| Democraten 66 | |
|---|---|
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| Political leader | Alexander Pechtold |
| Party Chair | Ingrid van Engelshoven |
| Chair of the First Chamber Parliamentary Party | Gerard Schouw |
| Chair of the First Chamber Parliamentary Party | Alexander Pechtold |
| Chair of the European Parliament Delegation | Sophie in 't Veld |
| Founded | October 14, 1966 |
| Seats in the First Chamber |  |
| Seats in the Second Chamber |  |
| Seats in the European Parliament |  |
| Political Ideology | Social liberalism, Radical Democracy, Progressivism and Pragmatism |
| Position | Centre-Left |
| Youth Organization | Young Democrats |
| Thinktank | Wetenschappelijk Bureau D66 |
| International Affiliation | Liberal International |
| European Affiliation | European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party |
| European Parliament Group | ALDE |
| Colours | Green |
| Headquarters | Partijbureau D66 Laan van Meerdervoort 50 Den Haag |
| website | www.d66.nl |
| See also | Politics of the Netherlands |
Democrats 66 (D66, Dutch: Democraten 66, official name: Politieke Partij Democraten 66) is a Dutch progressive, social-liberal and radical democratic political party. Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. Sophia Helena ("Sophie" in 't Veld (born September 13, 1963 in Vollenhove) is a Dutch member of European Parliament for the social Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. The centre-left (or center-left) is a political term commonly used to describe or denote individuals political parties or organizations (such as Think The Young Democrats (Dutch Jonge Democraten JD is the Social-liberal youth organisation of The Netherlands, founded in 1984 Liberal International is a Political international for liberal parties. The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993 is a liberal party, mainly active in the European Union, composed of 55 national parties from across The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has a Multi-party system with numerous parties in which any one party has little Elections in the Netherlands are held for six territorial levels the European Union (beyond the scope of this article the state the 12 Provinces Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral It is currently in opposition against the fourth Balkenende cabinet.
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D66 was founded on October 14, 1966 by 44 people. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a The Netherlands and The Kingdom of the Netherlands are two distinct geographical and administrative entities The Council of Ministers of the Kingdom ( Dutch: Ministerraad van het Koninkrijk or Rijksministerraad) is the executive council of the Kingdom of the The Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba (Gevolmachtigd Minister van Aruba represents the constituent country of Aruba in the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom The Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands Antilles (Gevolmachtigd Minister van de Nederlandse Antillen represents the constituent country of the Netherlands Antilles The Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands (in Dutch Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; in Papiamentu Statuut pa e Reino di Hulanda) describes the The Constitution of the Netherlands is the Fundamental law of the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Human rights of the Netherlands are codified in the Dutch constitution. The Netherlands has been an independent Monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau Willem-Alexander Prince of Orange (in Dutch: Prins van Oranje The States-General ( Staten-Generaal) is the Parliament of the Netherlands. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General The Historic composition of the Eerste Kamer gives an overview of the composition of the Higher House of the Dutch parliament The Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal ( literally "Second Chamber of the States-General" short Tweede Kamer, is the Dutch Lower house. The Historic composition of the Tweede Kamer gives an overview of the composition of the Lower House of the Dutch parliament The Dutch Council of Ministers is the executive council of Dutch government, formed by all the ministers This executive council initiates laws and policy The cabinet of the Netherlands is the main executive body of the Dutch government. This is a list of cabinets of the Netherlands Note first party mentioned provided prime minister The Prime minister of the Netherlands is the Head of government of the Netherlands and is the chair of the Dutch cabinet, and This is a list of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands since 1848 Jan Peter Balkenende (pronounced ˈjɑn ˈpetər ˈbɑɫkənɛndə) (born 7 May 1956 is a Christian Democratic politician who has been the Prime Minister of the This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has a Multi-party system with numerous parties in which any one party has little This article gives an overview of liberalism in the Netherlands. This article gives an overview of socialism in the Netherlands, including Communism and Social democracy. This article gives an overview of Christian democracy in the Netherlands, which is also called confessional politics, including political catholicism and Elections in the Netherlands are held for six territorial levels the European Union (beyond the scope of this article the state the 12 Provinces Provincial elections were held in the Netherlands, on March 7, 2007. The 2006 Dutch general elections were held in the Netherlands on Wednesday November 22, 2006, and followed the call for new elections after The Dutch municipal elections of 2006 were held on March 7 2006. The Dutch referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was a consultative Referendum that was held on 1 June 2005 to decide if the The European Parliament election of 2004 in the Netherlands was the election of MEP representing Netherlands constituency for the 2004-2009 term of the European A Dutch province represents the administrative layer in between the national government and the local municipalities having the responsibility for matters of subnational or regional The States-Provincial ( Provinciale Staten, or PS - commonly known as simply the Staten, or States) is the provincial parliament and legislative Dutch water boards (waterschappen or nl ''hoogheemraadschappen'' are regional government bodies in the Netherlands. |||} All provinces of the Netherlands are divided into municipalities ( gemeenten) together 443 (2007 The European Union is a unique entity possessing elements of Intergovernmentalism, Supranationalism and a Multi-party Parliamentary democracy The Foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments to the atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to International This page lists embassies and consulates posted in