Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone ( Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome ( The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In Physiologic terms, it entails a relative deficiency of water molecules in relation to other dissolved solutes. Dehydration, thus, is slightly different from hypovolemia, which defines water deficiency only in terms of overall volume rather than in terms of solute concentrations. In Physiology and Medicine, hypovolemia (also hypovolaemia is a state of decreased Blood volume more specifically decrease in volume of Blood plasma

Medical causes of dehydration in humans

In humans, dehydration can be caused by a wide range of diseases and states that impair water homeostasis in the body. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit These include:

• External or stress-related causes
  • Prolonged physical activity without consuming adequate water, especially in a hot and/or humid environment
  • Prolonged exposure to dry air, e. g. in high-flying airplanes (5-15% relative humidity)
  • Survival situations, especially desert conditions
  • Blood loss or hypotension due to physical trauma
  • Diarrhea
  • Hyperthermia
  • Shock (hypovolemic)
  • Vomiting
  • Burns
  • Lacrimation
  • Use of Methamphetamine and other stimulants. Survivalism is a commonly used term for the Preparedness strategy and subculture of individuals or groups anticipating and making preparations for future possible disruptions Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from In Physiology and Medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low Blood pressure. Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Hyperthermia, in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition which occurs when the Body produces or absorbs more Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or Tears are the liquid product of a process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the Eyes The word lacrimation may also be used in a medical or literary sense

• Infectious diseases
  • Cholera
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Shigellosis
  • Yellow fever

• Malnutrition
  • Electrolyte disturbance
    • Hypernatremia (also caused by dehydration)
    • Hyponatremia, especially from restricted salt diets
  • Fasting
  • Recent rapid weight loss may reflect progressive depletion of fluid volume (the loss of 1 L of fluid results in a weight loss of 1 kg or 2. An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the Shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery in its most severe manifestation is a Foodborne illness caused by infection by bacteria of the genus Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining Homeostasis within the body Hypernatremia is an Electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated Sodium level in the blood Hyponatremia ( British: hyponatraemia) is an Electrolyte disturbance (disturbance of the salts in the blood in which the Sodium ( Natrium For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time Weight loss, in the context of Medicine or Health or Physical fitness, is a reduction of the total Body weight, due to a mean loss of fluid 2 lb). ^[1]
  • Patient refusal of nutrition and hydration

• Other causes of obligate water loss
  • Severe hyperglycemia, especially in Diabetes mellitus
    • Glycosuria

Symptoms and prognosis

Symptoms may include headaches similar to what is experienced during a hangover, muscle cramps, a sudden episode of visual snow, decreased blood pressure (hypotension), and dizziness or fainting when standing up due to orthostatic hypotension. Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time Hyperglycemia, hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar is a condition in which an excessive amount of Glucose circulates in the Blood plasma Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condition of Osmotic Diuresis due to excretion of Glucose by the kidneys A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted A hangover ( veisalgia) describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of drugs particularly Alcoholic beverages The most commonly Visual snow is a transitory or persisting visual symptom where people see Snow or television-like static in parts or the whole of their Visual fields Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories In Physiology and Medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low Blood pressure. Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. Orthostatic hypotension (also known as postural hypotension, and colloquially as head rush or a dizzy spell) is a form of Hypotension in which Untreated dehydration generally results in delirium, unconsciousness, swelling of the tongue[1] and in extreme cases death. Delirium is an acute and relatively sudden (developing over hours to days decline in attention-focus perception and Cognition. See also Unconscious mind. Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of Consciousness or lack of consciousness is Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific

