Deer Fossil range: Early Oligocene - Recent
A white-tail deer
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Suborder: Ruminantia Family: Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820
Subfamilies
Capreolinae/Odocoileinae Cervinae Hydropotinae Muntiacinae

A deer is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene period and extends from about 33 Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about The biological suborder Ruminantia includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing Mammals among them Cattle, goats Sheep, Deer Georg August Goldfuss (Goldfuß April 18 1782 &ndash October 2 1848) was a German Palaeontologist and Zoologist Capreolinae, also known as Odocoileinae (an invalid junior synonym) or the New World deer (denoting their place or origin not their current distribution A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis) is superficially more similar to a Musk deer than a True deer (Cervidae - order Artiodactyla but it is classified Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands In Biological classification, family ( Latin A number of broadly similar animals from related families within the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) are often also called deer. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about Ungulates (meaning roughly "being Hoofed quot or "hoofed animal" are several groups of Mammals most of which use the tips of their toes usually Male deer grow and shed new antlers each year, as opposed to antelope, which are in the same order and bear a superficial resemblance to deer physically, but are permanently horned. Antelope are Ruminant hoofed Mammals of the family Bovidae in the order of Even-toed ungulates.

Etymology

Depending on their species, male deer are called stags, harts, bucks or bulls, and females are called hinds, does or cows. Young deer are called fawns or calves. A group of deer is commonly called a herd. Hart, from Old English heorot ‘deer’, is a term for a stag, particularly a Red Deer stag past its fifth year. The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species It is not commonly used, but Shakespeare makes several references, punning the sound alike "hart" and "heart" for example in Twelfth Night. William Shakespeare ( baptised Twelfth Night Or What You Will is a Comedy by William Shakespeare, based on the Short story "Of Apolonius and Silla" by "The White Hart" and "The Red Hart" are common English pub names, and the county Hertfordshire is named after them. Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of Whinfell Forest once contained a landmark tree called Harthorn^[1]

The history of the word deer was originally quite broad in meaning and came to be specialized. Whinfell Forest is now a small area of woodland in the parish of Brougham, Cumbria that lies south east of Penrith in Cumbria and just off the Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time In Middle English, der (O.E. dēor) meant a beast or animal of any kind. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of ^[2] This general sense gave way to the modern sense by the end of the Middle English period, around 1500. The German word Tier, the Dutch word dier and the Scandinavian words djur/dyr/dýr, cognates of English deer, still have the general sense of "animal. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages " The adjective of relation pertaining to deer is cervine. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the

Habitat

Deers are widely distributed, and hunted, with indigenous representatives in all continents except Antarctica and Australia, though Africa has only one native species confined to the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of the continent, the Red Deer. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Atlas Mountains ( Kabyle: Idurar n leṭles جبال الأطلس) is a Mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2400 The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species (The Mouse Deer or Water Chevrotain of African forests is not a true deer; all other animals in Africa resembling deer are antelope). The water chevrotain ( Hyemoschus aquaticus) also known as the fanged deer, is a small ruminant found in tropical Africa Deers live in a variety of biomes ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central While often associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets (for cover) and prairie and savanna (open space). An ecotone is a transition area between two adjacent ecological communities ( Ecosystems. The majority of large deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest, and savanna habitats around the world. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the understory and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, and herbs to grow that deer like to eat. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow and thrive.

Reeves's Muntjac deer

Small species such as the brocket deer and pudus of Central and South America, and the muntjacs of Asia occupy dense forests and are less often seen in open spaces. The Formosan Reeves's Muntjac ( Muntiacus reevesi; 山羌 or just Reeves's Muntjac, is an endemic Muntjac species of Taiwan. Brocket deer are the Deer Species of the Mazama genus They are small in size dwell primarily in Forests and found in the The pudú pew-dooh ( Pudu) considered to be the world's smallest Deer, is a native of South America. There are also several species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps and "wet" savannas, or riparian corridors surrounded by deserts. Some deer have a circumpolar distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the reindeer (caribou) that live in Arctic tundra and taiga (boreal forests) and moose that inhabit taiga and adjacent areas. The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate North America lies in the Canadian Rocky Mountain and Columbia Mountain Regions between Alberta and British Columbia where all five North American deer species (White-tailed Deer, Mule deer, Caribou, Elk, and Moose) can be found. The White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized Deer found throughout The mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) is a Deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. This is a region that boasts mountain slopes with diverse types of coniferous and mixed forested areas along with lush alpine meadows. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain ranges provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The aspen parklands north of Calgary also have many lakes and marshes. Elk and Mule Deer are probably the most common animals throughout the region. The caribou live at higher altitudes in the subalpine meadows and alpine tundra areas. The White-tailed Deer have recently expanded their range within the foothills and river valleys of the Canadian Rockies owing to conversion of land to cropland and the clearing of coniferous forests allowing more deciduous vegetation to grow. They often share this riparian habitat with moose, but left the adjacent Great Plains and drier grassland habitats to Elk, American bison, and pronghorn antelope. The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. The pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana) also pronghorn antelope or prong buck, is a species of Ungulate Mammal native to interior

White-tail deer in Toronto, Canada

White-tail deer in Dryden, Canada

Large male Alaskan Reindeer.