the Netherlands. Listed below are the embassies and consulates of the Netherlands, excluding honorary consulates Europe Tirana A High Council of State (in Dutch: Hoog College van Staat) is a council of which the independence is guaranteed in the Constitution of the Netherlands. The National Ombudsman (in Dutch: Nationale Ombudsman) is a Dutch political office In the Netherlands, the Council of State ( Raad van State) is a Constitutionally established advisory body to the Government which consists of The General Chamber of Auditors (in Dutch: Algemene Rekenkamer) is an independent organ that Audits the spending of the national government on its Efficiency The Sociaal-Economische Raad (Social Economic Council SER is a major economic advisory council of the Dutch government The Hoge Raad der Nederlanden ( High Council of the Netherlands) is the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, situated in The Hague. De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB The Dutch Bank) is the Central bank of the Netherlands. Rise of Socialism In the beginning of the 20th century socialism began to develop in the Netherlands Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Its founders were described as homines novi, although 25 of the 44 had previously been members of a political party. Novus homo (or homo novus, Latin for "new man" plural novi homines) was the term in Ancient Rome for a The initiators were Hans van Mierlo, a journalist for the Algemeen Handelsblad and Hans Gruijters, a municipal councillor in Amsterdam. Henricus Antonius Franciscus Maria Oliva (Hans van Mierlo (born August 18 1931) is a Dutch Journalist and Politician. Johannes Petrus Adrianus (Hans Gruijters ( Helmond, June 30 1931 – Lelystad, April 17 2005) was a Dutch Politician Van Mierlo became the party's political leader and Gruijters the party's chair. The foundation of the party was preceded by the Appeal 1966 on October 10, in which the founders appealed to the people of the Netherlands to re-take their democratic institutions. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated The party renounced the 19th century political ideologies which dominated the political system and wanted to end pillarization. Pillarisation ( verzuiling in Dutch, pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch It called for radical democratization of the Dutch society and its political system and it called for pragmatic and scientific policy-making. Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. Technocracy: A form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control "technocracy is described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves
1967-1986
The party entered in the 1967 elections with Hans van Mierlo as their top candidate. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on February 15, 1967 The party won an unprecedented seven seats in parliament. In 1971 the party won an additional four seats and it formed a shadow cabinet with the Labour Party (PvdA) and the Christian left Political Party Radicals (PPR). A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on April 28, 1971 The Political Party Radicals (in Dutch Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR is a former Dutch leftwing Christian and green Political party In the 1972 elections the three parties formed a political alliance called the "Progressive Accord (Dutch: Progressief Akkoord; PAK) and presented a common electoral program (Keerpunt '72; turning point '72). A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on November 29, 1972 In the elections D66 lost nearly half its seats, leaving only six. The alliance became the largest political force in the country, but it did not gain a majority. After long cabinet formation talks the three PAK-parties formed an extra-parliamentary cabinet joined by progressive members of the Christian-democratic Anti Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Catholic People's Party (KVP). The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, ARP was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic Political party The Catholic People's Party (in Dutch Katholieke Volkspartij abbreviated as KVP was a Catholic Christian-democratic Dutch political party The cabinet was led by the social-democrat Joop den Uyl. Dr Johannes Marten "Joop" den Uyl (9 August 1919 - 24 December 1987 was a Dutch politician Prime minister of the Netherlands from 1973 until 1977 as After the formation talks Van Mierlo left politics, feeling that his political position within the parliamentary party was untenable. The other party-founder Hans Gruijters became Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning. Van Mierlo was replaced by Jan Terlouw. Jan Cornelis Terlouw (born November 15, 1931) is a Dutch scientist, Politician, and Author. He became the chair of the parliamentary party.
In the period 1972-1974 the party lost a dramatic number of members (from 6000 to 300) and polled very poorly in the provincial elections of 1974. The party also lost half of its senators in the 1974 indirect election of the Eerste Kamer. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General On one of the party congresses a motion was put forth to abolish the party. A majority of the members voted in favour, but the two-thirds majority was not reached. In reaction Terlouw started a campaign to revitalize the party, involving a membership drive and a petition under the electorate. A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity He emphasized issues other than democratic reform, and gave the party a more liberal orientation. The party doubled its membership in 1975 and in the 1977 election the party even won two additional seats, although that same year D66 lost all its seats in the First Chamber. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 25, 1977. In the election of 1981 D66 more than doubled its seats, to seventeen. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 26, 1981. They entered government with the Christian Democratic Appeal and the PvdA. The Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA) (Christen Democratisch Appèl is a Dutch Christian-democratic Political party. Terlouw became Minister of the Economy. The cabinet was riddled by the personal and ideological conflicts between the Christian Democrat Prime Minister Dries van Agt and the Labour minister of Social Affairs Den Uyl. Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt (born 2 February 1931 is a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1977 to 1982 The cabinet fell nine months after it was formed, when Labour left the cabinet. D66 and the CDA continued to govern in a care taker government. In the subsequent elections of 1982 D66 lost two-thirds of its support, and was left with only six seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on September 8, 1982 After the elections Terlouw left politics, and he was replaced by Maarten Engwirda. The party was confined to opposition.
