In pragmatics and linguistics, deixis^[1] is collectively the orientational features of human languages to have reference to points in time, space, and the speaking event between interlocutors. Pragmatics is the study of the ability of Natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields A word that depends on deictic clues is called a deictic or a deictic word. Deictic words are bound to a context — either a linguistic or extralinguistic context — for their interpretation.

Some English deictic words include, for example, the following:

now vs. then

here vs. there

this vs. that

me vs. you vs. him/her

go vs. come

The origo is the context from which the reference is made—in other words, the viewpoint that must be understood in order to interpret the utterance. For the album by Burst, see Origo (album. In Pragmatics, the origo is the reference point on which deictic (If Tom is speaking and he says "I", he refers to himself, but if he is listening to Betty and she says "I", then the origo is with Betty and the reference is to her. )

Contents 1 Types of deixis 1.1 Spatial deixis 1.1.1 Temporal deixis 1.1.2 Discourse deixis 1.2 Person deixis 1.3 Social deixis 2 Notes 3 See also 4 Bibliography

Types of deixis

Spatial deixis

• Place deixis: a spatial location relative to the spatial location of the speaker. It can be proximal or distal, or sometimes medial. It can also be either bounded (indicating a spatial region with a clearly defined boundary, e. g. in the box) or unbounded (indicating a spatial region without a clearly defined boundary, e. g. over there)

It is common for languages to show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i. e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i. e. far from the speaker and/or closer to the addressee. In Linguistics, an addressee is an intended direct recipient of the speaker's communication English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i. e. near the speaker, medial, i. e. near the addressee, and distal, i. e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai and Turkish. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages.

• Empathetic deixis: where different forms of the deictic are used to indicate the speaker's emotional closeness or distance from the referent.

Temporal deixis

• Time deixis: is reference made to particular times relative to some other time, most currently the time of utterance. For example the use of the words now or soon, or the use of tenses. Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs

Discourse deixis

• Discourse deixis: where reference is being made to the current discourse or part thereof. Examples: "see section 8. 4", "that was a really mean thing to say", "This sentence is false". In Philosophy and Logic, the liar paradox, known to the ancients as the pseudomenon, encompasses Paradoxical statements such as "This The last is an example of token-reflexive discourse deixis, in which a word in the utterance refers to the utterance itself.

Spatial deictics are often reused as anaphoric pro-forms that stand for phrases or propositions (that is, items of discourse, not items of the outside reality). In Linguistics, anaphora is an instance of an expression referring to another Consider the following statement:

There may be ice hidden in unexplored places of the Moon. This ice could be useful for future lunar expeditions.

In the above example, this ice is not near the speaker in the physical sense, but the deictic does not refer to real ice. This ice refers to the phrase ice hidden in unexplored places, which is conceptually near the speaker in the discourse flow.

Person deixis

• Person deixis: see grammatical person. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others

Pronouns are generally considered to be deictics, but a finer distinction is often made between personal pronouns such as I, you, and it (commonly referred to as personal pronouns) and pronouns that refer to places and times such as now, then, here, there. In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others Personal pronouns are Pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common Nouns. In most texts, the word deictic implies the latter but not necessarily the former. (In philosophical logic, the former and latter are collectively called indexicals. )

• Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In Linguistics, switch-reference (SR describes any clause-level Morpheme that signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent' Clauses co-refer In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[same subject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.

Social deixis

• Social deixis: is the use of different deictics to express social distinctions. An example is difference between formal and polite pro-forms. Relational social deixis is where the form of word used indicates the relative social status of the addressor and the addressee. For example, one pro-form might be used to address those of higher social rank, another to address those of lesser social rank, another to address those of the same social rank. By contrast, absolute social deixis indicates a social standing irrespective of the social standing of the speaker. Thus, village chiefs might always be addressed by a special pro-form, regardless of whether it is someone below them, above them or at the same level of the social hierarchy who is doing the addressing.

Notes

See also

• Anaphora (linguistics)
• Demonstrative
• Generic antecedents
• Pro-form

Bibliography

• Anderson, Stephen R. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Chrysippus of Soli (c280&ndashc207 BC (Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς was Cleanthes ' pupil and the eventual successor as the head of Stoic philosophy In Linguistics, anaphora is an instance of an expression referring to another Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others Generic antecedents are representatives of classes indicated by a Reference in ordinary Language (most often a Pronoun) where Gender is typically A pro-form is a type of Function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as another word phrase clause or sentence whose meaning is recoverable ; & Keenan, Edward L. (1985). Deixis. In T. Shopen (Ed. ), Language typololgy and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon (Vol. 3, pp. 259-308). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fillmore, Charles J. (1966). Deictic categories in the semantics of ‘come’. Foundations of Language, 2, 219-227.
• Fillmore, Charles J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R. J. Jarvell & W. Klein (Eds. ), Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 31-59). London: Wiley.
• Fillmore, Charles J. (1997). Lectures on deixis. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
• Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Lyons, John. (1977). Deixis, space and time. Semantics (Vol. 2, Chap. 15, pp. 636-724). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Traut, Gregory P. and Kazzazi, Kerstin. 1996. Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Routledge. London and New York.

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic