Dejima (出島, Dejima^? literally "protruding island"; Dutch: Desjima or Deshima, often latinised as Decima), was a fan-shaped artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch trading port during Japan's self-imposed isolation (sakoku) of the Edo period, from 1641 until 1853. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname An artificial island is an Island that has been constructed by humans rather than formed by natural means ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Sakoku ( Japanese: 鎖国 literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country" was the Foreign relations policy of Japan under which The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868

View of Dejima island in Nagasaki Bay (from Siebold's Nippon, 1897)

History

The artificial island, constructed in 1634 on orders of shogun Iemitsu, originally accommodated Portuguese merchants. An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光 August 12, 1604 — June 8, 1651) sometimes Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Shimabara uprising of 1637, in which Christian Japanese took an active part, was crushed with the help of the Dutch. The was an uprising largely involving Japanese Peasants, most of them Christians, in 1637–1638 during the Edo period. After the Portuguese and other Catholic nations were expelled from Japan in 1638, the shogunate ordered the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) to transfer its mercantile operations from the island port of Hirado to Dejima in 1641. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It occupies an Island connected to the larger island of Kyūshū by the Hirado Bridge

At its maximum, the Hirado trading facility, or "factory," covered a large area. ^[1] In 1637 and in 1639, stone warehouses were constructed within the ambit of this Hirado trading post. Dutch builders incorporated these very dates into the stonework, but the Tokugawa shogunate disapproved of the use of any Christian era year dates and so ordered the immediate destruction of the structures. ^[2]

This modest example of Dutch failure to comply with strict sakoku practices was then used as one of the bakufu's plausible rationales for forcing the Dutch traders to abandon Hirado for the more constricting confines of Dejima island in Nagasaki harbor. Sakoku ( Japanese: 鎖国 literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country" was the Foreign relations policy of Japan under which is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" ^[2] However, modern research has led scholars to argue that "This was actually an excuse for the shogonate to take the Dutch trade away from the Hirado clan. "^[2] This strategic decision led to significant and unanticipated consequences for Hirado, for Nagasaki, and for Japan.

As an additional punitive measure, the bakufu ordered the annual replacement of the VOC Opperhoofd or Kapitan in Japan. ^[2] This, too, would lead to unanticipated consequences.

Organization

Dejima and Nagasaki Bay, circa 1820. Two Dutch ships and numerous Chinese trading junks are depicted.

From then on, only the Chinese and the Dutch could trade with Japan. It is significant that Dejima was an artificial island, and hence not part of Japan proper. Thus, the foreigners were kept at arm's length from the sacred soil of Japan. Dejima was a small island, 120 by 75 meters,^[3] linked to the mainland by a small bridge, guarded on both sides, and with a gate on the Dutch side. It contained houses for about twenty Dutchmen, warehouses, and accommodation for Japanese government officials. The Dutch were watched by a number of Japanese officials, gatekeepers, night watchmen, and a supervisor (otona) with about fifty subordinates. There were a number of merchants for supplies and catering and about 150 tsūji ("interpreters"). They all had to be paid by the VOC. Dejima was under direct central supervision of Edo by a governor, called a bugyō, who was responsible for all contact between the VOC and all contacts with anyone in the Japanese archipelago.

Every Dutch ship that arrived in Dejima was inspected by the bugyō, and sails were seized until that ship was set to leave. Religious books and weapons were sealed and confiscated. No religious services were allowed on the island.

Despite the financial burden of the isolated outpost on Dejima, the trade with Japan was very profitable for the VOC, initially yielding profits of 50% or more. Trade declined in the 18th century, as only two ships per year were allowed to dock at Dejima. After the bankruptcy of the VOC in 1795, the Dutch government took over the settlement. Times were especially hard when the Netherlands (then called the Batavian Republic) was under French Napoleonic rule and all ties with the homeland were severed. The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. For a while Dejima remained the only place in the world where the Dutch flag was flown.

The chief VOC official in Japan was called the Opperhoofd, or Kapitan. Opperhoofd is a Dutch word (plural Opperhoofden) which literally means 'supreme head(man' Kapitan refers to an assortment of different political and military positions held historically in several different areas This descriptive title did not change when the island's trading fell under Dutch state authority. Throughout these years, the plan was to have one incumbent per year--but sometimes plans needed to be flexible.