1986-now
In 1986 Van Mierlo returned to politics. He emphasized democratic reform as the core issue of the party and wanted to abolish the polarization of Labour Party and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), in order to form a government without the Christian Democratic Appeal. The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( VVD) (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie is a Dutch liberal Political party. He led the party in the elections of that year and gained three seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 21, 1986. In the 1989 election the party won another three seats, making a total of twelve, and it was asked to join the formation talks of a CDA/PvdA/D66 cabinet. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on September 6, 1989 Although the social-democrats preferred a government with D66, the Christian Democrats did not. In the end D66 was numerically not necessary for the coalition, and they were excluded. Although in opposition, D66 adopted a constructive approach towards the government.
They were rewarded for this in the 1994 elections in which the party doubled its seats to twenty-four. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 3, 1994. D66 was able to form its 'dream coalition'. The purple coalition which combined the social-democratic PvdA, and the conservative-liberal VVD. The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( VVD) (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie is a Dutch liberal Political party. The cabinet initiated legislation which the D66 has always advocated, such as the referendum, same-sex marriage and the legalisation of euthanasia. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner The centrist economic policies of the cabinet were also seen as a great success. Van Mierlo became minister of foreign affairs. Before the elections of 1998 Van Mierlo stepped back and Els Borst, the minister of health became the top-candidate. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 6, 1998. Profdr Else Borst-Eilers (born March 22, 1932 in Amsterdam) is a former Dutch politician she led Democrats 66 (D66 in the D66 lost ten seats in the election, but its coalition partners won considerable ground at the cost of D66. The cabinet continued. Although D66 was numerically not necessary, it was seen as the glue that kept these two opposites together. Borst stepped down as party leader and became vice-prime minister and minister of health. Thom de Graaf led the parliamentary party. Thomas ("Thom" Carolus de Graaf (born June 11, 1957) was a Dutch Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations Within the party, a group of age twenty-somethings, called Opschudding (Upheaval) began to call for a more explicit progressive liberal course. In 1999 a constitutional reform, which would allow referendums was rejected by the First Chamber. A group of dissidents around the prominent VVD member Hans Wiegel had voted against. Hans Wiegel (born July 16, 1941) is a Dutch Politician and member of the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD D66 stepped out of the cabinet. In the subsequent formation talks D66 returned to cabinet, in return for another important issue for D66, the directly elected mayor, and a temporary referendum law.
In 2002 the tide had turned against the purple coalition and the party Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) had won considerable ground. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 15, 2002 Pim Fortuyn List ( Lijst Pim Fortuyn, LPF is a defunct Political party in the Netherlands. The three purple parties lost an unprecedented 43 seats. D66 was left with only seven seats. The first Balkenende cabinet, formed of CDA, LPF and VVD, lasted only three months. In the 2003 election D66 lost another seat, leaving only six. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on January 22, 2003 De Graaf stood down, in favour of Boris Dittrich. Boris Ottokar Dittrich ( Utrecht, July 21, 1955) is a Dutch Politician and human rights activist. After long formation talks between CDA and PvdA, a second Balkenende cabinet was formed, comprising CDA, VVD and D66 parties. In return for investments in environment and education, and a special minister of democratization, a post taken by De Graaf, who also became vice-prime minister, D66 supported the centre-right reform cabinet and some of its more controversial legislation. In May 2005 the first chamber rejected a constitutional reform that would allow a directly elected mayor. The legislation was introduced in the second purple cabinet, but it was unable to get a two-thirds majority because the Labour Party, whose minister De Vries had initiated the reform, rejected the legislation, because they were opposed the model of election proposed by De Graaf. Klaas George de Vries ( April 28, 1943 in Hoensbroek) is a member of the lower house of the Dutch parliament for the PvdA De Graaf stepped down, but the rest of the ministers stayed on, after D66 was promised more investment in education and the environment, and a plan for electoral reform. A special party congress was called to ratify this so-called Easter Accord. 2,600 members (20 percent of total membership) were present and the congress broadcasted live on Dutch public television. Public-service broadcasting in the Netherlands is provided jointly by a number of broadcasting organizations under the tutelage of NPO ( Netherlands Public Broadcasting, Dutch Nederlandse The congress agreed to remain in cabinet by a large majority. Alexander Pechtold replaced De Graaf as minister of government reform. Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, the minister of the economy became vice-prime minister. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (born March 18 1937) is a Dutch D66 Politician.