The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate Asia occurs in the mixed deciduous forests, mountain coniferous forests, and taiga bordering North Korea, Manchuria (Northeastern China), and the Ussuri Region (Russia). These are among some of the richest deciduous and coniferous forests in the world where one can find Siberian Roe Deer, Sika Deer, Caribou, Elk, and Moose. Capreolus pygargus, also known as the Siberian roe deer or eastern roe deer, is a species of Roe deer found in northeastern Asia The Sika Deer ( Cervus nippon) is a member of the deer family Cervidae that inhabits much of East Asia. The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. Just south of this region in China, one can find the unusual Père David's Deer. Père David's Deer, Elaphurus davidianus, known as Milu in Chinese (麋鹿 is a Species of Deer known only in captivity Deer such as the Sika Deer, Thorold's Deer, Central Asian Red Deer, and Elk have historically been farmed for their antlers by Han Chinese, Turkic peoples, Tungusic peoples, Mongolians, and Koreans. The Sika Deer ( Cervus nippon) is a member of the deer family Cervidae that inhabits much of East Asia. Thorold's deer has the scientific name Cervus albirostris. It is also known as the white-lipped deer, for the white patches around its muzzle The Central Asian Red Deer is a Primordial group of Red deer subspecies which live primarily in Asia east of the Caspian Sea and south of The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The term Tungusic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking a Tungusic language. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. Like the Sami people of Finland and Scandinavia, the Tungusic peoples, Mongolians, and Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia, Northern Mongolia, and the Ussuri Region have also taken to raising semi-domesticated herds of caribou. The Sami people are the Indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The term Tungusic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking a Tungusic language. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The highest concentration of large deer species in the tropics occurs in Southern Asia and Southeast Asia in India, Nepal, and at one time, Thailand. Northern India's Indo-Gangetic Plain Region and Nepal's Terai Region consist of tropical seasonal moist deciduous, dry deciduous forests, and both dry and wet savannas that are home to Chital, Hog Deer, Barasingha, Indian Sambar, and Indian Muntjac. The chital or cheetal ( Axis axis) also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer is a Deer which commonly inhabits The Hog Deer ( Axis porcinus) is small Deer whose habitat ranges from Pakistan, through northern India, to mainland Southeast The Barasingha or Barasinga ( Rucervus duvaucelii) is a Species of Deer, native to India and Nepal. The Common Muntjac, also called Indian Muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak) is the most numerous Muntjac deer species Just slightly north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain is the Vale of Kashmir, home to the rare Kashmir Stag, a subspecies of Central Asian Red Deer. The Central Asian Red Deer is a Primordial group of Red deer subspecies which live primarily in Asia east of the Caspian Sea and south of The Chao Praya River Valley of Thailand was once primarily tropical seasonal moist deciduous forest and wet savanna that hosted populations of Hog Deer, Schomburgk's Deer (now extinct), Eld's Deer, Indian Sambar, and Indian Muntjac. The Hog Deer ( Axis porcinus) is small Deer whose habitat ranges from Pakistan, through northern India, to mainland Southeast The Schomburgk's Deer ( Cervus schomburgki) was a member of the family Cervidae. The Eld's Deer ( Cervus eldii) also called the Thamin or Brow-antlered Deer, is a Deer indigenous to Southeast Asia. The Common Muntjac, also called Indian Muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak) is the most numerous Muntjac deer species Today, both the Barasingha and Eld's Deer are endangered or rare. The Barasingha or Barasinga ( Rucervus duvaucelii) is a Species of Deer, native to India and Nepal. The Eld's Deer ( Cervus eldii) also called the Thamin or Brow-antlered Deer, is a Deer indigenous to Southeast Asia. The hog deer populations in Thailand are also rare. Chital and Barasingha live in large herds, and Indian sambar may also be found in large groups. Of all these deer species, hog deer are solitary and have the lowest deer densities. All these deer can coexist in one area because they prefer different types of vegetation for food. These deer also share their habitat with various herbivores such as Asian elephants, various antelope species (such as nilgai, four-horned antelope, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle in India), and wild oxen (such as gaur, banteng, and kouprey). Blue bull redirects here For the South African Rugby union team see Blue Bulls. The Four-horned Antelope ( Tetracerus quadricornis) also known as the chousingha is an Antelope found in open forest in South Asia. Blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra) is a species of Antelope found mainly in India, but also in parts of Pakistan and Nepal. A GAZelle (ГАЗе́ль is a series of mid-sized Trucks Vans and Buses made by Russian car manufacturer GAZ. The gaur (ˈɡaʊɚ ( Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The Banteng, Bos javanicus is an Ox that is found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo Kouprey ( Bos sauveli also known as Kouproh or Grey ox) is a wild forest-dwelling Ox found mainly in northern Cambodia but also Incidentally, the European deciduous forests and North American deciduous forests (west of the Appalachian Mountains) were historically also shared by both deer species and wild oxen. The mixed deciduous forests and prairies of Europe were once home to European Red Deer, European Roe Deer, Moose, aurochs (forest ox), and wisent (European bison). The aurochs or urus ( Bos taurus primigenius) was a very large type of cattle that was prevalent in Europe until its Extinction in 1627 The wisent (ˈviːzənt or European bison ( Bison bonasus) is a Bison Species and the heaviest surviving land animal in Europe The mixed deciduous forests and prairies of North America's midwest were once home to white-tailed deer and large herds of Elk and American Bison. The White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized Deer found throughout The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. Today most of these forest and prairie lands have become converted to cropland. Much of the forest and prairie land west of North America's Appalachian Mountains is part of United States' Midwest Agricultural Region and primarily supports white-tailed deer. The Elk and American bison herds have recently (in the past century) become extinct in these areas with elk and bison reintroduced to some areas. The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. The forests of Europe are also mostly cropland and European Red Deer and European Roe Deer survive only in protected areas. The aurochs is extinct, but is believed to be the ancestor of today's domestic cattle. The aurochs or urus ( Bos taurus primigenius) was a very large type of cattle that was prevalent in Europe until its Extinction in 1627 The wisent almost became extinct, but has survived in captivity and has been reintroduced to some forest reserves in Europe. The wisent (ˈviːzənt or European bison ( Bison bonasus) is a Bison Species and the heaviest surviving land animal in Europe Australia has six introduced species of deer that have established sustainable wild populations from Acclimatisation Society releases in the 19th Century. An introduced species (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an Organism that is not indigenous to a given location but These are Fallow Deer, Red Deer, Sambar Deer, Hog Deer, Rusa deer, and Chital Deer. The Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species The Hog Deer ( Axis porcinus) is small Deer whose habitat ranges from Pakistan, through northern India, to mainland Southeast The chital or cheetal ( Axis axis) also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer is a Deer which commonly inhabits Red Deer introduced into New Zealand in 1851 from English and Scottish stock were domesticated in deer farms by the late 1960s and are common farm animals there now. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A deer farm is a fenced piece of land suitable for grazing that is populated with Deer raised for the purpose of hunting tourism or as Livestock. Seven other species of deer were introduced into New Zealand but none are as widespread as Red Deer. ^[3]^_^_^popsie^_^_^

