In addition, in many coastal areas and on the island province of Hainan, Deng is seen on large roadside billboards with messages emphasizing economic reform or his policy of One Country, Two Systems. Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's " One country two systems " is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping during the early 1980s then Paramount Leader of the People's Republic

Another bronze statue of Deng was dedicated August 13, 2004 in the city of Guang'an, Deng's hometown, in southwest China's Sichuan Province. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Guang'an ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Sichuan province ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. The statue was erected to commemorate Deng's 100th birthday. The statue shows Deng, dressed casually, sitting on a chair and smiling. The Chinese characters for "Statue of Deng Xiaoping" are inscribed on the pedestal. The original calligraphy was written by Jiang Zemin, then Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of ^[9]

In Bishkek, capital of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, there is a 6-lane boulevard, 25 meters wide and 3. Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан 5 km long, the Deng Xiaoping Prospekt, which was dedicated on June 18, 1997. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar A 2 meter high red granite monument stands at the east end of this route. The epigraph in memory of Deng is written in Chinese, Russian and Kirghiz. ^[10][11][12]

References

• Evans, Richard. Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China
• Spence, Jonathan D. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar "A Road is Made. " In The Search for Modern China. 310. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999
• Spence, Jonathan D. "Century's End. " In The Search for Modern China. 725. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999

External links

• Obituary, NY Times, February 20, 1997
• Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping
• Life of Deng Xiaoping
• China's former 'first family' (from CNN)
• China officially mourns Deng Xiaoping (from CNN)
• Deng's Free Market Nightmare (Maoist criticism)
• China 2002: Building socialism with Chinese characteristics (Communist Party USA)
• China Daily Biography

Video

• Documentary 52': China on the Catwalk
• 10th Anniversary of the death of Deng Xiaoping: SINA

Political offices
Preceded by Bo Yibo	Minister of Finance of the People's Republic of China 1953 – 1954	Succeeded by Li Xiannian
Preceded by None	Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China 1983 – 1990	Succeeded by Jiang Zemin
Preceded by Huang Yongsheng	Head of the PLA General Staff Department 1975 – 1980	Succeeded by Yang Dezhi
Preceded by Zhou Enlai	Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1978—1983	Succeeded by Deng Yingchao
Party political offices
Preceded by Rao Shushi	Head of the CPC Central Organization Department 1954 – 1956	Succeeded by An Ziwen
Preceded by Zhang Wentian	General Secretary of the Communist Party of China 1956 – 1967	Succeeded by Hu Yaobang
Preceded by None	Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission 1982 – 1987	Succeeded by Chen Yun
Preceded by Hua Guofeng	Chairman of the Central Military Commission 1981 – 1989	Succeeded by Jiang Zemin

Bo Yibo ( ( February 17, 1908 &ndash January 15, 2007) was a Chinese politician and one of the Eight Immortals of the Communist The Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China ( is the national executive agency of the Central People's Government which administers Macroeconomic policies Li Xiannian ( (23 June 1909&ndash21 June 1992 was President of the People's Republic of China between 1983 and 1988 and then president of the Chinese People's Political The Central Military Commission ( CMC) ( refers to one of two bodies within the People's Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the People's Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of The People's Liberation Army General Staff Department (中国人民解放军总参谋部 is the command organ and the headquarter for the Chinese People's Liberation Army ( Yang Dezhi ( Chinese: 杨得志 (January 13 1911-October 25 1994 was a senior military officer in the North China (or 5th Field Army a veteran of the Korean War Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference ( People's Political Consultative Conference Deng Yingchao ( Chinese: 鄧穎超 February 4, 1904 - July 11, 1992) was the wife of the first Chinese Primier Zhou Enlai Rao Shushi ( Chinese: 饶漱石 Pinyin: Ráo Shùshí 1903—1975 like his confederate Gao Gang The Organization Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee ( Chinese: 中国共产党中央组织部 is a department of the Secretariat of the Communist Zhang Wentian ( (1900&ndash July 1, 1976) also known as Luo Fu was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC from 1935 to March The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee ( is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat Hu Yaobang ( Chinese: 胡耀邦 Pinyin: Hú Yàobāng Wade-Giles: Hu Yao-pang 20 November 1915&ndash15 April 1989 was a leader of the People's Central Advisory Commission ( Simplified: 中央顾问委员会 Traditional: 中央顧問委員會 Pinyin: zhōng yāng gù wèn wěi yuán huì ( Chen Yun (( June 13, 1905 &ndash April 10, 1995) was one of the most influential leaders of the People's Republic of China and one Hua Guofeng ( (16 February 1921 &ndash 20 August 2008 born as Su Zhu ( was Mao Zedong 's designated successor as the Paramount leader of the The Central Military Commission ( CMC) ( refers to one of two bodies within the People's Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the People's Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of

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