In February 2006 Dittrich stepped down as chair of the parliamentary party, because he did not agree with the governments decision to send Dutch militaries to the southern province of Uruzgan in Afghanistan. D66 voted against the governments proposal together with the socialist party and the greens. Dittrich stated that the mission to send troops was not a reconstruction mission (as the government and the majority of the Dutch parliament claimed), but a military operation. Lousewies van der Laan replaced him. Louse Wies Sija Anne Lilly Berthe (Lousewies van der Laan ( Rotterdam, February 18, 1966) is a former Dutch Politician In May 2006 the party polled particularly bad in the municipal election. The Dutch municipal elections of 2006 were held on March 7 2006. D66 began to lose a considerable number of members, some of who founded deZES, another radical democratic, progressive liberal party. On a special party congress on May 13 a motion was put forth, demanding the withdrawal of D66 from the cabinet - it was rejected. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. In June 2006 an internal election was held in order to choose the top candidate for the 2007 election. The Dutch social liberal party Democrats 66 (D66 has held a Lijsttrekker election for June 24, 2006. Both Van der Laan and Pechtold entered. Pechtold won the elections, making him political leader of the party. During the special plenary parliamentary debate of July 28, 2006, on the naturalization process of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, D66 supported a motion of no confidence against minister Rita Verdonk. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Ayaan Hirsi Ali ( Ayaan Xirsi Cali; born Ayaan Hirsi Magan 13 November 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia) is a Dutch Drs Maria Cornelia Frederika ("Rita" Verdonk (born 18 October 1955) is a Dutch Politician who was minister for Immigration As D66 was a junior coalition partner, this caused a crisis in the second Balkenende cabinet. The cabinet refused to remove Verdonk from her position. Lousewies van der Laan, parliamentary leader of D66, did not feel that the D66 faction could support the cabinet any longer, and that the cabinet had to resign. Louse Wies Sija Anne Lilly Berthe (Lousewies van der Laan ( Rotterdam, February 18, 1966) is a former Dutch Politician Later on June 29, the two D66 ministers Alexander Pechtold and Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst resigned, causing the downfall of the Balkenende cabinet. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (born March 18 1937) is a Dutch D66 Politician. New elections were called for November 2006 and the cabinet continued to govern, as a minority caretaker government. The 2006 Dutch general elections were held in the Netherlands on Wednesday November 22, 2006, and followed the call for new elections after
In October 2006, just before the D66 party congress and its 40th anniversary as party, D66 founder Hans van Mierlo asked the question whether D66 has still political legitimacy. Henricus Antonius Franciscus Maria Oliva (Hans van Mierlo (born August 18 1931) is a Dutch Journalist and Politician. He believes that many errors were made in recent history, and that only the acceptance of these errors can provide for any credibility to D66. Van Mierlo has put his support behind party leader Pechtold, who in his view can provide for such credibility. [1]
Name
At its foundation the party was called Democraten 1966 (Democrats 1966; D'66). "Democrats" was reference to both the goal of the party (radical democratization) and the U.S. Democratic Party, with which the party identified. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The year (1966) was a reference to the year of foundation, and was supposed to convey a modern image. In 1981 the name was changed to Democraten 66 (Democrats 66; D66), the name had become a successful political brand, but the year no longer conveyed a modern image.
Ideology and issues
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The ideology of D66 is a highly contested subject within the party. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal This is a partial list of individual contributions to liberal political theory on a worldwide scale Modern liberalism in the United States, also referred to as American liberalism, is a political ideology that seeks to use the power of the state to effect change upon society Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Conservative liberalism is a variant of Liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances or more simply representing the right-wing National liberalism is a variant of liberalism combining Nationalism with some liberal policies especially regarding Economic liberalism Economic liberalism is the Economic component of Classical liberalism. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism Ordoliberalism (also called German neoliberalism) is a school of Liberalism emphasizing the need for the state to ensure that the Free market produces results Paleoliberalism is a term that has at least a few distinct meanings all relating to Liberalism. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or Cultural liberalism is a liberal view of society that stresses the freedom of individuals from cultural norms Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression Individual rights refer to the Rights of Individuals in contrast with Group rights. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of Liberal neutrality is the idea that the liberal state should not promote any particular 'conception of the good' The concept of negative liberty refers to freedom from interference by other people ||-||} Positive liberty refers to the opportunity and ability to act to fulfill one's own potential as opposed to Negative liberty, which refers to freedom from Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where A mixed economy is an Economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system The open society is a concept originally developed by philosopher Henri Bergson. Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. John Rawls ( February 21, 1921 &ndash November 24, 2002) was an American Philosopher, a Professor of This article gives information on liberalism in diverse countries around the world A general overview and comprehensive discussion of this topic may be found in the article Liberalism. Liberalism in the United States is a broad political and philosophical mindset favoring individual Liberty, and opposing restrictions on liberty whether they come from Liberal International is a Political international for liberal parties. The International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY) is an international liberal youth organization The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993 is a liberal party, mainly active in the European Union, composed of 55 national parties from across The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties European Liberal Youth (LYMEC - Liberal and Radical Youth Movement of the European Community is an international organisation of Liberal youth movements - mostly the youth The Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats is a regional organization of liberal and democratic political parties in Asia The Africa Liberal Network (ALN is an organization composed of 16 political parties from 14 African nations and is an associated organisation of Liberal The Liberal Network for Latin America ( Red Liberal de América Latina RELIAL) is an international network founded in 2003 with the official launch taking place in Costa Rica The question is tied to the reason for its existence. There are two currents within the party: the radical democrats and the progressive liberals. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system These two currents although some times antagonistic currently complement each other, as both emphasize the self-realization of the individual. The Radical League and the Freethinking Democratic League, two early twentieth century parties are historic exponents of these two traditions. The Radical League (in Dutch Radicale Bond) was a Dutch progressive liberal Political party.
