David M. Rohl (born 12 September 1950) is a British Egyptologist and historian who has put forth several controversial theories concerning the chronology of Ancient Egypt and Israel. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek grc -λογία -logia. علم المصريات مصر شناسی is a major field of Archaeology See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known He was born in Manchester and currently lives in the Marina Alta, Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Theories 2.1 Egypt 3 Identifications 4 Rohl's revised chronology of Pharaohs 4.1 Garden of Eden 5 Writings 5.1 Published Books 6 Videos 7 Footnotes 8 External links

Biography

Rohl traces his fascination with ancient Egypt to a visit of that country at the age of nine, which featured a journey on the Nile on King Farouk's paddle-steamer. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Farouk I of Egypt ( Arabic: فاروق الأول Fārūq al-Awwal) ‎ (February 11 1920 &ndash March 18 1965 was the tenth ruler from the Muhammad

He first worked as a rock musician, forming a band in 1968, which eventually became Mandalaband, which released two albums, Mandalaband and The Eye of Wendor, in the early 1970s. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African About 1974, Rohl started work as a sound engineer, which career he pursued until he returned to his interest in ancient Egypt. Audio engineering is a part of audio science dealing with the recording and reproduction of Sound through mechanical and electronic means

Rohl has been the editor of the Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum since 1986. In 1988 he was accepted by University College, London and awarded the prestigious W. University College London ( UCL) is a multi-faculty university institution based in the United Kingdom and a constituent college of the University of London F. Masom History Research Scholarship by the University of London as well as being awarded his degree in Ancient History and Egyptology. The University of London is a university based primarily in London, England, UK. Rohl started work towards his doctorate in 1990, but it is unclear if he has been granted this advanced degree. He is a past President of the Sussex Egyptology Society (SES) and edits the Eastern Desert Survey Report. He excavated at Kadesh in Syria for the London Institute of Archaeology during the 1990s, and is currently Co-Field Director of the Eastern Desert Survey in Egypt. This article is about Kadesh in Syria see also Kadesh (South of Israel or Kedesh Kadesh (also Qadesh) was an ancient city of Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Rohl has also been associated with the Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences (ISIS). The Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences (ISIS was a British scholarly and educational charity set up in 1985 to promote discussion on the history

The publication of his book, A Test of Time led to his role in a three-part television documentary, "Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest", which appeared late summer 1995 on Channel 4 in the UK, and spring 1996 on The Learning Channel/Discovery in the USA. Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began

Theories

Egypt

His published works A Test of Time and Legend set forth Rohl's theories for dating Egyptian kings of the 19th through 25th Dynasties, which would require a major revision of the conventional chronology of ancient Egypt, and less radical revisions of the chronologies of Israel and Mesopotamia. The Eighteenth Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth dynasties of Ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate For a general discussion see Egyptian chronology. For a similar list see List of Pharaohs. Definition A chronology may be either relative &mdashthat is locating related events relative to each other&mdashor ''absolute'' &mdashlocating Rohl asserts that these would allow scholars to identify many of the main characters in the Old Testament with people whose names appear in archeological finds. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. One of Rohl's methods includes the use of archaeo-astronomy, which he uses to fix the date of a solar eclipse which happened during the reign of Amenhotep IV and was observed in the city of Ugarit. Archaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the study of how peoples in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky how they used phenomena An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when one Celestial object moves into the shadow of another Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep Ugarit ( Ugaritic: ʼugrt; Hebrew:; Arabic:) (modern Ras Shamra رأس شمرة ("top/head/cape of the wild Fennel He used a computer to calculate the exact time; the only possible time where such eclipse could be visible in Ugarit during the whole second millennium BC was 9 May 1012 BCE. According to conventional chronology, Ugarit was already destroyed in the 12th century BC and Amenothep IV (Akhenaton) reigned in 1353-1334 BC. Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep

Rohl's redating is based on criticism of three of the four arguments which he considers are the foundations of the conventional Egyptian chronology:

• He claims that the identification of "Shishaq ['Shishak'], King of Egypt" (1 Kings 14:25f; 2 Chronicles 12:2-9) with Shoshenq I, first proposed by Jean-François Champollion, is based on incorrect conclusions. Shishak ( Hebrew: שישק Tiberian:) or Shishaq is the biblical Hebrew form of the first ancient Egyptian name of a Pharaoh mentioned The Books of Kings ( Sefer Melachim, ספר מלכים are a part of Judaism 's Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. The Books of Chronicles ( Hebrew Divrei Hayyamim, דברי הימים Greek Paraleipomêna) are part of the Hebrew Bible (Jewish Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq I ( Egyptian ššnq) also known as Shishak, Sheshonk or Sheshonq I (for discussion of the spelling Jean-François Champollion ( 23 December 1790 – 4 March 1832) was a French classical scholar, philologist Rohl argues instead that Shishaq should be identified with Ramesses II, which would move the date of Ramesses' reign forward some 300 years.