Biology

Deer generally have lithe, compact bodies and long, powerful legs suited for rugged woodland terrain. Deer are also excellent swimmers. Deer are ruminants, or cud-chewers, and have a four-chambered stomach. Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known The teeth of deer are adapted to feeding on vegetation, and like other ruminants, they lack upper incisors, instead having a tough pad at the front of their upper jaw. Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut" are the first kind of Tooth in Heterodont Mammals They are located in the Premaxilla The Chinese water deer and Tufted deer have enlarged upper canine teeth forming sharp tusks, while other species often lack upper canines altogether. "Cuspid" redirects here For the heart valves see Bicuspid valve and Tricuspid valve. The cheek teeth of deer have crescent ridges of enamel, which enable them to grind a wide variety of vegetation. ^[4] The dental formula for deer is:

Nearly all deer have a facial gland in front of each eye. The gland contains a strongly scented pheromone, used to mark its home range. A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + ‘ορμόνη " Hormone " is a Chemical that triggers a natural Bucks of a wide range of species open these glands wide when angry or excited. All deer have a liver without a gallbladder. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process Deer also have a Tapetum lucidum which gives them sufficiently good night vision. The tapetum lucidum ( Latin: "bright tapestry" plural tapeta lucida) is a layer of tissue in the Eye of many Vertebrate animals that Night vision is the ability to see in a dark environment Whether by biological or technological means night vision is made possible by a combination of two approaches sufficient

Female Wapiti nursing young

A doe generally has one or two fawns at a time (triplets, while not unknown, are uncommon). The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The gestation period is anywhere up to ten months for the European roe deer. The European Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) is a Deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions Most fawns are born with their fur covered with white spots, though they lose their spots once they get older (excluding the Fallow Deer who keeps its spots for life). In the first twenty minutes of a fawn's life, the fawn begins to take its first steps. Its mother licks it clean until it is almost free of scent, so predators will not find it. Its mother leaves often, and the fawn does not like to be left behind. Sometimes its mother must gently push it down with her foot. The fawn stays hidden in the grass for one week until it is strong enough to walk with its mother. The fawn and its mother stay together for about one year. A male usually never sees his mother again, but females sometimes come back with their own fawns and form small herds.

