David Irving
At The National Archives, 2003
Born	David John Cawdell Irving March 24, 1938 (1938-03-24) (age 70) Essex, England
Residence	London, United Kingdom
Nationality	British
Occupation	World War II military history
Known for	Holocaust denial
Parents	John James Cawdell Irving & Beryl Irving
Website http://www.fpp.co.uk

David John Cawdell Irving (born March 24, 1938) is an English writer^[1] specializing in the military history of World War II. The National Archives (TNA is a British Governmental organisation created in April 2003 to maintain a National archive for " England, Wales Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He is the author of 30 books, including The Destruction of Dresden (1963), Hitler's War (1977), Uprising! (1981), Churchill's War (1987), and Goebbels — Mastermind of the Third Reich (1996).

Irving's reputation as a historian was widely discredited^[2] after he brought an unsuccessful libel case against American historian Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books in 1998. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18 1947 New York City) is an American Historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. Penguin Books is a British Publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. During the trial, an English court found that Irving was an "active Holocaust denier," as well as an antisemite and racist, and that he "associates with right-wing extremists who promote neo-Nazism. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, "^[3] The judge also ruled that Irving had "for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics "^[3][4]

He served a prison sentence in Austria from February to December 2006 on charges of "glorifying and identifying with the German Nazi Party", which is a crime in Austria under section 3g of the Verbotsgesetz law. In Law, a sentence forms the final act of a Judge -ruled process and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The Verbotsgesetz 1947 ( Prohibition Act 1947) abbreviated VerbotsG, is an Austrian Constitutional law, which bans the Nazi Party and

Contents 1 Early life 2 Student years 3 The Destruction of Dresden 4 1963 burglary of Irving's apartment 5 Historian 6 Revisionism 6.1 Hitler Diaries 6.2 Churchill 6.3 Ernst Nolte 6.4 Göring 6.5 Goebbels 7 Holocaust denial 8 Racism 9 Libel suit 9.1 Defence 9.2 Claimant 9.3 Ruling 9.4 Aftermath 10 Criticism by historians 11 Persona non grata 12 Arrest and imprisonment in Austria 12.1 Sentencing 12.2 Time in prison 12.3 Release 12.4 Controversy 13 Post-release 14 Bibliography 14.1 Books 14.2 Translations 14.3 Monographs 14.4 Collected articles in German 15 Notes 16 References 17 See also 18 External links 18.1 Irving v. Penguin Books Limited and Deborah E. Lipstadt trial

Early life

Irving, along with his twin brother,^[5] was born in Hutton, near Brentwood, Essex, England. Brentwood is a town and the principal settlement of the Borough of Brentwood, part of Essex in England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland His father, John James Cawdell Irving, was a commander in the Royal Navy, his mother Beryl an illustrator. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) During the Second World War, his father was an officer aboard the light cruiser HMS Edinburgh. Construction and Specifications Edinburgh was built in Newcastle-upon-Tyne by Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson her keel laid down on 30 December On 2 May 1942, while escorting Convoy QP-11 in the Barents Sea, the ship was sunk by the German U-boat U-456. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Arctic Convoys of World War II travelled from the United Kingdom and the United States to the northern ports of the Soviet The Barents Sea (Barentshavet Баренцево море is a part of the Arctic Ocean located north of Norway and Russia. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers Irving's father survived, but severed all links with his wife and their children after the incident. ^[6]

Student years

After completing A-levels at Brentwood School, Irving briefly studied physics (though never graduated, due to financial reasons) at Imperial College London. The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, Brentwood School is a public school in Brentwood Essex, England. Imperial College London (officially The Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine as given in its Royal Charter It is one of only three universities to have reached He gained notoriety by writing for the student newspaper Phoenix and in 1959 served as editor of the University of London Carnival Committee's journal, Carnival Times. The University of London is a university based primarily in London, England, UK. His time as editor was controversial, though Irving deflected criticism by characterizing the Carnival Times as "satirical". Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human He also stated he was against the formation of what is now the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in He later studied for a degree in Political Economy at University College London,^[7] which he dropped out of after two years. Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government University College London ( UCL) is a multi-faculty university institution based in the United Kingdom and a constituent college of the University of London During his time at university, he seconded English Fascist Sir Oswald Mosley in a debate on Commonwealth immigration. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 &ndash 3 December 1980 was a British Politician, known principally as the founder of the British He was heckled. ^[8]