• He claims that the record in the Ebers papyrus of the rising of Sirius in the ninth regnal year of Amenhotep I, which supposedly fixes the year to either 1542 BC or 1517 BC, is misread, and instead should be understood as evidence for a reform in the Egyptian Calendar. The Ebers Papyrus of about 1550 BC is among the most important Medical papyri of Ancient Egypt. The Sothic cycle or Canicular period is a period of 1461 Ancient Egyptian years (of 365 days each or 1460 Julian years (averaging 365 A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign. From Latin regnum meaning kingdom rule Amenhotep I (sometimes read as Amenophis I and meaning " Amun is satisfied" was the second Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt

• Papyrus Leiden I. 350, which dates to the 52nd year of Ramesses II, records lunar observations that place that year of Ramesses' reign in one of 1278, 1253, 1228 or 1203 BC. Having questioned the value of the Ebers Papyrus, Rohl argues that since these lunar observations are accurate every twenty-five years, they could also indicate dates 300 years later.

Rohl bases his revised chronology (the New Chronology) on his interpretation of numerous archeological finds and genealogical records of several individuals. The Glasgow Chronology or New Chronology is a proposed revision of the Egyptian chronology of Ancient Egypt. For example:

• Rohl notes a gap in the stelae associated with the Apis vaults at Saqqara for the 21st and 22nd dynasties of Egypt, which combined with the placement of coffins at the Royal Cache (TT 320) of coffins, shows these two dynasties were contemporary. Saqqara or Sakkara, Saqqarah ( Arabic: سقارة is a vast ancient burial ground in Egypt, featuring the world's oldest standing Step The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate The Twenty-First Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate He also offers an interpretation of the relationship of the tombs of Osorkon I and Psusennes I at Tanis that supports his theory. The son of Shoshenq I and his chief consort Karomat A Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I was the second king of Egypt 's 22nd Dynasty and ruled around 922 BC-887 Psusennes I, or language|Greek] Ψουσέννης] Psibkhanno or Hor-Pasebakhaenniut I language|Egyptian] ḥr-p3-sb3-ḫˁỉ--nỉwt Tanis (Τάνις the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar) is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta

• Rohl offers inscriptions that list three non-royal genealogies which, when one equates one generation to an average of 20 years, proves Ramesses II flourished at the later time Rohl advocates.

Rejecting the Revised Chronology of Immanuel Velikovsky and the Glasgow Chronology presented at the Society for Interdisciplinary Studies' 1978 'Ages in Chaos' conference, the New Chronology lowers the Egyptian dates (established within the traditional chronology) by up to 350 years at points prior to the universally accepted fixed date of 664 BC for the sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal. Immanuel Velikovsky ( Иммануил Великовский) ( Vitebsk, June 10, 1895 ( NS) &ndash November 17, The Glasgow Chronology or New Chronology is a proposed revision of the Egyptian chronology of Ancient Egypt. The Society for Interdisciplinary Studies (SIS is a membership-based organization "formed in 1974 in response to the growing interest in the works of modern catastrophists Events and trends 669 BC: Ashurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria. Thebes ( Thēbai) was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean on the east bank of the river Nile ( Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b

While Rohl's theories have been rejected by many Egyptologists, Rohl's most vocal critic has been Professor Kenneth Kitchen, formerly of Liverpool University. Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (born 1932 is Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and The University of Liverpool is a University in the city of Liverpool, England. One of Kitchen's major objections to Rohls' arguments concerns his alleged omission of evidence that conflicts with Rohl's theories. Kitchen has pointed out that the genealogies Rohl references to date Ramesses II omit one or more names known from other inscriptions. ^[1] Similarly, Egyptologists have pointed out that no other known king of Egypt fits the identification as well as Shoshenq I. Redating the floruit of Ramesses II three centuries later would not only reposition the date of the Battle of Qadesh and complicate the chronology of Hittite history, it would require a less severe revision of the chronology of Assyrian history prior to 664 BC. } The Battle of Kadesh (also Qadesh) took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture

Rohl's theory should not be confused with the theory advocated by Russian mathematician Anatoly Fomenko, which is also known as New Chronology. Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko (Анато́лий The New Chronology is a rewriting of world Chronology, based on the contention that conventional chronology is fundamentally flawed Although it involves a 1000-year shift, his theory covers much more than the chronology of ancient Egypt.

