Degranulation is a cellular process that releases antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secretory vesicles called granules found inside some cells. An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response In Biology, Immunoglobulin E ( IgE) is a class of Antibody (or Immunoglobulin " Isotype " that has only been found in An Fc receptor is a protein found on the surface of certain cells - including Natural killer cells Macrophages Neutrophils and Mast cells - that Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link Chemokines are a family of small Cytokines, or Proteins secreted by cells Proteins are classified as chemokines according to shared structural characteristics Heparin, a highly-sulfated Glycosaminoglycan, is widely used as an injectable Anticoagulant and has the highest negative Charge density of any known A prostaglandin is any member of a group of Lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from Fatty acids and have important functions in the Animal body Leukotrienes are naturally produced Eicosanoid lipid mediators, which may be responsible for the effects of an inflammatory response Thromboxane is a member of the family of Lipids known as Eicosanoids. Platelet-activating factor, also known as a PAF, PAF-acether or AGEPC (acetyl-glyceryl-ether-phosphorylcholine is a potent Phospholipid activator An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of Microbes such as Bacteria, Fungi, or Viruses. Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells Examples of toxic agents are a Chemical substance, an Immune cell or some types of Venom Secretion is the process of segregating elaborating and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted Chemical substance or amount of substance A vesicle is a small bubble of liquid within a cell A more formal definition in Cell biology, would be that a vesicle is a relatively small intracellular membrane-enclosed In cell biology, a granule can be any structure barely visible by light microscopy It is used by several different cells involved in the immune system, including granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) and Mast cells, and certain lymphocytes such as natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells, whose main purpose is to destroy invading microorganisms. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Granulocytes are a category of White blood cells characterised by Neutrophil granulocytes, generally referred to as neutrophils, are the most abundant type of White blood cells in humans and form an essential part of the Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils (or less commonly acidophils) are White blood cells that are one of the Immune System components A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in Histamine and Heparin A lymphocyte is a type of White blood cell in the Vertebrate Immune system. Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the Innate immune system. A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, CTL T-Killer cell cytolytic T cell CD8+ T-cells or killer T cell) belongs to a sub-group of T lymphocytes
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Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells release molecules like perforin and granzymes by a process of directed exocytosis to kill infected target cells. Perforin 1 (pore forming protein, also known as PRF1, is a human Gene. Granzymes are Serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within Cytotoxic T cells and Natural killer cells Their purpose is to induce Exocytosis (ek-soh-sy-TOH-sis Greek: Έξω - external and κύτος - cell is the durable process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles out of the Cell [1]
Neutrophils
Four kinds of granules exist in neutrophils that display differences in content and regulation. Secretory vesicles are the most likely to release their contents by degranulation, followed by gelatinase granules, specific granules, and azurophil granules. In Biology and Chemistry, gelatinase is a Proteolytic Enzyme that allows a living Organism to hydrolyse Gelatin Azurophil is the term used to refer to objects that are readily Staining with an azure Dye. [2] [3]
Mast cells
Antigens interact with IgE molecules already bound to high affinity Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells to induce degranulation. An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response In Biology, Immunoglobulin E ( IgE) is a class of Antibody (or Immunoglobulin " Isotype " that has only been found in An Fc receptor is a protein found on the surface of certain cells - including Natural killer cells Macrophages Neutrophils and Mast cells - that A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in Histamine and Heparin The mast cell releases a mixture of compounds, including histamine, proteoglycans and serine proteases, from its cytoplasmic granules. Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter Proteoglycans represent a special class of Glycoproteins that are heavily glycosylated. Serine proteases or serine endopeptidases (newer name are Proteases ( Enzymes that cut Peptide bonds in Proteins in which one of [4]
Eosinophils
In a similar mechanism, activated eosinophils release preformed mediators such as major basic protein, and enzymes such as peroxidase, following interaction between their Fc receptors and IgE molecules that are bound to large parasites like helminths. Proteoglycan 2 bone marrow (natural killer cell activator eosinophil granule major basic protein, also known as PRG2, is a human Gene. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Peroxidases ( EC number 1111x are a large family of Enzymes A majority of peroxidase protein sequences can be found in the PeroxiBase database Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. See also Parasitic worm (disambiguation Parasitic worms or helminths are a division of eukaroytic Parasites that unlike external parasites such [5][6]
External links
References
- ^ Veugelers K, Motyka B, Frantz C, Shostak I, Sawchuk T, Bleackley R (2004). Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books "The granzyme B-serglycin complex from cytotoxic granules requires dynamin for endocytosis". Blood 103 (10): 3845–53. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 14739229.
- ^ Faurschou M, Borregaard N (2003). "Neutrophil granules and secretory vesicles in inflammation". Microbes Infect 5 (14): 1317–27. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 14613775.
- ^ Lominadze G, Powell D, Luerman G, Link A, Ward R, McLeish K (2005). "Proteomic analysis of human neutrophil granules". Mol Cell Proteomics 4 (10): 1503–21. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15985654.
- ^ Yamasaki S, Saito T. "Regulation of mast cell activation through FcepsilonRI". Chem Immunol Allergy 87: 22–31. PMID 16107760.
- ^ David J, Butterworth A, Vadas M (1980). "Mechanism of the interaction mediating killing of Schistosoma mansoni by human eosinophils". Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 (5): 842–8. PMID 7435788.
- ^ Capron M, Soussi Gounni A, Morita M, Truong M, Prin L, Kinet J, Capron A (1995). "Eosinophils: from low- to high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptors". Allergy 50 (25 Suppl): 20–3. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 7677229.
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