Dehydration symptoms generally become noticeable after 2% of one's normal water volume has been lost. Initially, one experiences thirst and discomfort, possibly along with loss of appetite and dry skin. Thirst is the craving for liquids resulting in the basic Instinct of humans or animals to Drink. Xeroderma (literally " dry skin " is a condition involving the Integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients and/or moisturizers This can be followed by constipation. Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the Digestive system in which a person (or animal experiences hard Feces that Athletes may suffer a loss of performance of up to 30%^[2], and experience flushing, low endurance, rapid heart rates, elevated body temperatures, and rapid onset of fatigue. A sportsperson ( British and American English) or athlete (principally American English is any person who participates regularly in a Sport. For a person to flush is to become markedly Red in the Face and often other areas of the skin from various physiological conditions Measuring heart rate The Pulse rate (which in most people is identical to the heart rate can be measured at any point on the body where an Artery 's pulsation

Symptoms of mild dehydration include thirst, decreased urine volume, abnormally dark urine, unexplained tiredness, lack of tears when crying, headache, dry mouth, dizziness when standing due to orthostatic hypotension, and in some cases can cause insomnia. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from Thirst is the craving for liquids resulting in the basic Instinct of humans or animals to Drink. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. Orthostatic hypotension (also known as postural hypotension, and colloquially as head rush or a dizzy spell) is a form of Hypotension in which

In moderate to severe dehydration, there may be no urine output at all. Other symptoms in these states include lethargy or extreme sleepiness, seizures, sunken fontanel (soft spot) in infants, fainting, and sunken eyes. An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting References in Pop Culture The dragon in John Gardner's 1971 novel Grendel makes reference to the fontanele as a mark of the universe's progress

The symptoms become increasingly severe with greater water loss. One's heart and respiration rates begin to increase to compensate for decreased plasma volume and blood pressure, while body temperature may rise because of decreased sweating. In Animal physiology, respiration is the transport of Oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of Carbon dioxide Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Around 5% to 6% water loss, one may become groggy or sleepy, experience headaches or nausea, and may feel tingling in one's limbs (paresthesia). Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Paresthesia (pron /ˌpɛɹɪsˈθiʒə/ paraesthesia in British English, pron With 10% to 15% fluid loss, muscles may become spastic, skin may shrivel and wrinkle, vision may dim, urination will be greatly reduced and may become painful, and delirium may begin. Losses greater than 15% are usually fatal. ^[3]

For adults over age 50, the body’s thirst sensation diminishes and continues diminishing with age. Thirst is the craving for liquids resulting in the basic Instinct of humans or animals to Drink. Many senior citizens suffer symptoms of dehydration. Dehydration along with hyperthermia results in seniors dying during extreme hot weather.

Treatment

Nurses encouraging this patient to drink an Oral Rehydration Solution to improve dehydration he acquired from cholera. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium

The best treatment for minor dehydration is drinking water and stopping fluid loss. Water is preferable to sport drinks and other commercially-sold rehydration fluids, as the balance of electrolytes they provide may not match the replacement requirements of the individual. To stop fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea, avoid solid foods and drink only clear liquids. ^[4]

In more severe cases, correction of a dehydrated state is accomplished by the replenishment of necessary water and electrolytes (rehydration, through oral rehydration therapy or intravenous therapy). An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Rehydration is the replenishment of Water, or water and Electrolytes lost through Dehydration. Oral rehydration therapy, (also called ORT, oral rehydration salts or solutions (ORS, oral electrolyte) is a simple cheap and effective Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Even in the case of serious lack of fresh water (e. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved g. , at sea or in a desert), drinking seawater or urine does not help, nor does the consumption of alcohol. Seawater is Water from a Sea or Ocean. On average seawater in the world's oceans has a Salinity of about 3 Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon It is often thought that the sudden influx of salt into the body from seawater will cause the cells to dehydrate and the kidneys to overload and shut down but it has been calculated that an average adult can drink up to 0. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles 2 liters of seawater per day before the kidneys start to fail.

When dehydrated, unnecessary sweating should be avoided, as it wastes water. If there is only dry food, it is better not to eat, as water is necessary for digestion. Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed For severe cases of dehydration where fainting, unconsciousness, or other severely inhibiting symptom is present (the patient is incapable of standing or thinking clearly), emergency attention is required. See also Unconscious mind. Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of Consciousness or lack of consciousness is Fluids containing a proper balance of replacement electrolytes are given orally or intravenously with continuing assessment of electrolyte status; complete resolution is the norm in all but the most extreme cases.