Scale model of Dutch trading post on display in Dejima (1995)

Trade

Originally, the Dutch mainly traded in silk, but sugar became more important later. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Also deer pelts and shark skin were transported to Japan from Asia, as well as woolen cloth and glassware from Europe. In return, the Dutch traders bought Japanese copper and silver.

To this was added the personal trade of individual Dutch traders in charge of Dejima, called kanbang trade, which was an important source of income for the employees and allowed the Japanese to procure books or scientific instruments. More than 10,000 foreign books on various scientific subjects were thus sold to the Japanese from the end of the 18th to the early 19th century, thus becoming the central factor of the Rangaku movement, or Dutch studies. Rangaku ( Kyūjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭 學}}/ Shinjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭学}} literally “Dutch Learning” and by extension “Western learning” is a body of

Ship arrivals

In all, 606 Dutch ships arrived at Dejima during two centuries of settlement, from 1641 to 1847.

• The first period, from 1641 to 1671, was rather free, and saw an average of 7 Dutch ships every year (12 perished in this period).
• From 1671 to 1715, about 5 Dutch ships were allowed to visit Dejima every year.
• From 1715, only 2 ships were permitted every year, which was reduced to 1 ship in 1790, and again increased to 2 ships in 1799.
• During the Napoleonic wars, in which the Netherlands was an ally of France, Dutch ships could not safely reach Japan in the face of British opposition, so they instead relied on "neutral" American and Danish ships. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions (Interestingly, when the Netherlands became a province of France (1811-1814), and Britain conquered Dutch colonial possessions in Asia, Dejima remained for four years the only place in the world where the Dutch flag was still flying, under the leadership of Hendrik Doeff. Hendrik Doeff ( December 2 1764 &ndash October 19 1837) was the Dutch commissioner in the Dejima trading post in Nagasaki )
• Regular traffic was reestablished in 1815.

Sakoku policy

Japanese painting of Dutch practicing astronomy at Dejima.

For two hundred years, Dutch merchants were generally not allowed to cross from Dejima to Nagasaki, and Japanese were likewise banned from entering Dejima, except for prostitutes from Nagasaki teahouses. These yūjo were handpicked from 1642 by the Japanese, often against their will. Prostitution in Japan has a long and varied history While the Anti-Prostitution Law of 1956 made organized Prostitution illegal various loopholes liberal interpretations of From the 18th century there were some exceptions to this rule, especially following Tokugawa Yoshimune's doctrine of promoting European practical sciences. was the eighth Shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745 A few Oranda-yuki ("those who stay with the Dutch") were allowed to stay for longer periods, but they had to report regularly to the Japanese guard post. European scholars such as Engelbert Kaempfer, Carl Peter Thunberg, Isaac Titsingh and Philipp Franz von Siebold were allowed to enter the mainland with the shogunate's permission. Engelbert Kaempfer ( September 16, 1651 &ndash November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist traveller and Physician. Early life Thunberg was born at Jönköping, and became a pupil of Carolus Linnaeus at Uppsala University. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold ( February 17, 1796 in Würzburg - October 18, 1866 in Munich) was a German physician ^[4] Starting in the 1700s, Dejima became known throughout Japan as a center of medicine, military science, and astronomy, and many samurai travelled there for "Dutch studies" (Rangaku). is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. Rangaku ( Kyūjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭 學}}/ Shinjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭学}} literally “Dutch Learning” and by extension “Western learning” is a body of

In addition, the Opperhoofd was treated like a Japanese daimyo, which meant that he had to pay a visit of homage to the Shogun in Edo regularly (the so-called sankin kotai). The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the Sankin kōtai (参勤交代 ("alternate attendance" was a policy of the Shogunate during most of the Edo period of Japanese history. In contrast to a daimyo, the Dutch delegation traveled to Edo yearly between 1660 and 1790 and once every four years thereafter. This prerogative was denied to the Chinese traders. This lengthy travel to the imperial court broke the boredom of their stay, but it was a costly affair to the Dutch. The shōgun let them know in advance and in detail which (expensive) gifts he expected, such as astrolabes, a pair of glasses, telescopes, globes, medical instruments, medical books, or exotic animals and tropical birds. The astrolabe is a historical Astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, Navigators In return, the Dutch delegation received some gifts from the shogun. On arrival in Edo the Opperhoofd and his retinue (usually his scribe and the factory doctor) had to wait in the Nagasakiya, their mandatory residence until they were summoned at the court. After their official audience, they were expected, according to Engelbert Kaempfer, to perform Dutch dances and songs etc. Engelbert Kaempfer ( September 16, 1651 &ndash November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist traveller and Physician. for the amusement of the shogunate. But they also used the opportunity of their stay of about two to three weeks in the capital to exchange knowledge with learned Japanese and, under escort, visit the town.

