Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group (-COOH) is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide (CO₂). A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Carboxyl group or CO2H is a Functional group present in Amino acids and Carboxylic acids Its structure is composed of one carbon atom attached Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single

Contents 1 In biochemistry 2 In organic chemistry 3 See also 4 References

In biochemistry

Common biosynthetic decarboxylations of amino acids to amines are:

• tryptophan to tryptamine
• phenylalanine to phenylethylamine
• tyrosine to tyramine
• histidine to histamine
• serine to ethanolamine
• glutamic acid to GABA
• lysine to cadaverine
• arginine to agmatine
• ornithine to putrescine
• 5-HTP to serotonin
• L-DOPA to dopamine

Other decarboxylation reactions from the citric acid cycle include:

• pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
• oxalosuccinate to α-ketoglutarate
• α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA. Biosynthesis is a phenomenon wherein Chemical compounds are produced from simpler Reagents Biosynthesis unlike Chemosynthesis, takes place within living In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W) is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an Essential amino acid in the Human diet Tryptamine is a Monoamine Alkaloid found in Plants and Animals. Phe redirects here For the BitTorrent feature see PHE. For the constellation see Phoenix (constellation. Phenethylamine, or β -phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine is an Alkaloid and Monoamine. Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 Amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize In organic Chemistry tyramine (4-hydroxy- Phenethylamine, para-tyramine p-tyramine is a Monoamine compound derived from the Histidine (abbreviated as His or H) is one of the 20 standard Amino acids present in Proteins In the Nutritional sense in Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S) is an Organic compound with the formula H[[oxygen O]]2 CCH NH sub>2CH2OH Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine (often abbreviated as ETA or MEA) is an Organic chemical compound Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 Alpha Amino acids It is not among the human Essential amino acids Its Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA is the chief inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the Mammalian Central nervous system. Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2(CH24NH2 Cadaverine is a foul-smelling molecule produced by Protein Hydrolysis during Putrefaction of animal tissue Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) is an α- Amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids Agmatine ((4-aminobutyl Guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2(=NH is the Decarboxylation Ornithine is an Amino acid which plays a role in the Urea cycle. Putrescine (sometimes spelled putrescin or putrescene) is an organic chemical compound N[[Hydrogen H]]2( CH sub>24NH2 5-Hydroxytryptophan or 5-HTP is a naturally-occurring Amino acid, a precursor to the Neurotransmitter Serotonin and an intermediate Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H is an alpha-keto acid. The Carboxylate Anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions Oxalosuccinic acid is a substrate of the Citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by Isocitrate dehydrogenase. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is one of two Ketone derivatives of Glutaric acid. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is one of two Ketone derivatives of Glutaric acid. Succinyl-Coenzyme A, generally abbreviated as Succinyl-CoA or SucCoA is a combination of Succinic acid and Coenzyme A.

Enzymes that catalyze decarboxylations are called decarboxylases or, more formally, carboxy-lyases (EC number 4. Carboxy-lyases, also known as decarboxylases, are carbon-carbon Lyases that add or remove a Carboxyl group from Organic compounds These Carboxy-lyases, also known as decarboxylases, are carbon-carbon Lyases that add or remove a Carboxyl group from Organic compounds These This article is about the Enzyme Commission codes For the European Commission system for coding chemicals see EC-No. 1. 1).

In organic chemistry

In retrosynthesis, decarboxylation reactions can be considered the opposite of homologation reactions, in that the chain length becomes one carbon shorter. Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. A homologation reaction, also known as homologization, is any Chemical reaction that effects an overall increase of the carbon skeleton of a saturated reactant molecule

Chemical decarboxylations reactions often require extensive heating in high-boiling solvents. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Copper salts are often added as catalysts. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Heating a carboxylic acid strongly with soda lime is also able to effect decarboxylation. Soda lime is a mixture of Chemicals used in granular form in closed breathing environments such as General anaesthesia, Submarines Rebreathers ^[1] Heating the product of the malonic ester synthesis with hydrochloric acid also affords decarboxylation. The malonic ester synthesis is a Chemical reaction where Diethyl malonate or another Ester of Malonic acid is Alkylated at the carbon Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water ^[2] The addition of catalytic amounts of cyclohexen-2-one has been reported to catalyze the decarboxylation of amino acids. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this

Decarboxylations are especially easy for beta-keto acids due to the formation of a cyclic transition state for instance in Knoevenagel condensations. Keto acids are organic Acids containing a Ketone Functional group and a Carboxylic acid group The transition state of a Chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the Reaction coordinate. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction is an Organic reaction named after Emil Knoevenagel. The Barton decarboxylation and Hunsdiecker reaction are radical reactions. The Hunsdiecker reaction (also called the Borodin reaction after Alexander Borodin) is the Organic reaction of Silver salts of Carboxylic acids

Kolbe electrolysis — the electrolysis of salts of carboxylic acids give the decarboxylated dimer products:

CH₃COOH → CH₃COO⁻ → CH₃COO· → CH₃· + CO₂

2CH₃· → CH₃CH₃

This reaction occurs via a radical mechanism as well. Kolbe electolysis or Kolbe reaction is an Organic reaction named after Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe. ^[3]

See also

• Oxidative decarboxylation

References

1. ^ Jim Clark (2004). Oxidative decarboxylation reactions are Oxidation reactions in which a carboxylate group is removed forming Carbon dioxide. The Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids and their Salts. Chemguide. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
2. ^ Malonic Ester Synthesis. Organic Chemistry Portal. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
3. ^ Kolbe Electrolysis. Organic Chemistry Portal. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus

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