Radical democrats
The first party congress emphasized radical democratization of Dutch society and the political system. Its ideal was a two-party system. A two-party system is a form of Party system where two major Political parties dominate voting in nearly all Elections at every To obtain this it wanted to reform the electoral system after the American first past the post model. Electoral reform is change in Electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member The electoral reform was gradually moderated, now the party favour a German system which combines both proportional and majoritarian electoral systems. Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is an ' additional member ' This radical democratization was combined with pragmatic and anti-dogmatic attitude towards politics. Hans van Mierlo, the party's leader between 1966 and 1972 and between 1986 and 1998 and the party's figurehead, is an important exponent of this tendency within the party. Henricus Antonius Franciscus Maria Oliva (Hans van Mierlo (born August 18 1931) is a Dutch Journalist and Politician.
Progressive liberals
D66 progressive liberal current has historically been much weaker than its radical democratic current. Progressive liberals seek to adopt a more substantive course for the party, breaking with its pragmatism. Under Jan Terlouw, between 1972 and 1982, D66 began to emphasize new issues like the environment, education and innovation. Jan Cornelis Terlouw (born November 15, 1931) is a Dutch scientist, Politician, and Author. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations He called D66 a fourth current, next to social-democracy, Christian-democracy and the conservative liberalism of the VVD. In 1998 the group "Opschudding" called for progressive liberal course for the party. In the party's manifesto, adopted in 2000, the party explicitly adopted a progressive liberal image. National political reasons explain the usage of the label social liberal, since the more right-wing VVD labels itself as the liberal party. The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( VVD) (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie is a Dutch liberal Political party.
Issues
Some of the party's most important policies:
- D66 is in favour of a mixed economy combining the best features of market economics and government intervention. A mixed economy is an Economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system It was one of the architects of recent reforms in social security and healthcare, which included discouraging early retirement schemes, reforming the Disability Benefit system and introducing market forces into the health care sector. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing D66 is a proponent of further flexibilisation of the labour market and tax-cuts for the lower and the middle class.
- D66 wants to increase government spending on education and innovation, e. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations g. in order to increase teacher salaries to prevent a shortage of teachers in the future. Also, D66 wants the education sector to be deregulated and government to take a step back in favour of diversity and competition.
- D66 is a green party and focuses greatly on the environment. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and D66 favours more investments in sustainable sources of energy, preferably on the European level. D66 takes a pragmatic approach to nuclear power, taking into account the contribution nuclear energy makes in cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared
- D66 is a socially liberal party. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or The party introduced many liberal reforms in the past, namely in areas such as euthanasia, gay marriage, abortion and prostitution. Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same An Prostitution in the Netherlands is legal and common A majority of the women working in prostitution are foreigners and the country is fighting against Human In defending civil liberties D66 opposed several anti-terrorism measures proposed by the government.
- D66 is a proponent of democratic reform. It favours electoral reforms such as a binding referendum, abolition of the First Chamber of Parliament and direct election of prime minister and mayor. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General
- D66 is the most pro-European party in the Netherlands, as the party is in favour of a Federal Europe. European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe A federal Europe is a proposal that much of Europe be unified in the manner of a Federation. D66 favours more European cooperation on issues such as the environment, immigration policy and foreign policy.
Representation
In this table the election results of the D66 in Tweede Kamer, Eerste Kamer and European elections is represented, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It also possible that the party leader is member of cabinet, if the D66 was part of the governing coalition, the "highest ranking" minister is listed. The membership and party chair of D66 is also represented.