Avoiding dehydration

Dehydration is best avoided by drinking plenty of water. The greater the amount of water lost through perspiration, the more water must be consumed to replace it and avoid dehydration. Since the body cannot tolerate large deficits or excesses in total body water, consumption of water must be roughly concurrent with the loss (in other words, if one is perspiring, one should also be drinking water frequently). Drinking water beyond the needs of the body entails little risk, since the kidneys will efficiently remove any excess water through the urine with a large margin of safety.

A person's body, during an average day in a temperate climate such as the United Kingdom, loses approximately 2. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 5 litres of water. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. This can be through the lungs as water vapor, through the skin as sweat, or through the kidneys as urine. General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Some water (a less significant amount, in the absence of diarrhea) is also lost through the bowels. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists In warm or humid weather or during heavy exertion, however, the water loss can increase by an order of magnitude or more through perspiration; all of which must be promptly replaced. In extreme cases, the losses may be great enough to exceed the body's ability to absorb water from the gastrointestinal tract; in these cases, it is not possible to drink enough water to stay hydrated, and the only way to avoid dehydration is to reduce perspiration (through rest, a move to a cooler environment, etc. ).

A useful rule of thumb for avoiding dehydration in hot or humid environments or during strenuous activity involves monitoring the frequency and character of urination. If one develops a full bladder at least every 3-5 hours and the urine is only lightly colored or colorless, chances are that dehydration is not occurring; if urine is deeply colored, or urination occurs only after many hours or not at all, water intake may not be adequate to maintain proper hydration.

When large amounts of water are being lost through perspiration and concurrently replaced by drinking, maintaining proper electrolyte balance becomes an issue. Drinking fluids that are hypertonic or hypotonic with respect to perspiration may have grave consequences (hyponatremia or hypernatremia, principally) as the total volume of water turnover increases. Hyponatremia ( British: hyponatraemia) is an Electrolyte disturbance (disturbance of the salts in the blood in which the Sodium ( Natrium Hypernatremia is an Electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated Sodium level in the blood

If water is being lost through abnormal mechanisms such as vomiting or diarrhea, an imbalance can develop very quickly into a medical emergency. Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea In fact, the main mechanisms through which diseases such as infantile diarrhea and cholera kill their victims are dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium

During sports events, water stops and water breaks are provided to avoid dehydration of athletes.

See also

• Hypovolemia, a depletion of blood volume that can be caused by dehydration
• Safe water
• Water intoxication
• Water therapy

References

• Ira R. Byock, M. In Physiology and Medicine, hypovolemia (also hypovolaemia is a state of decreased Blood volume more specifically decrease in volume of Blood plasma Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Water intoxication (also known as hyperhydration or water poisoning) is a potentially fatal disturbance in Brain functions that results when the Water therapy is the use of Water to improve health According to Alternative medicine advocates one form of water therapy is the consuming of a gutful of water Ira Byock is a Physician specializing in hospice care. Byock has authored the 1997 book Dying Well, and also the 2004 book The Four Things That Matter D. , Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration: Walking the Ever-Finer Line. American Journal Hospice & Palliative Care, pp. 8-13. (March/April 1995)

Notes

1. ^ Dehydration Symptoms - Benefits of Drinking Water - Signs of Fluid Imbalance
2. ^ Bean, Anita (2006). The Complete Guide to Sports Nutrition. A & C Black Publishers Ltd. , pp. 81-83. ISBN 0713675586.  
3. ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/118/notes/pdf-set5/118water-bal-06.htm
4. ^ "Healthwise Handbook," Healthwise, Inc. 1999

External links

• Water requirements in adults
• Definition of dehydration by the U.S. National Institutes of Health's MedlinePlus medical encyclopedia
• Rehydration Project at rehydrate.org