Fawn

Deer are selective feeders. They are usually browsers, and primarily feed on leaves. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. They have small, unspecialized stomachs by ruminant standards, and high nutrition requirements. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known Rather than attempt to digest vast quantities of low-grade, fibrous food as, for example, sheep and cattle do, deer select easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the flowering plants. A twig is a small terminal Branch section that may bear leaves, Buds and sometimes the Flowers and Fruit of Plants Only The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as

Antlers

White-tailed deer

With the exception of the Chinese water deer, all male deer have antlers that are shed and regrown each year from a structure called a pedicle. The White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized Deer found throughout The Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis) is superficially more similar to a Musk deer than a True deer (Cervidae - order Artiodactyla but it is classified Antlers are the usually large and complex horn -like appendages of most Deer species mostly worn by males only for some species such as Caribou by both Sometimes a female will have a small stub. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells The only female deer with antlers are Reindeer (Caribou). Antlers grow as highly vascular spongy tissue covered in a skin called velvet. Before the beginning of a species' mating season,

The one way that many hunters are able to track main paths that the deer travel on is because of their "rubs". A rub is used to deposit scent from glands near the eye and forehead and physically mark territory.

During the mating season, bucks use their antlers to fight one another for the opportunity to attract mates in a given herd. The two bucks circle each other, bend back their legs, lower their heads, and charge.

Each species has its own characteristic antler structure, e. g. each white-tailed deer antler includes a series of tines sprouting upward from a forward-curving main beam. Mule deer (and black-tailed deer), species within the same genus as the white-tailed deer, instead have bifurcated (or branched) antlers -- that is, the main beam splits into two, each of which may split into two more. [1]

For Wapiti and Red Deer, a stag having 14 points is an "imperial", and a stag having 12 points is a "royal". The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species If the antlers deviate from the species' normal antler structure, the deer is considered a non-typical deer.

Evolution

The earliest fossil deer date from the Oligocene of Europe, and resembled the modern muntjacs. The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene period and extends from about 33 Later species were often larger, with more impressive antlers, and, in many cases, lost of the upper canine teeth. They rapidly spread to the other continents, even for a time occupying much of northern Africa, where they are now almost wholly absent. Some extinct deer had huge antlers, larger than those of any living species. Examples include Eucladoceros, and the giant deer Megaloceros, whose antlers stretched to 3. Eucladoceros ( Greek for well-branched horn (antler or bush-antlered deer is an extinct Genus of Deer whose Fossils have The Deer of the Genus Megaloceros - literally "Great Horn" see also Lister (1987 - were found throughout Eurasia from the late 5 metres across.

Economic significance

"The Stag Hunt of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony" by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Frederick III Elector of Saxony ( 17 January 1463 &ndash 5 May 1525) also known as Frederick the Wise, was Elector Lucas Cranach the Elder ( Lucas Cranach der Ältere, 4 October 1472 &ndash 16 October 1553) was a German painter

Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, for which they are hunted and farmed, is called venison. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock Venison is the Culinary name for Meat from the family Cervidae. Deer organ meat is called umble. See humble pie. To eat humble pie, in common usage is to apologise and face humiliation for a serious error

Musk, which comes from the gland on the abdomen of musk deer, is used in medicines and perfumes. Musk is the name originally given to a substance with a penetrating Odor obtained from a Gland of the male Musk deer, which is situated between its In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. Musk deer are Artiodactyls of the genus Moschus, the only genus of family Moschidae. Deerskin is used for shoes, boots, and gloves, and antlers are made into buttons and knife handles.

The Saami of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia used reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. The Sami people are the Indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The Kola Peninsula (from Sami language Guoládat) (Кольский полуостров Kol'skij poluostrov) is a Peninsula in the far Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

The caribou is not domesticated or herded as is the case in Europe but is important to the Inuit. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting Most commercial venison in the United States is imported from New Zealand. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

Nicholas Mavrogenes, Phanariote Prince of Wallachia, riding through Bucharest in a deer−drawn carriage (late 1780s)

Deer were originally brought to New Zealand by European settlers, and the deer population rose rapidly. Nicholas Mavrogenes (or Mavrogenous; Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυρογένης / Nikolaos Mavrogenis, Romanian: Nicolae Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks ( Greek:Φαναριώτες Romanian: Fanarioţi, Bulgarian:Фанариоти This is a List of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island This caused great environmental damage and was controlled by hunting and poisoning until the concept of deer farming developed in the 1960s. Deer farms in New Zealand number more than 3,500, with more than 400,000 deer in all.

Automobile collisions with deer impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U. S. , about 1. 5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA, often pronounced "nit-suh" is an agency of the Executive Branch of the U Those accidents cause about 150 deaths and $1. 1 billion in property damage annually. [2]

Taxonomy

Note that the terms indicate the origin of the groups, not their modern distribution: the water deer, for example, is a New World species but is found only in China and Korea. The Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis) is superficially more similar to a Musk deer than a True deer (Cervidae - order Artiodactyla but it is classified China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia.