According to the Anti-Defamation League, Irving also supported apartheid in South Africa, racist cartoons, and wrote appreciatively of Nazi Germany. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers ^[9] Covering the controversy, the 1 May 1959 edition of the Daily Mail quoted Irving as saying, "You can call me a mild fascist if you like. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology " He has denounced that article as libellous and the "handiwork of an imaginative Daily Mail journalist". ^[10]

The Destruction of Dresden

Sometime after serving in 1959 as editor of the University of London Carnival Committee's journal, Irving left for West Germany, where he worked as a steelworker in a Thyssen steel works in the Ruhr area and learned German. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( ThyssenKrupp AG ( is a large German industrial conglomerate, with more than 200000 employees The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. He then moved to Spain, where he worked as a clerk at an airbase. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. During his time in Spain, Irving married his first wife, a Spanish woman with whom he had five children. In 1962, he wrote a series of 37 articles on the Allied bombing campaign, Wie Deutschlands Städte starben (How Germany's Cities Died), for the right-wing German journal Neue Illustrierte. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities These were the basis of his first book, The Destruction of Dresden (1963), in which he examined the Allied bombing of Dresden in February 1945. The Bombing of Dresden by the British Royal Air Force (RAF and United States Army Air Force (USAAF between 13 February and 15 February 1945 12 weeks By the 1960s, a debate about the morality of the carpet bombing of German cities and civilian population had already begun, especially in the United Kingdom. Carpet bombing refers to the tactical bombing of a strategic area usually by the use of large numbers of unguided Gravity bombs often with a high proportion of incendiary There was consequently considerable interest in Irving's book, which was illustrated with graphic pictures, and it became an international bestseller. A bestseller is a Book that is identified as extremely popular by its inclusion on lists of currently top selling titles that are based on publishing industry and book trade

In the first edition, Irving's estimates for deaths in Dresden were between 100,000 and 250,000 — notably higher than most previously published figures. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German ^[11] These figures became authoritative and widely accepted in many standard reference works. In later editions of the book over the next three decades, he gradually adjusted the figure downwards to 50,000-100,000. ^[12] According to the evidence introduced by Richard J. Evans at the libel trial of Deborah Lipstadt in 2000, Irving based his estimates of the dead of Dresden on the word of one individual who provided no supporting documentation, used forged documents, and described one witness who was a urologist as Dresden's Deputy Chief Medical Officer. Professor Richard Evans (born 1947 is a British Historian of Germany. Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18 1947 New York City) is an American Historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. Urology is the branch of Surgery that focuses on the Urinary tracts of males and females and on the reproductive system of males The doctor has since complained about being misidentified by Irving, and further, was only reporting rumours about the death toll. ^[13] Today, casualties at Dresden are estimated as most likely 25,000-35,000 dead, and probably towards the lower end of that range. ^[14]

1963 burglary of Irving's apartment

By November 1963, Irving was in England when he called the London Metropolitan Police with suspicions he had been the victim of a burglary, perpetrated by three men who had gained access to his Mayfair apartment claiming to be General Post Office (GPO) engineers. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. Mayfair is an area of central London, England, within the City of Westminster. Gerry Gable was subsequently arrested and held at Hornsey police station, where on 14 January 1964, along with Manny Carpel and another, Gable admitted breaking in with intent to steal private papers. Gerry Gable (born 1937 is a British Jewish political activist Hornsey is a district in London Borough of Haringey in north London in England Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. At the trial, counsel for the defence claimed that this was no ordinary crime, telling the court, "they hoped to find material they could take to Special Branch". Special Branch is an investigative unit of the British, Irish and many Commonwealth police services The case was reported in the Daily Telegraph, January 17, 1964 and other newspapers. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. ^[15] Irving considered this incident important, and in his video 'Ich komme wieder' he describes this as the first indication he had that he was under attack for some reason. ^[16] Gable was a former member of the British Communist Party, and would later run Searchlight a magazine devoted to anti-Fascist activities. The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB was the largest Communist party in the United Kingdom, though it never became a mass party like the Communist parties of Searchlight is a British Anti-fascist Magazine, founded in 1975 which publishes exposés about Racism, Antisemitism In the notorious 'Gable Memorandum', a letter from Gable to London Weekend Television in May 1977, he would later boast of his "top level security service sources". A security agency is an organization which conducts intelligence activities for the internal Security of a Nation, State or Organization ^[17]

