Demolition is the opposite of construction: the tearing-down of buildings and other structures. In Lexical semantics, opposites are words that lie in an inherently incompatible binary relationship as in the opposite pairs male: female, long: short In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of It contrasts with deconstruction, which is the taking down of a building while carefully preserving valuable elements for re-use. For the approach to post-modern architecture see Deconstructivism; for other uses see Deconstruction (disambiguation In the context of physical The tallest demolished building was the 47-story Singer Building of New York City, which was built in 1908 and torn down in 1967-1968 to be replaced by One Liberty Plaza. The Singer Building at Liberty Street and Broadway in Manhattan New York, was an office building completed in 1908 as the headquarters of the The City of New York One Liberty Plaza is a Skyscraper in lower Manhattan, New York City, at the location of the former Singer Building (in 1968 the second tallest
For all buildings, such as houses, that are only two or three stories high, demolition is a rather simple process. House generally refers to a Shelter or Building that is a Dwelling or place for Habitation by Human beings. The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment: elevated work platforms, cranes, excavators or bulldozers. An excavator is an Engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm (boom stick bucket and Cab mounted on a Pivot (a rotating platform like a ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities
Larger buildings may require the use of a wrecking ball, a heavy weight on a cable that is swung by a crane into the side of the buildings. A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to Wrecking balls are especially effective against masonry, but are less easily controlled and often less efficient than other methods. Newer methods may use rotational hydraulic shears and silenced rock-breakers attached to excavators to cut or break through wood, steel, and concrete. The use of shears is especially common when flame cutting would be dangerous.
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Building implosion
Large buildings, tall chimneys, smokestacks, and increasingly some smaller structures may be destroyed by building implosion using explosives. A chimney is a system for venting hot Flue gases or Smoke from a Boiler, Stove, Furnace or Fireplace to the outside A flue gas stack is a type of Chimney, a vertical pipe channel or similar structure through which Combustion product gases called Flue gases are exhausted Building implosion is a term in use in the Controlled demolition industry An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied Imploding a building is very fast — the collapse itself only takes seconds — and an expert can ensure that the building falls into its own footprint, so as not to damage neighboring structures. This is essential for tall structures in dense urban areas.
Any error can be disastrous, however, and some demolitions have failed, severely damaging neighboring structures. The greatest danger is from flying debris which, when improperly prepared for, can kill onlookers.
Even more dangerous is the partial failure of an attempted implosion. When a building fails to collapse completely the structure may be unstable, tilting at a dangerous angle, and filled with un-detonated but still primed explosives, making it difficult for workers to approach safely.
A third danger comes from the shockwave that occurs during the implosion. If the sky is clear, the shockwave, a wave of energy and sound, travels upwards and disperses, but if cloud coverage is low, the shockwave can travel outwards, breaking windows or causing other damage to surrounding buildings. [1]
Stephanie Kegley of CST Environmental described shockwaves by saying, "The shockwave is like a water hose. If you put your hand in front of the water as it comes out, it fans to all sides. When cloud coverage is below 1,200 feet, it reacts like the hand in front of the hose. The wave from the shock fans out instead of up toward the sky. "[2]
While controlled implosion is the method that the general public often thinks of when discussing demolition, it can be dangerous and is only used as a last resort when other methods are impractical or too costly. The destruction of large buildings has become increasingly common as the massive housing projects of the 1960s and 1970s are being levelled around the world. Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local At 439 feet (134 m) and 2. 2 million square feet, the J. L. Hudson Department Store and Addition is the tallest steel framed building and largest single structure ever imploded. The JL Hudson Department Store and Addition, also known as the Hudson's Building, is a now-demolished building in Detroit Michigan, which occupied the address of [3]
Preparation
It takes several weeks or months to prepare a building for implosion. The long reach excavator or high reach excavator is a development of the Excavator with an especially long boom arm that is primarily used for Demolition A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit High-rise Apartment building. All items of value, such as copper wiring, are stripped from a building. Some materials must be removed, such as glass that can form deadly projectiles, and insulation that can scatter over a wide area. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Non-load bearing partitions and drywall are removed. For the musical group "Drywall" see Drywall (musical project Drywall is a common manufactured Building material [4] Selected columns on floors where explosives will be set are drilled and nitroglycerin and TNT are placed in the holes. Nitroglycerin ( NG) ( US spelling also known as nitroglycerine, ( UK Spelling trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3 Smaller columns and walls are wrapped in detonating cord. Detonating cord (also called detonation cord, detacord, det cord, detcord, primer cord or sun cord) is a thin flexible The goal is to use as little explosive as possible; only a few floors are rigged with explosives, so that it is safer (less explosives) and less costly. The areas with explosives are covered in thick geotextile fabric and fencing to absorb flying debris. [4] Far more time-consuming than the demolition itself is the clean-up of the site, as the debris is loaded into trucks and hauled away.