It is thought that the new world group evolved about 5 million years ago in the forests of North America and Siberia, the old world deer in Asia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

Subfamilies, genera and species

The family Cervidae is organized as follows:

• Subfamily Muntiacinae (Muntjacs)
  • Genus Muntiacus:
    • Indian muntjac or Common Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak)
    • Reeves's muntjac or Chinese Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)
    • Hairy-fronted muntjac or Black Muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons)
    • Fea's muntjac (Muntiacus feae)
    • Bornean Yellow muntjac (Muntiacus atherodes)
    • Roosevelt's muntjac (Muntiacus rooseveltorum)
    • Gongshan muntjac (Muntiacus gongshanensis)
    • Giant muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis)
    • Truong Son muntjac (Muntiacus truongsonensis)
    • Leaf muntjac (Muntiacus putaoensis)
  • Genus Elaphodus:
    • Tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus)
• Subfamily Cervinae (True Deer, Old World Deer):
  • Genus Cervus:
    • Subgenus Cervus:
      • European red deer (Cervus elaphus)
      • Central Asian Red Deer (Cervus wallichi)
      • Elk (Cervus canadensis) (North American and Asian Elk; second largest deer in world; not to be confused with Moose, known as Elk in Europe)
    • Subgenus Przewalskium:
      • Thorold's deer, or white-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris)
    • Subgenus Sika:
      • Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)
    • Subgenus Rucervus:
      • Barasingha (Cervus duvaucelii)
      • Schomburgk's Deer (Cervus schomburgki) (extinct, 1938)
      • Eld's Deer or Thamin (Cervus eldii)
    • Subgenus Rusa:
      • Indian Sambar (Cervus unicolor)
      • Sunda Sambar or Rusa Deer (Cervus timorensis)
      • Philippine Sambar (Cervus mariannus)
      • Philippine Spotted Deer or Visayan Spotted Deer (Cervus alfredi) (smallest Old World deer)
  • Genus Axis:
    • Subgenus Axis:
      • Chital or Axis deer (Axis axis)
    • Subgenus Hyelaphus:
      • Hog deer (Axis porcinus)
      • Calamian deer (Axis calamianensis)
      • Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii)
  • Genus Elaphurus:
    • Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus)
  • Genus Dama:
    • Fallow deer (Dama dama)
    • Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica)
    • Giant Deer (Megaloceros giganteus) †^[5]

Pudú, the smallest species of deer in the world

• Subfamily Hydropotinae (Water Deer)
  • Genus Hydropotes:
    • Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)
• Subfamily Odocoileinae/Capreolinae (New World Deer)
  • Genus Odocoileus:
    • White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
    • Mule deer, or Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
  • Genus Blastocerus:
    • Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus)
  • Genus Ozotoceros:
    • Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)
  • Genus Mazama:
    • Red Brocket (Mazama americana)
    • Merioa Brocket (Mazama bricenii)
    • Dwarf Brocket (Mazama chunyi)
    • Grey Brocket (Mazama gouazoubira)
    • Pygmy Brocket (Mazama nana)
    • Yucatan Brown Brocket (Mazama pandora)
    • Little Red Brocket (Mazama rufina)
  • Genus Pudu:
    • Northern Pudú (Pudu mephistophiles) (smallest deer in the world)
    • Southern Pudú (Pudu pudu)
  • Genus Hippocamelus:
    • Taruca or North Andean Deer (Hippocamelus antisensis)
    • Chilean Huemul or South Andean Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus)
  • Genus Capreolus:
    • European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)
    • Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus)
  • Genus Rangifer:
    • Caribou/Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
  • Genus Alces:
    • Moose (Alces alces; called "Elk" in England and Scandinavia) (largest deer in the world)

