Defense of the Great Wall Part of Second Sino-Japanese War Chinese defenders on the Great Wall Date January 1 – May 31, 1933 Location Eastern end of the Great Wall of China Result Japanese victory Belligerents Republic of China National Revolutionary Army Empire of Japan Imperial Japanese Army Manchukuo Manchukuo Imperial Army Commanders Zhang Xueliang He Yingqin Song Zheyuan Nobuyoshi Muto Strength Northeastern Army +50,000 Japanese: 50,000 Manchukuo: 42,000 Casualties and losses  ?  ?

The Defense of the Great Wall (traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the It is known in Japanese as Operation Nekka (熱河作戦, Nekka Sakusen^?) and in many English sources as the First Battle of Hopei. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Defense of the Great Wall ( (January 1 1933 &ndash May 31 1933 was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which The Great Wall of China was called the 10,000 Li. One Li is about 3/8 of a mile.

During this campaign, Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang and annexed it to the new state of Manchukuo, whose southern frontier was thus extended to the Great Wall of China. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol Administration Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern

Contents 1 Battle of Shanhai Pass 2 The Battle of Rehe 3 The Battle of the Great Wall 3.1 Tanggu Truce 4 Aftermath 5 Popular Culture 6 See also 7 Source 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Topographic Maps

Battle of Shanhai Pass

Shanhaiguan is the fortified eastern end of the Great Wall of China, where the Great Wall meets the ocean. Shanhaiguan or Shanhai Pass ( literally "Mountain and Sea Pass" is a part of the city of Qinhuangdao, in Hebei province People's Republic The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th Per the terms of the 1901 Boxer Rebellion accord, the Imperial Japanese Army maintained a small garrison of around 200 men at Shanhaiguan. The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops On the night of 1 January 1933, the Japanese garrison commander staged an “incident” by exploding a few hand grenades and firing a few shots. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kwantung Army used this as an excuse to demand that the Chinese 626th Regiment of the Northeastern Army, guarding Shanhaiguan, evacuate the pass defenses. The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century The Northeastern Army (Traditional Chinese 東北軍 Simplified Chinese 东北军 pinyin Dōngběi Jūn was the Chinese army of the Fengtien clique until the unification

When the Chinese garrison refused, the Japanese 8th Division issued an ultimatum, and then attacked the pass with the support of 4 armoured trains and 10 tanks. was an Infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its Call-sign was the. ^[1] The Japanese attack was supported by close air support from bombers, and by shelling by warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy’s IJN 2nd Fleet with a dozen warships offshore. In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article The was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy. History First established on 28 December 1903, the IJN 2nd Fleet was created by the Imperial General On January 3, Chinese regimental commander Shi Shian, unable to withstand this attack, evacuated from his positions after losing of half his force, while the Japanese incurred casualties estimated at 500. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Shi Shian was commander of 3rd Regiment of the Northeastern Army guarding Shanhai Pass, the easternmost fortress of the Great Wall of China ^[2]

The Battle of Rehe

Main article: Battle of Rehe

The province of Rehe, on the northern side of the Great Wall was the next target. The Battle of Rehe (sometimes called the Battle of Jehol) was the second part of Operation Nekka, a campaign by which the Empire of Japan successfully Administration Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. Declaring the province to be historically a portion of Manchuria, the Japanese Army initially hoped to secure it through the defection of General Tang Yulin to the Manchukuo cause. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Tang Yulin ( Chinese: 汤玉麟 Pinyin: Tāng Yùlín 1877 -- 1937 was a Chinese warlord in the Fengtien clique and Chairman of the government of When this failed, the military option was placed into action. The Japanese army's Chief of Staff requested Emperor Hirohito's sanction for the 'strategic operation' against Chinese forces in Rehe. The chief of staff is the chief aide to the Commander of larger military Formations and Units It is sometimes the case that the chief of staff is more directly also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Hoping that it was the last of the army's operations in the area and that it would bring an end to the Manchurian matter, the Emperor approved, while stating explicitly that the army was not go beyond the Great Wall. ^[3] On February 23, 1933, the offensive was launched. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On February 25, Chaoyang and Kailu were taken. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Chaoyang may refer to Chaoyang Liaoning, city in Liaoning China Chaoyang County, county in Chaoyang Liaoning Chaoyang On March 2, the Japanese 4th Cavalry Brigade encountered resistance from the forces of Sun Dianying, and after days of fighting, took Chifeng. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Sun Diangying ( Traditional Chinese: 孫殿英 Simplified Chinese: 孙殿英 Pinyin: Sun Dianying Wade-Giles: Sun Tienying (1887 - 1947 was Chifeng ( ɣɣanqada lit “red peak” or "red cliff" respectively is a Prefecture-level city in southeastern Inner Mongolia. On March 4, Japanese cavalry and the 1st Special Tank Company </ref> took Chengde the capital of Rehe. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Chengde ( is a Prefecture-level city in Hebei province People's Republic of China, situated northeast of Beijing.