Traditional demolition
Before any demolition activities, there are many steps that need to take place — including but not limited to performing asbestos abatement, obtaining necessary permits, submitting necessary notifications, disconnecting utilities, rodent baiting, and development of site-specific safety and work plans.
The typical razing of a building is accomplished as follows:
Hydraulic excavators may be used to topple one- or two-story buildings by an undermining process. The strategy is to undermine the building while controlling the manner and direction in which it falls. The demolition project manager/supervisor will determine where undermining is necessary so that a building is pulled in the desired manner and direction. The walls are typically undermined at a building's base, but this is not always the case if the building design dictates otherwise. Safety and cleanup considerations are also taken into account in determining how the building is undermined and ultimately demolished. Hoe rams are typically used for removing the concrete road deck and piers during bridge demolition, while hydraulic shears are used to remove the bridge's structural steel. A hoe ram, hydraulic hammer, or demolition hammer is a hydraulic hammer used in demolition and excavation Structural steel is Steel construction Material, a profile, formed with a specific Shape or cross section and certain standards of
In some cases a crane with a wrecking ball is used to demolish the structure down to a certain manageable height. At that point undermining takes place as described above.
To control dust, fire hoses are used to maintain a wet demolition. Hoses may be held by workers, secured in fixed location, or attached to lifts to gain elevation.
Loaders or bulldozers may also be used to demolish a building. They are typically equipped with "rakes" (thick pieces of steel that could be an I-beam or tube) that are used to ram building walls. Skid loaders and loaders will also be used to take materials out and sort steel.
New Approach to Demolition
A new approach to demolition is the deconstruction of a building with the goal of minimizing the amount of materials going to landfills. This "green" approach is applied by removing the materials by type material and segregating them for reuse or recycling. With proper planning this approach has resulted in landfill diversion rates that exceed 90% of an entire building and its contents in some cases. With the rising costs of landfills this method is usually more economical than traditional demolition, and contributes to a healthier environment. Examples of this can be found on http://www.greenrecyclingnetwork.com.
Safety should always be paramount. A site safety officer should be assigned to each project to enforce all safety rules and regulations.
Gallery
 An excavator is used to demolish a barn. |
 With heavy equipment, demolition of a house is a two-person job that can be completed in a day or two. |
 Rotational hydraulic shears and standard reinforced bucket attachments are common demolition tools. |
 A high-reach excavator is used to demolish this tower block in northern England. The long reach excavator or high reach excavator is a development of the Excavator with an especially long boom arm that is primarily used for Demolition A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit High-rise Apartment building. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland |
 Grain elevator demolition in Minneapolis, Minnesota |
 Demolition of the Jamestown Bridge in Rhode Island |
 Implosion of Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, April 1999 |
See also
- Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste)
- Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center
- House demolition (military tactic)
Footnotes
- ^ Cultice, Curtice. The Jamestown Bridge, officially the Jamestown-Verrazano Bridge and usually referred to as the Old Jamestown Bridge to avoid confusion with its replacement the new Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Tampa Stadium (known as Houlihan's Stadium from 1996 to 1998 and nicknamed "The Big Sombrero ") was a Sports venue located at Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the Construction or Demolition industries The controlled demolition hypothesis is a 9/11 conspiracy theory that claims the complete structural failure of the World Trade Center towers was not caused by the House demolition is primarily a Military tactic which has been used in many conflicts for a variety of purposes "Blasting a path to world markets", BNET Business Network, 1997. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Bohart, Maura. "Demolition Eliminates Final Remnant of Charlotte Hornets", Construction Equipment Guide, 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ J.L. Hudson Department Store. Controlled Demolition, Inc. .
- ^ a b Interview with Stacey Loizeaux. NOVA/PBS.
External links
[1]Leeway Wrecking Chicago Demolition Company
Dictionary
demolition
-noun
- the action of demolishing or destroying, in particular of buildings or other structures
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