Identifications

Rohl identifies:

• Amenemhat III with the Pharaoh of Joseph, and Joseph with the Vizier of Amenemhat III. Amenemhat III, alt Amenemhet III, (c 1860 BC-1814 BC was a Pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. Joseph or Yosef (יוֹסֵ Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄, يوسف Yusuf; "He A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian
• The "new king who did not know Joseph" in Exodus 1:8 is identified by Rohl with either Sobekhotep III or Neferhotep I. Sobekhotep III (throne name Sekhemresewdjtawy was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty. King Neferhotep I was an Egyptian king of the Thirteenth Dynasty and one of the most powerful kings of this dynasty
• Neferhotep I with the adoptive grandfather of Moses. King Neferhotep I was an Egyptian king of the Thirteenth Dynasty and one of the most powerful kings of this dynasty Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ
• Khanefere Sebekhotep IV, brother and successor of Neferhotep, with Khenephres, the Pharaoh from whom Moses fled to Midian. Sobekhotep IV Khaneferre was one of the most powerful Egyptian kings of the 13th Dynasty
• The Pharaoh of the Exodus with Tutimaios, known also as Dudimose. In the Bible the name of the Pharaoh of the Exodus is not given Dudimose was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. He was the last king of Egypt's 13th Dynasty, during the Second Intermediate Period. Dudimose was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. He was the last king of Egypt's 13th Dynasty, during the Second Intermediate Period.
• Ibni, Middle Bronze Age ruler of Hazor, with Jabin, king of Hazor in Joshua 11:10. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Jabin (ja'-bin is a Biblical name meaning 'discerner' or 'the wise'
• Sheshi, a Hyksos ruler, with Sheshai, a ruler of Hebron descended from Anak (Joshua 15:13-15). Maaibre Sheshi was a Pharaoh of Egypt during Egypt's fragmented Second Intermediate Period, Sheshi is difficult to precisely place chronologically The Hyksos ( Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers" Greek,, Arabic,) were an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Sheshai was a clan of Anakim living in Hebron named for a son of Anak in the Holy Bible (Numbers 1322 Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south According to the Book of Numbers, during the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites Anak (spelt as both ענק and as הענק depending upon the reference
• Akish or Achish, king of Gath, is identified with Šuwardata, King of Gath in the Amarna letters. According to the Book of Mormon, Akish was a prominent figure in the society of the Jaredites, as related in the Book of Ether. Achish is a name used in the Hebrew Bible for two Philistine rulers of Gath. Šuwardata, also Šuardatu, ( Shuwardata) was the 'mayor' of Qiltu, ( Keilah ? or Qi'iltu during the 1350 - 1335 BC Akish is believed to be a shortened form of the Hurrian name Akishimige, "the Sun God has given. The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia " Shuwardata is an Indo-European name meaning "the Sun God has given. "
• Aziru of the Amarna Letters is identified with Hadadezer, Syrian king in II Samuel. Aziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru modern Lebanon, in the fourteenth century BC. Hadadezer (" Hadad helps" the son of Rehob ( Heb Hadadezer ben Rehob; Aram
• Labayu, a ruler in the Amarna Letters, with King Saul. Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a Canaanite warlord who lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten (14th century BCE The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Saul (שאול המלך (or Sha'ul) ( Arabic: طالوت,Tālūt ( (reigned 1047 - 1007 BCE is identified in the Books of Samuel, 1 Chronicles
• King David with Dadua in Amarna Letter EA256. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible
• Mutbalu, writer of the letter, is identified with Ishbaal (aka Ishbosheth). Ish-bosheth ( Standard: Ishbóshet Tiberian: ʼΚbṓšeṯ also called Eshbaal ( Standard Eshbáʻal Tiberian ʼEšbáʻal Ashbaal The two names have exactly the same meaning: "Man of Baal. "
• Benemina, also mentioned in EA256, is identified by Rohl with Baanah, Israelite chieftain in II Samuel 4, who would later betray and assassinate Ishbosheth.
• Yishuya, also mentioned in EA256, is identified with Jesse (Ishai in Hebrew), father of David. Jesse or Yishai ( meaning "God's gift" is the father of the Biblical David mentioned in the Books of Samuel of the Hebrew Bible.
• Ayab, the subject of EA 256, is held to be the same as the Biblical Yoav (English "Joab"). Yoav redirects here For the musician see Yoav (musician. Joab ( יוֹאָב " The LORD is father" Standard Yoav redirects here For the musician see Yoav (musician. Joab ( יוֹאָב " The LORD is father" Standard
• Horemheb is identified with the Pharaoh who destroyed Gezer and later gave it to Solomon, together with one of his daughters as a wife. Horemheb was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt 's 18th Dynasty from 1319 BC to late 1292 BC For the kibbutz see Gezer Israel; For the Arab village see Abu Shusha; for the regional council see Gezer Regional Council King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" When Horemhab took Gezer he was not yet the ruler, but was acting under Tutankhamun. However, he became Pharaoh not long after, and Tutankhamun died too young to have left any marriageable daughters.
• Ramses II (hypocoristicon = Shysha) with Shishak in the Bible. A hypocoristic, hypocorism, or hypochorisma (from Greek el ὑποκορίζεσθαι el-Latn hypokorizesthai, "to use child-talk" Shishak ( Hebrew: שישק Tiberian:) or Shishaq is the biblical Hebrew form of the first ancient Egyptian name of a Pharaoh mentioned