New introductions to Japan

Scene of badminton playing in Dejima.

• Badminton, a sport that originated in India, was introduced by the Dutch during the 18th century and is mentioned in the "Sayings of the Dutch. Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles or two opposing pairs (doubles who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court "
• Billiards were introduced in Japan on Dejima in 1794 and are mentioned as "Ball throwing table" (玉突の場) in the paintings of Kawahara Keika (川原慶賀).
• Beer seems to have been introduced as imports during the period of isolation. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea The Dutch governor Doeff made his own beer in Nagasaki, following the disruption of trade during the Napoleonic wars. Hendrik Doeff ( December 2 1764 &ndash October 19 1837) was the Dutch commissioner in the Dejima trading post in Nagasaki The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Local production of beer would start in Japan in 1880.
• Clover was introduced in Japan by the Dutch as packing material for fragile cargo. Alsike redirects here Alsike Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden. The Japanese called it "White packing herb" (シロツメクサ), in reference to its white flowers.

Dutch playing billards in Dejima.

• Coffee was introduced in Japan by the Dutch under the name Moka. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Siebold refers to Japanese coffee amateurs in Nagasaki around 1823.
• Piano. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Japan's oldest piano was introduced by Siebold in 1823 and later given to a tradesperson in the name of Kumatani (熊谷). The piano is today on display in the Kumatani Museum (萩市の熊谷美術館).
• Painting, used for ships, was introduced by the Dutch. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e The original Dutch name (Pek) was also adopted in Japanese (Penki/ペンキ).
• Cabbage and tomatoes were introduced in the 17th century by the Dutch. The cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var capitata) is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae used as a The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family
• Chocolate was introduced between 1789 and 1801 and is mentioned as a drink in the pleasure houses of Maruyama. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree

Nagasaki Naval Training Center

The Nagasaki Training Center, in Nagasaki, next to Dejima (in the background). ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan.

Following the forcible opening of Japan by US Navy Commodore Perry in 1854, the Bakufu suddenly increased its interactions with Dejima in an effort to build up knowledge of Western shipping methods. Matthew Calbraith Perry ( April 10, 1794 &ndash March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The Nagasaki Naval Training Center (Jp:長崎海軍伝習所/Nagasaki Kaigun Denshūsho), a naval training institute, was established in 1855 by the government of the Shogun right at the entrance of Dejima, allowing maximum interaction with Dutch naval know-how. The was a naval training institute between 1855 when it was established by the government of the Shogun, until 1859, when it was transferred to Tsukiji is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The center was also equipped with Japan's first steamship, the Kankō Maru, given by the government of the Netherlands the same year. History Following the forced opening of Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854 Japan decided to order modern ships from the Dutch, their sole Western trading The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The future Admiral Enomoto Takeaki was one of the students of the Training Center. Viscount was a Japanese Navy admiral faithful to the Tokugawa Shogunate, who fought against the new Meiji government until the end of the Boshin

Reconstruction

The Dutch East India Company's trading post at Dejima was closed in 1857, once Dutch merchants were allowed to trade in Nagasaki City. Since then, the island has been surrounded by reclaimed land and merged into Nagasaki. Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after Extensive redesigning of Nagasaki Harbor in 1904 has obscured the location. ^[5] The footprint of Dejima island's original location has been marked by rivets; but as restoration progresses, the ambit of the island will be easier to grasp at a glance.

Edo-era boundaries of Dejima island (outlined in red) within the modern city of Nagasaki.

Dejima today has plainly become a work in progress. The island was designated a national historical site in 1922, but further steps were slow to follow. Restoration work was started in 1953, but that project languished. ^[5]

In 1996, restoration of Dejima began with plans for rebuilding 25 buildings to their early 19th century state. To better display Dejima's fan-shaped form, the project anticipated rebuilding only parts of the surrounding embankment wall that had once enclosed the island. Buildings that remained from the Meiji Period were to be used. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July

In 2000, five buildings including the Deputy Factor's Quarters were completed and opened to the public.