Hybrid deer

In Origin of Species (1859) Charles Darwin wrote "Although I do not know of any thoroughly well-authenticated cases of perfectly fertile hybrid animals, I have some reason to believe that the hybrids from Cervulus vaginalis and Reevesii [. The Common Muntjac, also called Indian Muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak) is the most numerous Muntjac deer species The Formosan Reeves's Muntjac ( Muntiacus reevesi; 山羌 or just Reeves's Muntjac, is an endemic Muntjac species of Taiwan. The Hairy-fronted Muntjac or Black Muntjac ( Muntiacus crinifrons) is found in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian The Fea's Muntjac or Tenasserim muntjac ( Muntiacus feae) is a rare species of Muntjac native to People's Republic of China, The Bornean yellow muntjac ( Muntiacus atherodes) is restricted to the moist forests of Borneo where it lives alongside the Common muntjac. A single specimen of the Roosevelt's Muntjac or Roosevelt's barking deer ( Muntiacus rooseveltorum) was presented to the Field Museum in The Gongshan muntjac ( Muntiacus gongshanensis) was recently identified by Chinese scientists as a new species of Muntjac, a type of The Giant Muntjac ( Muntiacus vuquangensis) is a species of Muntjac Deer. Truong Son Muntjac or Annamite Muntjac ( Muntiacus truongsonensis) is a species of Muntjac Deer. The leaf muntjac, leaf deer or Putao muntjac ( Muntiacus putaoensis) is a small Species of Muntjac. The Tufted Deer (Elaphodus cephalophus is a close relative of the Muntjac, living somewhat further north over a wide area of central China and northeastern The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species The Central Asian Red Deer is a Primordial group of Red deer subspecies which live primarily in Asia east of the Caspian Sea and south of The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in Thorold's deer has the scientific name Cervus albirostris. It is also known as the white-lipped deer, for the white patches around its muzzle Thorold's deer has the scientific name Cervus albirostris. It is also known as the white-lipped deer, for the white patches around its muzzle The Sika Deer ( Cervus nippon) is a member of the deer family Cervidae that inhabits much of East Asia. The Barasingha or Barasinga ( Rucervus duvaucelii) is a Species of Deer, native to India and Nepal. The Schomburgk's Deer ( Cervus schomburgki) was a member of the family Cervidae. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Eld's Deer ( Cervus eldii) also called the Thamin or Brow-antlered Deer, is a Deer indigenous to Southeast Asia. The Eld's Deer ( Cervus eldii) also called the Thamin or Brow-antlered Deer, is a Deer indigenous to Southeast Asia. The chital or cheetal ( Axis axis) also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer is a Deer which commonly inhabits The chital or cheetal ( Axis axis) also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer is a Deer which commonly inhabits The Hog Deer ( Axis porcinus) is small Deer whose habitat ranges from Pakistan, through northern India, to mainland Southeast The Calamian Deer, Axis calamianensis also known as Calamian Hog Deer is a species of Deer found only in the Calamian Group of Islands of The Bawean deer, Axis kuhlii, also known as Kuhl's hog deer or Bawean hog deer, is a species of Deer found only in the island of Bawean Père David's Deer, Elaphurus davidianus, known as Milu in Chinese (麋鹿 is a Species of Deer known only in captivity The Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The Persian Fallow Deer ( Dama dama mesopotamica) is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The Irish Elk or Giant Deer, Megaloceros giganteus was a species of Megaloceros and one of the largest Deer that ever lived The pudú pew-dooh ( Pudu) considered to be the world's smallest Deer, is a native of South America. The Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis) is superficially more similar to a Musk deer than a True deer (Cervidae - order Artiodactyla but it is classified The White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized Deer found throughout The mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) is a Deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. The Marsh Deer, Blastocerus dichotomus ( Guaraní: guasu puku) is the largest Deer Species from South America reaching The Pampas Deer, venado de las Pampas or guazu ti'i, ( Ozotoceros bezoarticus) is a Deer Species from South America. The Red Brocket or Peruvian Red Deer ( Mazama americana) is a species of Brocket deer from South America and from Costa Rica The Merida Brocket ( Mazama bricenii) also known as the Gray Dwarf Brocket, is a small species of Deer. The Dwarf Brocket ( Mazama chunyi) or Chunyi, is a small species of Deer native to Bolivia and Peru. The Gray Brocket ( Mazama gouazoubira) is a Brocket deer Species from South America and from Panama. The Pygmy Brocket, Mazama nana, is a Brocket deer Species from South America. The Yucatan Brown Brocket ( Mazama pandora) is a small species of Deer native to the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. The Little Red Brocket ( Mazama rufina) is a small little-studied Deer native to the Andes. UserPolbot. -->The Northern Pudu ( Pudu mephistophiles) is a species of Even-toed ungulate in the Cervidae The pudú pew-dooh ( Pudu) considered to be the world's smallest Deer, is a native of South America. The Taruca ( Hippocamelus antisensis) or North Andean Deer, is a species of Deer that ranges across the Andes of Peru and Bolivia The Taruca ( Hippocamelus antisensis) or North Andean Deer, is a species of Deer that ranges across the Andes of Peru and Bolivia The South Andean Deer ( Hippocamelus bisulcus) or Huemul, is an endangered species of Deer native to the mountains of Argentina and Chile The South Andean Deer ( Hippocamelus bisulcus) or Huemul, is an endangered species of Deer native to the mountains of Argentina and Chile The European Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) is a Deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions Capreolus pygargus, also known as the Siberian roe deer or eastern roe deer, is a species of Roe deer found in northeastern Asia The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species (published 24 November 1859) is a seminal work in Scientific literature and arguably the Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life . . ] are perfectly fertile. " These two varieties of muntjac are currently considered the same species.

A number of deer hybrids are bred to improve meat yield in farmed deer. American Elk (or Wapiti) and Red Deer from the Old World can produce fertile offspring in captivity, and were once considered one species. Hybrid offspring, however, must be able to escape and defend themselves against predators, and these hybrid offspring are unable to do so in the wild state. Recent DNA, animal behavior studies, and morphology and antler characteristics have shown there are not one but three species of Red Deer: European Red Deer, Central Asian Red Deer, and American Elk or Wapiti. The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species The Central Asian Red Deer is a Primordial group of Red deer subspecies which live primarily in Asia east of the Caspian Sea and south of (The European Elk is a different species and is known as moose in North America. The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. ) The hybrids are about 30% more efficient in producing antler by comparing velvet to body weight. Wapiti have been introduced into some European Red Deer herds to improve the Red Deer type, but not always with the intended improvement.