Rohl's revised chronology of Pharaohs

Dates proposed by Rohl for various Egyptian monarchs:

• Wegaf : 1632-1630 BCE
• Dudimose : 1450-1446 BCE. Khutawyre Wegaf (or Ugaf) was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty who is known from several sources including a stelae and statues Dudimose was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. He was the last king of Egypt's 13th Dynasty, during the Second Intermediate Period. The Exodus took place in 1447 BCE in Rohl's chronology. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament.
• Ahmose I : 1194-1170 BCE. See Amasis II for the 26th Dynasty pharaoh whose name sometimes appears as Ahmose II The end of the Hyksos rule at Awaris took place in 1183 BCE, according to Rohl. The Hyksos ( Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers" Greek,, Arabic,) were an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Avaris ( Egyptian: ħt wʕrt Hatwaret, Greek: αυαρις Auaris) located at Tell ed-Dab'a, was the ancient capital of the
• Amenhotep I : 1170-1150 BCE

Garden of Eden

In addition to his theories on Egypt, Rohl has put forth other theories related to the Old Testament. Amenhotep I (sometimes read as Amenophis I and meaning " Amun is satisfied" was the second Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt In his published work, Legend: The Genesis of Civilisation, he posits a location for the Garden of Eden in Iranian Azarbaijan, south-east of Tabriz. Not to be confused with Eden Gardens.The Garden of Eden ( Hebrew "pleasure" גַּן עֵדֶן Arabic: جنات عدن, This article is about the region in Iran for other uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. In the same work, he assumes a local flood theory for the Genesis Flood, positing that the biblical reference to the covering of "all the high mountains" is merely a description of the flooding of cities in the plains of Mesopotamia on the basis that the Hebrew word 'har' does not just mean 'mountain' but also 'hill' and 'city mound'. Noah's Ark, according to the Book of Genesis (chapters 6-9 is the story of a large vessel built at God 's command to save Noah, his family Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding

Writings

• List of Books in Print

Published Books

• A Test of Time: The Bible - from Myth to History, 1995; U. S. edition: Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest, 1996. ISBN 0609801309
• Legend: The Genesis of Civilisation, 1998.
• The Lost Testament: The Story of the Children of Yahweh, 2002; Paperback edition: From Eden to Exile: The Epic History of the People of the Bible, 2003.
• The Lords of Avaris: Uncovering the Legendary Origins of Western Civilisation (2007)

Videos

• Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest, 1995.
• In Search of Eden, 2002.
• The Bible: Myth or Reality, 2005.

Footnotes

External links

• A Test of Time Home Page
• Official David Rohl discussion forum
• Review of A Test of Time (originally published in KMT)
• ISIS - Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum
• The Revision of Ancient History - A Perspective
• Rohl at Catastrophism.com
• "Some Anomalies in David Rohl's Chronological Re-dating of Archaeological Time Periods and His Attempted Synchronizations with Biblical Scenarios"
• A website harshly critical of Rohl

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