In the spring of 2006, the finishing touches were put on the Chief Factor's Residence, the Japanese Officials' Office, the Head Clerk's Quarters, the No. 3 Warehouse, and the Sea Gate.

The long-term planning now anticipates that Dejima should again be surrounded by water on all four sides, which means that Dejima’s characteristic fan-shaped form and all of its embankment walls will be fully restored. This long-term plan will involve a large-scale urban redevelopment in the area. If Dejima is to be an island again, the project will require rerouting the Nakashima River and moving a part of Route 499. The project is ambitious, but the eventual completion of this restoration project will create a unique window through which Nagasaki's past can be glimpsed.

Chronology of Dejima

Scene in the modern reconstruction of Dejima

Monument erected in Dejima by Siebold to honor Kaempfer and Thunberg

• 1550: Portuguese ships visit Hirado. Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold ( February 17, 1796 in Würzburg - October 18, 1866 in Munich) was a German physician is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It occupies an Island connected to the larger island of Kyūshū by the Hirado Bridge
• 1570: Nagasaki Harbor is opened for trade and six town blocks are built.
• 1571: The first Portuguese ships enter Nagasaki Harbor.
• 1580: Omura Sumitada cedes jurisdiction over Nagasaki and Mogi to the Society of Jesus. Omura Sumitada (大村純忠 1533 - June 23, 1587) Japanese Daimyo lord of the Sengoku period The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order
• 1588: Toyotomi Hideyoshi exerts direct control over Nagasaki, Mogi, and Urakami from the Jesuits.
• 1609: The Dutch East India Company opens a factory in Hirado. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It occupies an Island connected to the larger island of Kyūshū by the Hirado Bridge It closes in 1623.
• 1612: Japan's feudal government decrees that Christian proselytizing on Bakufu lands is forbidden.
• 1616: All trade with foreigners except that with China is confined to Hirado and Nagasaki.
• 1634: The construction of Dejima begins.
• 1636: Dejima is completed; the Portuguese are interned on Dejima (Fourth National Isolation Edict).
• 1639: Portuguese ships are prohibited from entering Japan. Consequently, the Portuguese are banished from Dejima.
• 1641: The Dutch East India Company on Hirado is moved to Nagasaki.
• 1649: Dutch surgeon Caspar Schambergen comes to Japan. In Medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs Surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive Medical treatment that involves the cutting of a
• 1662: A shop is opened on Dejima to sell Imari porcelain. Imari porcelain is the European collectors' name for Japanese porcelain wares made in the town of Arita, in the former Hizen Province, northwestern Kyūshū
• 1673: The English ship "Return" enters Nagasaki, but the Shogunate refuses its request for trade.
• 1678: A bridge connecting Dejima with the shore is replaced with a stone bridge.
• 1690: The German physician Engelbert Kaempfer comes to Dejima. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Engelbert Kaempfer ( September 16, 1651 &ndash November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist traveller and Physician.
• 1696: Warehouses for secondary cargo reach completion on Dejima.
• 1698: The Nagasaki Kaisho (trade association) is founded.
• 1699: The Sea Gate is built at Dejima.
• 1707: Water pipes are installed on Dejima.
• 1775: Carl Thunberg starts his term as physician on Dejima. Early life Thunberg was born at Jönköping, and became a pupil of Carolus Linnaeus at Uppsala University.
• 1779: Surgeon Isaac Titsingh arrives for his first tour of duty as "Opperhoofd. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader Opperhoofd is a Dutch word (plural Opperhoofden) which literally means 'supreme head(man' "
• 1798: Many buildings, including the Chief Factor's Residence, are destroyed by the Great Kansei Fire of Dejima.
• 1804: Russian Ambassador N.P. Rezanov visits Nagasaki to request an exchange of trade between Japan and Imperial Russia. Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov (Николай Петрович Резанов (1764 &ndash 1807 was a Russian nobleman and statesman who promoted the project of Russian
• 1808: The Phaeton Incident occurs. St Jago The Phaeton was involved in the squadron commanded by Admiral John Gell which escorted back to Portsmouth a Spanish ship which they had captured from the French

VOC outpost

Opperhoofd is a Dutch word (plural Opperhoofden) which literally means 'supreme head[man]'. Opperhoofd is a Dutch word (plural Opperhoofden) which literally means 'supreme head(man' In its historical usage, the word is a gubernatorial title, comparable to the English Chief factor, for the chief executive officer of a Dutch factory in the sense of trading post, as lead by a Factor, i. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government A factor, from the Latin "he who does" (parallel to agent, from Latin agens) is a person who professionally acts as the representative of another individual e. agent.