In New Zealand, where deer are introduced species, there are hybrid zones between Red Deer and North American Wapiti populations and also between Red Deer and Sika Deer populations. In New Zealand Red Deer have been artificially hybridized with Pere David Deer in order to create a farmed deer which gives birth in spring. The initial hybrids were created by artificial insemination and back-crossed to Red Deer. However, such hybrid offspring can only survive in captivity free of predators.

In Canada, the farming of European Red Deer and Red Deer hybrids is considered a threat to native Wapiti. In Britain, the introduced Sika Deer is considered a threat to native Red Deer. Initial Sika Deer/Red Deer hybrids occur when young Sika stags expand their range into established red deer areas and have no Sika hinds to mate with. They mate instead with young Red hinds and produce fertile hybrids. These hybrids mate with either Sika or Red Deer (depending which species is prevalent in the area), resulting in mongrelization. Many of the Sika Deer which escaped from British parks were probably already hybrids for this reason. These hybrids do not properly inherit survival strategies and can only survive in either a captive state or when there are no predators.

In captivity, Mule Deer have been mated to White-tail Deer. Both male Mule Deer/female White-tailed Deer and male White-tailed Deer/female Mule Deer matings have produced hybrids. Less than 50% of the hybrid fawns survived their first few months. Hybrids have been reported in the wild but are disadvantaged because they don't properly inherit survival strategies. Mule Deer move with bounding leaps (all 4 hooves hit the ground at once, also called "stotting") to escape predators. Stotting is so specialized that only 100% genetically pure Mule Deer seem able to do it. In captive hybrids, even a one-eighth White-tail/seven-eighths Mule Deer hybrid has an erratic escape behaviour and would be unlikely to survive to breeding age. Escape response, escape reaction, or escape behaviour is a possible reaction in response to stimuli indicative of danger in particular it initiates Hybrids do survive on game ranches where both species are kept and where predators are controlled by man.

Impact on popular culture

Heraldry

Deer are represented in heraldry by the stag or hart (or less often by the hind). Stag's heads and antlers also appear as charges. Antlers are the usually large and complex horn -like appendages of most Deer species mostly worn by males only for some species such as Caribou by both In Heraldry and Vexillology, a charge is an image occupying the field on an escutcheon (or shield

Examples can be found in the arms of Hertfordshire and its county town of Hertford, both examples of canting arms (a heraldic pun). Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of Hertford (standard pronunciations /'hɑːtֽfəd/ and /'hɑːֽfəd/ local pronunciation /'ɑːʔֽfəd/ is the affluent County town of Hertfordshire, Canting arms is a technique used in European Heraldry whereby the name of the individual or community represented in a Coat of arms is "translated" into A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical

Several Norwegian municipalities have a stag or stag's head in their arms: Gjemnes, Hitra, Hjartdal and Voss. Gjemnes is a municipality in the county of Møre og Romsdal, Norway on the Romsdal peninsula. Not to be confused with Hirta or Hidra Hitra is a municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. Hjartdal is a municipality in the county of Telemark, Norway. is a municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Voss

A deer appears on the arms of the Israeli Postal Authority (see Hebrew Wikipedia page [3])

Arms of Raon aux Bois, France	Arms of Dotternhausen, Germany	Arms of Thierachern, Switzerland	Arms of Friolzheim, Germany
Arms of Bauen, Switzerland	Arms of Albstadt, Germany	Arms of the Earls Bathurst	Arms of Gjemnes, Norway
Arms of Hitra, Norway	Arms of Hjartdal, Norway	Arms of Voss, Norway	Logo of the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo

Literature and art

Resting Deer. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Dotternhausen is a town in the Zollernalbkreis district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Thierachern is a municipality in the district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Friolzheim is a town in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bauen is a municipality on Lake Lucerne in the Swiss canton of Uri. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Albstadt is a city in the district of Zollernalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Earl Bathurst, of Bathurst in the County of Sussex is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. Gjemnes is a municipality in the county of Møre og Romsdal, Norway on the Romsdal peninsula. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Not to be confused with Hirta or Hidra Hitra is a municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Hjartdal is a municipality in the county of Telemark, Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional is a municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Voss Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Tisch Family Zoological Gardens in Jerusalem - The Biblical Zoo, (גן החיות התנ"כי حديقة Moche Culture (Peru) Larco Museum Collection

"Nature and Appearance of Deer, and how they can be hunted with Dogs," taken from "Livre du Roy Modus," created in the 14th century. The Moche civilization (alternately the Mochica culture Early Chimu Pre-Chimu Proto-Chimu etc Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Larco Museum (Museo Larco is located in the Pueblo Libre District in Lima, Peru.