The Battle of the Great Wall

Falling back from Rehe, Wan Fulin's 32nd Corps retreated to Lengkou Pass, while the 29th Corps of General Song Zheyuan also fell back, Zhang Zuoxiang's 37th Division retreated to Xifengkou Pass, General Guan Linzheng's 25th Division to the Gubeikou Pass. Wan Fulin (万福麟 (1880 - 1951 was the military governor of Heilongjian province from 1928 and part of the Fengtian clique. Zhang Zuoxiang,(张作相 (1881~1949 was an important member of the Fengtien warlord clique. Guan Linzheng (關麟徵 was a Chinese general in the Kuomintang and recipient of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun.

On March 4, the 139th Division of the KMT 32nd Corps managed to hold Lengkou Pass, and on March 7, KMT 67th Corps withstood attacks by the 16th Brigade of the Japanese 8th Division, at Gubeikou Pass. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus

On March 9, Chiang Kai-shek discussed with Zhang Xueliang about resisting Japanese invasion in Baoding in Hebei Province. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in Chiang Kai-shek began to relocate his forces away from his campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet, which would include the forces of Huang Jie, Xu Tingyao and Guan Linzheng. Huang Chieh ( Chinese: 黃杰 Pinyin: Huáng Jié 1902-1995 was a KMT general from Hunan. Xu Tingyao, Hsu Ting-Yao (徐庭瑤 (1892 – 1975 was a Chinese KMT general from Anhui. Guan Linzheng (關麟徵 was a Chinese general in the Kuomintang and recipient of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun. Chiang Kai-shek also called over Fu Zuoyi's 7th Corps from Suiyuan. Fu Zuoyi ( Chinese: 傅作义 Wades-Giles: Fu Tso-yi) (June 2 1895-April 19 1974 was a Chinese military leader However, his actions were too late and the reinforcements were of insufficient strength to stop the Japanese advance.

On March 11, Japanese troops pushed up to the Great Wall itself. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty On March 12, Zhang Xueliang resigned his post to He Yingqin, who as the new leader of the Northeastern Army was assigned the duty of securing defensive positions along the Great Wall. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving He Yingqin ( ( April 2, 1890 - October 21, 1987) also spelled Ho Ying-chin, was one of the senior Generals of Kuomintang

Over twenty close assaults were launched, with sword-armed Northwestern Army soldiers repelling them. However on March 21, the Japanese took Yiyuankou Pass. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. The KMT 29th Corps evacuated from Xifengkou Pass on April 8. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian On April 11, Japanese troops retook Lengkou Pass after dozens of seesaw fights over the pass defenses and Chinese forces at Jielingkou abandoned that pass. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. ^[4] The Chinese army was significantly underarmed in comparison with the Japanese in heavy weapons and many units were equipped only with trench mortars, a few heavy machine guns, some light machine guns and rifles, but mostly handguns, hand grenades, and traditional Chinese swords. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. Dao ( "knife"is a category of single-edge Chinese Swords primarily used for slashing and chopping ( Sabres, often called a broadsword Beaten back by overwhelming Japanese firepower, on May 20, the Chinese army retreated from their remaining positions on the Great Wall. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held