See more at VOC Opperhoofden in Japan

View of VOC compound at Hirado island -- west coast of Kyushu (c1669). See also Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally

The last of the Dejima-based Opperhoofden handled the 1855 delivery of the Kankō Maru (観光丸), Japan's first modern steam warship -- a gift from the Dutch King Willem III to the Tokugawa Shogunate. History Following the forced opening of Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854 Japan decided to order modern ships from the Dutch, their sole Western trading

At Hirado

• François Caron: 3. François Caron (1600-1673 was a French Huguenot refugee to the Netherlands who served the Dutch East India Company (the Vereenigde Oostindische 2. 1639 - 13. 2. 1641 [Caron was last Opperhoofd at Hirado. ]

At Dejima

• François Caron: 3. François Caron (1600-1673 was a French Huguenot refugee to the Netherlands who served the Dutch East India Company (the Vereenigde Oostindische 2. 1639 - 13. 2. 1641 [Caron was the first Opperhoofd in Dejima following the forced move from Hirado. ]

• Zacharias Wagenaer [Wagener]: 1. Zacharias Wagenaer (also known as Wagenaar or Wagner) He was the chief officer or opperhoofd of the Dutch East India Company (VOC at the small 11. 1656 - 27. 10. 1657
• Zacharias Wagenaer [Wagener]: 22. Zacharias Wagenaer (also known as Wagenaar or Wagner) He was the chief officer or opperhoofd of the Dutch East India Company (VOC at the small 10. 1658 - 4. 11. 1659

• Andreas Cleyer [Andries]: 20. Andreas Cleyer (1634-1698 This German born international trader botanist physician and japanologist died in Batavia, in what is now called Jakarta) in Indonesia 10. 1682 - 8. 11. 1683
• Andreas Cleyer: 17. Andreas Cleyer (1634-1698 This German born international trader botanist physician and japanologist died in Batavia, in what is now called Jakarta) in Indonesia 10. 1685 - 5. 11. 1686

• Hendrik Godfried Duurkoop: 23. Hendrik Godfried Duurkoop ( May 5, 1736, Dornum - July 27, 1778, at sea was a Dutch merchant-trader and diplomat 11. 1776 - 11. 11. 1777

• Isaac Titsingh: 29. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader 11. 1779 - 5. 11. 1780
• Isaac Titsingh: 24. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader 11. 1781 - 26. 10. 1783
• Isaac Titsingh: _. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader 8. 1784 - 30. 11. 1784

• Hendrik Doeff: 14. Hendrik Doeff ( December 2 1764 &ndash October 19 1837) was the Dutch commissioner in the Dejima trading post in Nagasaki 11. 1803 - 6. 12. 1817

• Jan Cock Blomhoff: 6. Jan Cock Blomhoff (Amsterdam August 5, 1779 - Amersfoort August 15, 1853) was director (" Opperhoofd " of Dejima 12. 1817 - 20. 11. 1823

• Janus Henricus Donker Curtius: 2. Janus Henricus Donker Curtius ( 21 April 1813, Arnhem - 27 November 1879, Arnhem) was the last Dutch commissioner for the island of 11. 1852 - 28. 2. 1860 [Donker Curtius became the last in a long list of hardy Dutch Opperhoofden who were stationed at Dejima; and fortuitously, Curtius also became the first of many Dutch diplomatic and trade representatives in Japan during the burgeoning pre-Meiji years. ]

References

Hendrik Doeff and a Balinese servant in Dejima, Japanese painting. Hendrik Doeff ( December 2 1764 &ndash October 19 1837) was the Dutch commissioner in the Dejima trading post in Nagasaki