| Year | TK | EK | EP | PS | Lijsttrekker | Fractievoorzitter | Cabinet | Chair | membership |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 | no elections | none | extra-parliamentary | Hans van Mierlo | 1500 |
| 1967 | 7 | 0 | n/a | 0 | Hans van Mierlo | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | G. The Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal ( literally "Second Chamber of the States-General" short Tweede Kamer, is the Dutch Lower house. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. Henricus Antonius Franciscus Maria Oliva (Hans van Mierlo (born August 18 1931) is a Dutch Journalist and Politician. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on February 15, 1967 Ringalda | 3700 |
| 1968 | 7 | 0 | n/a | 0 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | H. J. Lookeren-Campagne | 3850 |
| 1969 | 7 | 0 | n/a | 0 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | J. A. P. M. Beekmans | 5075 |
| 1970 | 7 | 0 | n/a | 47 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | J. A. P. M. Beekmans | 6400 |
| 1971 | 11 | 6 | n/a | 47 | Hans van Mierlo | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | J. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on April 28, 1971 A. P. M. Beekmans | 5620 |
| 1972 | 6 | 6 | n/a | 47 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | Hans Gruijters | R. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on November 29, 1972 Jan Cornelis Terlouw (born November 15, 1931) is a Dutch scientist, Politician, and Author. Johannes Petrus Adrianus (Hans Gruijters ( Helmond, June 30 1931 – Lelystad, April 17 2005) was a Dutch Politician E. van der Scheer-van Essen | 6000 |
| 1973 | 6 | 6 | n/a | 47 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | Hans Gruijters | J. ten Brink | 6000 |
| 1974 | 6 | 3 | n/a | 2 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | Hans Gruijters | J. ten Brink | 300 |
| 1975 | 6 | 3 | n/a | 2 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | Hans Gruijters | J. ten Brink | 667 |
| 1976 | 6 | 3 | n/a | 2 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | Hans Gruijters | Jan Glastra van Loon | 2000 |
| 1977 | 8 | 0 | n/a | 2 | Jan Terlouw | Jan Terlouw | opposition | Jan Glastra van Loon | 4410 |
| 1978 | 8 | 0 | n/a | 31 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | opposition | Jan Glastra van Loon | 8424 |
| 1979 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 31 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | opposition | Jan Glastra van Loon | 11677 |
| 1980 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 31 | no elections | Jan Terlouw | opposition | Henk Zeevalking | 14638 |
| 1981 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 31 | Jan Terlouw | Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst | Jan Terlouw | Henk Zeevalking | 17765 |
| 1982 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 56 | Jan Terlouw | Maarten Engwirda | opposition | J. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 25, 1977. Hendrik Jan "Henk" Zeevalking ( June 7, 1922 – February 23, 2005) was a Dutch Politician. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 26, 1981. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (born March 18 1937) is a Dutch D66 Politician. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on September 8, 1982 Berkom | 14500 |
| 1983 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 56 | no elections | Maarten Engwirda | opposition | Jacob Kohnstam | 12000 |
| 1984 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 56 | no elections | Maarten Engwirda | opposition | Jacob Kohnstam | 8774 |
| 1985 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 56 | no elections | Maarten Engwirda | opposition | Jacob Kohnstam | 8000 |
| 1986 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 56 | Hans van Mierlo | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | S. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 21, 1986. van der Loo | 8300 |
| 1987 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 45 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | S. van der Loo | 8700 |
| 1988 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 45 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | S. van der Loo | 8543 |
| 1989 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 45 | Hans van Mierlo | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | M. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on September 6, 1989 de Jager | unknown |
| 1990 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 45 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | M. de Jager | 9829 |
| 1991 | 12 | 12 | 1 | 116 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | H. J. D. Janssen | 11325 |
| 1992 | 12 | 12 | 1 | 116 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | H. J. D. Janssen | 13000 |
| 1993 | 12 | 12 | 1 | 116 | no elections | Hans van Mierlo | opposition | W. I. J. M. Vrijhoef | 14500 |
| 1994 | 24 | 12 | 4 | 116 | Hans van Mierlo | Gerrit-Jan Wolffensperger | Hans van Mierlo | W. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 3, 1994. I. J. M. Vrijhoef | 15000 |
| 1995 | 24 | 7 | 4 | 68 | no elections | Gerrit-Jan Wolffensperger | Hans van Mierlo | W. I. J. M. Vrijhoef | 13230 |
| 1996 | 24 | 7 | 4 | 68 | no elections | Gerrit-Jan Wolffensperger | Hans van Mierlo | W. I. J. M. Vrijhoef | 13747 |
| 1997 | 24 | 7 | 4 | 68 | no elections | Thom de Graaf | Hans van Mierlo | T. Thomas ("Thom" Carolus de Graaf (born June 11, 1957) was a Dutch Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations A. Kok | 13391 |
| 1998 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 68 | Els Borst | Thom de Graaf | Els Borst | T. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 6, 1998. Profdr Else Borst-Eilers (born March 22, 1932 in Amsterdam) is a former Dutch politician she led Democrats 66 (D66 in the A. Kok | 12027 |
| 1999 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 39 | no elections | Thom de Graaf | Els Borst | T. A. Kok | 12027 |
| 2000 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 39 | no elections | Thom de Graaf | Els Borst | A. G. Schouw | 11878 |
| 2001 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 39 | no elections | Thom de Graaf | Els Borst | A. G. Schouw | 12188 |
| 2002 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 39 | Thom de Graaf | Thom de Graaf | opposition | A. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 15, 2002 G. Schouw | unknown |
| 2003 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 31 | Thom de Graaf | Boris Dittrich | Thom de Graaf | Alexander Pechtold | 12711 |
| 2004 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 31 | no elections | Boris Dittrich | Thom de Graaf | Alexander Pechtold | 13507 |