Although the NRA suffered defeat in the end, several individual NRA units like the He Zhuguo platoon managed to hold off the better equipped Japanese army for up to 3 days before being overrun. He Zhuguo (何柱國 (1897-1985 was a KMT general from Guangxi Some NRA Divisions also managed to win minor victories in passes like Xifengkuo and Gubeikou by using the ramparts to move soldiers from one sector to another in the Great Wall, just like the Ming dynasty soldiers before them. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led ^[5]

Tanggu Truce

Main article: Tanggu Truce

On May 22, 1933, Chinese and Japanese representatives met at Tanggu, Tianjin, to negotiate an end of the conflict. The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the Tangku Truce ( Japanese, was a Cease-fire signed between China and Empire of Japan in Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. The resulting Tanggu Truce created a demilitarized zone extending one hundred kilometers south of the Great Wall, which the Chinese army was prohibited from entering, thus greatly reducing the territorial security of China proper, whereas the Japanese were permitted to use reconnaissance aircraft or ground units to make sure that the Chinese complied. The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the Tangku Truce ( Japanese, was a Cease-fire signed between China and Empire of Japan in Surveillance aircraft are military Aircraft used for monitoring enemy activity usually carrying no armament Furthermore, the Chinese government was forced to acknowledge the de facto independence of Manchukuo and the loss of Rehe.

That the terms of the truce were so favorable to Japan and unfavorable to China created a public backlash against the Kuomingtang government and greatly influenced Zhang Xueliang's later determination to kidnap Chiang Kai-shek in the Xi'an Incident to form a united front with the Communists against Japan. Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash The Xi'an Incident of December 1936 ( is an important episode of Chinese modern history, taking place in the city of Xi'an during the Chinese Civil War

Aftermath

The Great Wall was the site of one of the final battles of the war, some 12 years later. On 30 August 1945 after the Japanese surrender, a minor "mopping up" battle lasting for 3 hours was fought in the Shanghaiguan region between Chinese forces and 3000 Japanese soldiers refusing orders to surrender. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close Chinese forces commanded by Zeng Kelin backed with Soviet Red Army artillery annihilated the Japanese holdouts. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine ^[6]

Popular Culture

• An action movie was made in Hong Kong in 1976 called 7 Man Army about seven Chinese soldiers who managed to hold off against 20,000 Japanese soldiers for 5 days. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The year 1976 in film involved some significant events Events March 22 - Filming begins on George Lucas ' 7 Man Army is a 1976 Hong Kong film by director Chang Cheh. The film stars Ti Lung David Chiang Alexander Fu and Chen Kuan-Tai Plot

See also

• Order of battle Operation Jehol
• Order of battle Defense of the Great Wall

Source

• 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations)
  • Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
  • Jiangsu People's Publishing House
  • Date published : 2005-7-1
  • ISBN:7214030349
• Young, Louise (1999). The Japanese and Manchukuoan order of battle for Operation Nekka was Japan Kwangtung Army Jehol Operation Force The following units and commanders fought in the Defense of the Great Wall of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. University of California Press. ISBN 0520219341.  

References

External links

• Battles of the Great Wall
• The History of Battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks
• Jehol 1933 Japanese photos from Operation Nekka.
• Great Wall Forum Great Wall of China discussion forum, maps, photos
• Aug. 1, 1932 issue of TIME magazine Rape of Jehol?
• Jan. 23, 1933 issue of TIME magazine, "On Bended Knee"
• Feb. 27, 1933 issue of TIME magazine, Bumps & Blood
• Mar. 6, 1933 issue of TIME magazine War of Jehol
• Mar. 6, 1933 issue of TIME magazine, Two-Gun Tang
• Mar. 13, 1933 issue of TIME magazine Glorious 16th

Topographic Maps

• Cheng-te nk50-11 SW Jehol Province, SE Chahar Province, NW Hebei Province(north of Beijing, Gubeikou Pass)
• Lin-yu nk50-12 S Jehol Province, NE Hebei Province, Great Wall to Shanhaikuan upper Luan River area
• Ch'ang-Li nj50-4 NE Hebei Luan River area

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org