• Blomhoff, J. C. (2000). The Court Journey to the Shogun of Japan: From a Private Account by Jan Cock Blomhoff. Amsterdam
• Blussé, L. et al. , eds. (1995-2001) The Deshima [sic] Dagregisters: Their Original Tables of Content. Leiden.
• Blussé, L. et al. , eds. (2004). The Deshima Diaries Marginalia 1740-1800. Tokyo.
• Boxer. C. R. (1950). Jan Compagnie in Japan, 1600-1850: An Essay on the Cultural, Aristic, and Scientific Influence Exercised by the Hollanders in Japan from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries. Den Haag.
• Caron, François. François Caron (1600-1673 was a French Huguenot refugee to the Netherlands who served the Dutch East India Company (the Vereenigde Oostindische (1671). A True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms of Japan and Siam. London.
• Doeff, Hendrik. Hendrik Doeff ( December 2 1764 &ndash October 19 1837) was the Dutch commissioner in the Dejima trading post in Nagasaki (1633). Herinneringen uit Japan. Amsterdam. [Doeff, H. "Recollections of Japan" (ISBN 1-55395-849-7)]
• Edo-Tokyo Museum exhibition catalog. The is a museum of the history of Tokyo, established in 1993 The main features of the permanent exhibitions are the life-size replica of the Nihonbashi, which was the (2000). A Very Unique Collection of Historical Significance: The Kapitan (the Dutch Chief) Collection from the Edo Period--The Dutch Fascination with Japan. Catalog of "400th Anniversary Exhibition Regarding Relations between Japan and the Netherlands," a joint project of the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the City of Nagasaki, the National Museum of Ethnology, the National Natuurhistorisch Museum and the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden, the Netherlands. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. The National Museum of Ethnology, also known as the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ( RMV) in the Netherlands is located in the university city of Leiden The National Natural History Museum, or Naturalis, is the national Natural history museum for the Netherlands, based in Leiden. The National Herbarium of the Netherlands was established in 1999 through a decentralized merger of the major university herbaria of Leiden (also known as the Rijksherbarium "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Tokyo.
• Leguin, F. (2002). Isaac Titsingh (1745-1812): Een passie voor Japan, leven en werk van de grondlegger van de Europese Japanologie. Leiden.
• Nederland's Patriciaat, Vol. 13 (1923). Den Haag.
• Screech, Timon. Timon Screech is a Professor in the History of Art at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS University of London. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0-700-71720-X
• Siebold, P. Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold ( February 17, 1796 in Würzburg - October 18, 1866 in Munich) was a German physician F. v. (1897). Nippon. Würzburg e Leipzig. Click link for full text in modern German
• Titsingh, I. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader (1820). Mémoires et Anecdotes sur la Dynastie régnante des Djogouns, Souverains du Japon. Paris: Nepveau.
• Titsingh, I. (1822). Illustrations of Japan; consisting of Private Memoirs and Anecdotes of the reigning dynasty of The Djogouns, or Sovereigns of Japan. London: Ackerman.

See also

• Rangaku - Dutch studies
• Sakoku - "chained country"

Sources and external links

• Dejima: The Island Comes Back to Life
• Illustration showing layout and building placement at Deshima
• New York Public Library Digital Gallery, Engelbert Kaempfer's map of Nagasaki harbor (published 1727)
• At the bottom you will also find an image of Deshima
• WorldStatesmen - Japan

• Dejima is at coordinates 32°44′37″N 129°52′23″E / 32.743525, 129.873022 (Dejima)Coordinates: 32°44′37″N 129°52′23″E / 32.743525, 129.873022 (Dejima)

Gallery views

A bird's-eye view of Nagasaki harbor as published in the Illustrated London News (March 23, 1853). Rangaku ( Kyūjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭 學}}/ Shinjitai: ja {{linktext 蘭学}} literally “Dutch Learning” and by extension “Western learning” is a body of Sakoku ( Japanese: 鎖国 literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country" was the Foreign relations policy of Japan under which A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In the center -- the fan-shape of the Dutch traders' Dejima island compound and the Chinese compound is shown just to the left, separated from each other by narrow stretch of water. Bakufu supervision of these foreigners was under the control of the Governor of Nagasaki (the Nagasaki bugyō. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan Appointments to this prominent office were usually Fudai Daimyō, but this was

The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored and scrutinized by the Nagasaki bugyō. were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan Appointments to this prominent office were usually Fudai Daimyō, but this was