| 2005 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 31 | no elections | Boris Dittrich | Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst | Frank Dales | 12827 |
| 2006 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 31 | Alexander Pechtold | Lousewies van der Laan | Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst | Frank Dales | 11065 |
| 2007 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 31 | no elections | Alexander Pechtold | opposition | Ingrid van Engelshoven | unknown |
Members of the Second Chamber of Parliament
The 2006 general elections resulted in three seats for D66 in the Second Chamber of Parliament, the Dutch Lower House:
- Alexander Pechtold, group leader
- Boris van der Ham
- Fatma Koser Kaya
Members of the First Chamber of Parliament
After the 2007 Upper House elections the party has two representatives in the First Chamber of Parliament, the Dutch Upper House:
- Gerard Schouw, fractievoorzitter
- Hans Engels
Members of the European Parliament
After the 2004 European Parliament elections the party has one representative in the European Parliament:
- Sophie in 't Veld, fractievoorzitter. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on January 22, 2003 Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. Boris Ottokar Dittrich ( Utrecht, July 21, 1955) is a Dutch Politician and human rights activist. The 2006 Dutch general elections were held in the Netherlands on Wednesday November 22, 2006, and followed the call for new elections after Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. Louse Wies Sija Anne Lilly Berthe (Lousewies van der Laan ( Rotterdam, February 18, 1966) is a former Dutch Politician The Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal ( literally "Second Chamber of the States-General" short Tweede Kamer, is the Dutch Lower house. A lower house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Upper house. Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General An upper house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Lower house. Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Sophia Helena ("Sophie" in 't Veld (born September 13, 1963 in Vollenhove) is a Dutch member of European Parliament for the social
The D66 delegation is part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties
Municipal and Provincial Government
Provincial government
Two of the twelve Queen's commissioners (of Flevoland and Utrecht) are members of D66. The King's Commissioner (Commissaris van de Koning is the head of a Province in the Netherlands, who is chairman of both the Provinciale Staten (PS the Flevoland is a province of the Netherlands. Located in the centre of the country at the location of the former Zuiderzee, the province was established on Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country The party cooperates in one provincial executive (North Holland). North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the It has nine members of provincial legislatives.
In the figure below one can see the election results of the provincial elections of March 2007 per province. It shows the areas where D66 is strong, namely the urbanised provinces such as Utrecht and North Holland. The party is weaker in rural provinces like Friesland and Zeeland.
| Province | Votes (%) | Seats |
|---|---|---|
| Utrecht | 4. Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country 0% | 2 |
| North Holland | 3. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the 8% | 2 |
| South Holland | 2. South Holland ( Dutch:) is a province situated on the North Sea in the western part of the Netherlands. 6% | 1 |
| Groningen | 2. Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. 6% | 1 |
| Gelderland | 2. Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country 3% | 1 |
| Limburg | 2. Limburg ( Dutch: (Nederlands Limburg is the southern-most of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. 3% | 1 |
| North Brabant | 2. North Brabant ( Dutch: Noord-Brabant,) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the south of the country bordered by Belgium 1% | 1 |
| Flevoland | 2. Flevoland is a province of the Netherlands. Located in the centre of the country at the location of the former Zuiderzee, the province was established on 1% | 0 |
| Drenthe | 1. Drenthe is a province of the Netherlands, located in the north-east of the country 9% | 0 |
| Overijssel | 1. Overijssel (Transiselania is a Province of the Netherlands in the central eastern part of the country 6% | 0 |
| Friesland | 1. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known 3% | 0 |
| Zeeland | 1. Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. 3% | 0 |
Municipal government
26 of the 414 mayors of the Netherlands are member of D66. The party cooperates in several local executives and has 30 aldermen. It cooperates in the Leiden local executive. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. It has 144 members of local legislatives and 16 members of burough legislatives. Fourteen of the burough councillors were elected in Amsterdam, and only two in Rotterdam.
Electorate
The electorate of D66 have a relatively weak commitment towards the party. It ranges from sixteen percent of vote to two. D66 tends to attract unbound, 'floating' voters. D66 voters are relatively young, tend to be female, highly-educated and have strong post-materialistic values. The theory of Post-materialism assumes an ongoing transformation of individuals and society which liberates them gradually from the stress of basic acquisitive or materialistic needs The party's electorate is concentrated in the larger cities. D66 lacks pillarized organizations around it. Pillarisation ( verzuiling in Dutch, pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch
Organization
Organizational structure
D66 has long history of strong internal democracy. The highest organ of the D66 is the General Assembly, it is formed by delegates in which every member can participate. It convenes multiple times per year. It appoints the party board and has the last say over the party program. The party list, including the party's top candidate, for the First Chamber, Second Chamber, European Parliament candidates are elected per referendum. Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e The party has between 250 and 300 branches all over the Netherlands.
Linked organisations
The party's scientific institute is called "Foundation Scientific Bureau D66". It publishes the "Idea" (Dutch: Idee). The party's magazine is the "Democrat". The education institute is called Education Centre D66. D66 has an organization for cooperation with Eastern-European liberal parties called "Foundation International Democratic Initiative D66".