• For the role of deer in mythology, see deer in mythology. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Deer have significant roles in the Mythology of various peoples
• The "Golden Hind" was an English galleon best known for its global circumnavigation between 1577 and 1580, captained by Sir Francis Drake. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A galleon was a large multi-decked Sailing ship used primarily by the nations of Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician
• The book Fire Bringer is a fiction book that is about a young fawn who is born and goes on a quest to save the deer kind who are called the Herla in the novel. Fire Bringer is a Young adult Fantasy Novel by David Clement-Davies published in 1999 in the United Kingdom and 2000 in
• In Christmas lore (such as in the narrative poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas"), reindeer are often depicted pulling the sleigh of Santa Claus. A sled, sledge or sleigh is a Vehicle with runners for sliding instead of wheels for rolling Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or simply " Santa " is the
• One famous fictional deer is Bambi. In the Disney film Bambi, he is a white-tailed deer, while in Felix Salten's original book Bambi, A Life in the Woods, he is a roe deer. Walt Disney Pictures refers to several different entities associated with The Walt Disney Company: Walt Disney Pictures, the film banner was established BMP and Activin membrane bound inhibitor (BAMBI has a similar extracellular domain as type I receptors in the TGF beta signaling pathway. The White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized Deer found throughout Felix Salten ( September 6, 1869 &ndash October 8, 1945) was an Austrian writer Bambi A Life in the Woods (originally Bambi ein Leben im Walde) is a book by Felix Salten, first printed in 1923 The European Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) is a Deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions
• The Pulitzer Prize-winning 1938 novel The Yearling, written by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, was about a boy's relationship with a baby deer, later adapted to a children's film that was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, The Yearling is a 1938 novel written by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( August 8, 1896 – December 14, 1953) was an American author who lived in rural Florida and The Yearling is a 1946 Family film drama made by MGM. It was directed by Clarence Brown and produced by Sidney Franklin The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working
• Saint Hubertus saw a stag with a crucifix between its antlers while hunting on Good Friday and was converted to Christianity by the vision. Saint Hubertus or Hubert (born c 656 to 658 probably in Toulouse; died May 30, 727 or 728 in Tervuren near Brussels A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings
• In the Harry Potter series, the Patronus Charm that Harry Potter conjures to repel Dementors is a silver stag. Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J Magical creatures comprise a colourful and integral aspect of the Wizarding world in the Harry Potter series by J James Potter, Harry's father, had an Animagus form as a stag. The following are Fictional characters in the Harry Potter book series written by J In the Fictional Harry Potter series created by J K Rowling, magic is depicted as a natural force that can be used to override the usual Also, Harry's mother Lily, and subsequently Severus Snape's, Patronus form was a doe. The following are Fictional characters in the Harry Potter book series written by J
• In one of the stories of Baron Munchhausen, the baron encounters a stag while eating cherries and without ammunition, fires the cherry-pits at the stag with his musket, but it escapes. Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Freiherr von Münchhausen ( 11 May 1720 &ndash 22 February 1797) (sometimes spelled Munchausen The next year, the baron encounters a stag with a cherry tree growing from its head; presumably this is the animal he had shot at the previous year. This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit for the ornamental tree See Cherry Blossom.
• A Samurai warrior named Honda Tadakatsu famously adorned deer antlers on his helmet. is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. ( 1548 – December 3[[ 610]] also called Honda Heihachirō (本多平八郎 was a Japanese General (and later a Daimyo) of the
• Deer have been a subject in Chinese paintings numerous times as a tranquility symbol. Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world
• In The Animals of Farthing Wood, a deer called The Great White Stag is the leader of all the animal residents of the nature reserve White Deer Park. The Animals of Farthing Wood is the first book of the Animals of Farthing Wood book series. TV Series Season 1 The Great White Stag is first seen as the Animals Of Farthing Wood finally enter the nature reserve of White Deer Park after their long and nature reserve ( natural reserve, nature preserve, natural preserve) is a Protected area of importance for Wildlife, flora This article is about the Animals of Farthing Wood television series
• In The Queen, a 14 point "Imperial" stag plays a role in the film. The Queen Drama film directed by Stephen Frears, Peter Morgan and starring Dame Helen Mirren in the title role Queen
• Deer are depicted in many materials by various pre-Hispanic civilizations in the Andes. ^[6]
• Several German towns are called "Hirschberg", a name composed of Hirsch (deer) and Berg (hill or mountain). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
• Among East European Jews, "Hirsh" - Yiddish for "stag" - was a common male name, and was among other others the name of several prominent Rabbis; in this community there was, however, no equivalent female name. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master In contemporary Israel, several Hebrew names for this animal are commonly used as both male and female names. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. These include "Tzvi" (צבי) and "Eyal"(אייל) - two synonymous words for "stag"; "Tzviya" (צביה) and "Ayala" (איילה) - the respective parallel words for "Hind" or "Doe"; as well as "Ofer" (עופר) and "Ofra"(עפרה), respectively the male and female words for the young of this animal - which are all commonly used as first names among the Israeli population. In addition, there are Israelis having as their first name "Bambi", derived from the well-known Disney animated film. BMP and Activin membrane bound inhibitor (BAMBI has a similar extracellular domain as type I receptors in the TGF beta signaling pathway.

See also

• Deer Rubs
• Deer forest
• Deer hunting
• Deer stalking
• Reindeer hunting in Greenland

References

External links

• Family Cervidae at the Animal Diversity Web
• Chronic Wasting Disease Information
• Deer's life
• Deer in the Yard