The youth organization of D66 is called the Young Democrats (Dutch: Jonge Democraten; JD). The Young Democrats (Dutch Jonge Democraten JD is the Social-liberal youth organisation of The Netherlands, founded in 1984 It has produced several prominent active members of D66 like the MP Boris van der Ham. The JD publishes the Demo. It is a member of the European Liberal Youth LYMEC and the International Liberal Youth Federation IFLRY. European Liberal Youth (LYMEC - Liberal and Radical Youth Movement of the European Community is an international organisation of Liberal youth movements - mostly the youth The International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY) is an international liberal youth organization
D66 is cofounder of the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties. The Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy | NIMD ( Dutch Nederlands Instituut voor Meerpartijendemocratie) is a democracy assistance organisation of
International organisations
D66 is a member of the Liberal International and of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR). Liberal International is a Political international for liberal parties. The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993 is a liberal party, mainly active in the European Union, composed of 55 national parties from across
Relationships to other parties
D66 is at the centre of the Dutch political spectrum, therefore it has cooperated well with nearly all parties.
Historically, D66 has cooperated very well with the Labour Party (PvdA). They are both centre-left parties. They were four cabinets together (Den Uyl, Van Agt II, Kok I and Kok II); and they formed a shadow cabinet during the early seventies. The Netherlands cabinet Den Uyl (11 May 1973 - 19 December 1977 was a Dutch left-wing cabinet under prime minister Joop den Uyl with ministers from PvdA The Netherlands cabinet Van Agt-2 (1981-1982 was a coalition between the Christian democrats ( CDA) the labour party ( PvdA) and the left-wing liberals D66 The relations with the PvdA came under heavy tension three times: in 1981 when D66 decided to continue to govern with the CDA, after the PvdA ministers had left the cabinet Van Agt I; in 1989 when PvdA formed a government without D66; and 2003 when D66 joined the second Balkenende cabinet. The Netherlands cabinet Lubbers-3 existed from 1989 to 1994 was formed by a coalition of the Christian-Democrats (CDA and the Labor Party (PvdA.
Ideologically the left-liberal D66 is linked to People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), although VVD is considered a party of conservative liberalism. The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( VVD) (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie is a Dutch liberal Political party. Conservative liberalism is a variant of Liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances or more simply representing the right-wing This resulted in three coalition governments (Kok I, Kok II and Balkenende II). Both D66 and the VVD are member of the ELDR and their members in the European Parliament joined the ALDE group; they have campaigned with the same ELDR program in European Parliament elections; they have formed electoral alliances. The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993 is a liberal party, mainly active in the European Union, composed of 55 national parties from across The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties
The relations with CDA have been less cooperative. Historically, the CDA is ethically conservative, while D66 is ethically liberal. Social conservatism is a political or moral ideology that affirms the government's role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or behaviors in the belief that these are what Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or They both espouse the same centrist economic policies however. In Politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting Moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes This has led to the formation of the CDA/D66 caretaker government Van Agt III but also the cooperation of D66 in the third Balkenende cabinet. The Netherlands cabinet Van Agt-3 (1982-1983 was a minority coalition between the Christian-democrats CDA and liberals D66.
Both D66 and the GreenLeft have their background in the 1960s: they both have the same post-materialist, pro-european, multiculturalist, environmentalist political agenda. GroenLinks ( GL, English: GreenLeft) is a Dutch Green Political party. The theory of Post-materialism assumes an ongoing transformation of individuals and society which liberates them gradually from the stress of basic acquisitive or materialistic needs Pro-European is a subjective term applied to a person who supports the idea of European unification (mainly through the European Union (EU and generally supports The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. This has not yet resulted in any substantial cooperation.
International Comparison
D66 is part of a large global family of social-liberal parties and parties oriented at democratic reform. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Examples are the British Liberal Democrats, the Australian Democrats, the Danish Social-Liberal Party, the Flemish Spirit, the French Left Radical Party and the Italian Radicals. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the The Australian Democrats is an Australian Political party espousing a centrist or Social liberal ideology Det Radikale Venstre (literally The Radical Left is a Social liberal party in Denmark. The FlemishProgressives (VlaamsProgressieven or VlPro ProgressistesFlamands are a Belgian Flemish political party formed after the falling apart of the old The Radical Party of the Left ( Parti Radical de Gauche, PRG is a minor social-liberal and social-democratic political party in France Italian Radicals ( Radicali Italiani) is an Italian political party which describes itself as a liberale, liberista e libertario Progressive members of the U.S. Democratic Party often take comparable stances. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.
References
- ^ "Oprichter van Mierlo: heeft D66 nog zin?", Het Parool, 2006-10-06. Het Parool is an Amsterdam -based daily newspaper It was founded as a resistance paper during World War II (the name means "The Password Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
See also
- Social Liberalism
- Liberalism
- Contributions to liberal theory
- Liberalism worldwide
- List of liberal parties
- Liberal democracy
- Liberalism in the Netherlands
External links
- Democrats 66 official site
- Democrats 66 official site (English)
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