Historian

After the success of the Dresden book, Irving continued writing, including some works of revisionist history. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. In 1964, he wrote The Mare's Nest, an account of the German secret weapons projects and the Allied intelligence countermeasures against it, translated the Memoirs of Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel in 1965 (Edited by Walter Görlitz), and in 1967 published Accident: The Death of General Sikorski, in which Irving claimed that the plane crash which killed Polish government in exile leader General Władysław Sikorski in 1943 was really an "assassination" ordered by Winston Churchill, so as to enable Churchill to "betray" Poland to the Soviet Union. Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel (22 September 1882–16 October 1946 was a German Field marshal ( Generalfeldmarschall) The Government of the Polish Republic in Exile was the government of Poland after the country had been occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union during September–October Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (May 20 1881 – July 4 1943 pronounced) was a Polish military and political leader Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Irving's book inspired the highly controversial 1967 play Soldiers by his friend, the German playwright Rolf Hochhuth, which depicts Churchill ordering the “assassination” of General Sikorski. Rolf Hochhuth (born April 1, 1931 in Eschwege) is a German author and playwright Also in 1967, he published two more works: The Virus House, an account of the German nuclear energy project, and The Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, in which he blamed the British escort group commander, Commander Jack Broome for the catastrophic losses of the Convoy PQ-17. The German nuclear energy project in Nazi Germany was informally known as the Uranverein (Uranium Club and it began in April 1939 just months Captain John Egerton "Jack" (or Jackie Broome DSC, RN ( 23 February 1901 - 19 April 1985) was a Royal Navy officer PQ-17 was a World War II Convoy carrying war Matériel from Britain, Canada and the USA to the USSR. Amid much publicity, Broome sued Irving for libel in October 1968, and in February 1970, after 17 days of deliberation before London's High Court, Broome won. Irving was forced to pay £40,000 in damages, and the book was withdrawn from circulation.

After PQ-17, Irving shifted to writing biographies. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account As a result of Irving's success with Dresden, but prior to the conclusion of the Broome trial, members of Germany's extreme right-wing assisted him in contacting surviving members of Hitler's inner circle. In an interview with the American journalist Ron Rosenbaum, Irving claimed to have developed sympathies towards them (referring to them as "the Magic Circle"). Ron Rosenbaum (born on November 27 1946, New York New York) is an American Journalist and Author. Many aging former mid- and high-ranked Nazis saw a potential friend in Irving and donated diaries and other material. In 1972, he translated the memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen, and in 1973 published The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe, a biography of Air Marshall Erhard Milch. Reinhard Gehlen ( April 3, 1902 - June 8, 1979) was a Generalmajor ( Major-General) in the German Army ( Wehrmacht ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. Erhard Milch ( March 30, 1892 &ndash January 25, 1972) was a German Field marshal who oversaw the development of the He spent the remainder of the 1970s working on Hitler's War and the War Path, his two-part biography of Adolf Hitler, The Trail of the Fox, a biography of Field Marshall Erwin Rommel, and a series in the Sunday Express describing the Royal Air Force's famous Dam Busters raid. Hitler's War is a history book by David Irving. It describes the Second World War from the point of view of Adolf Hitler. Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ( 15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) (also known as the " Desert Fox " Wüstenfuchs The Daily Express is a conservative Middle-market British Tabloid Newspaper. Operation Chastise was the official name for the attacks on German Dams on 17 May 1943 in the Second World War using a specially developed "

Description of Irving as a historian, rather than a historical author, is controversial, with some publications continuing to refer to him as a "historian"^[18] or "disgraced historian,"^[19] while others insist he is not a historian, and have adopted alternatives such as "author" or "historic writer,"^[1]

The military historian John Keegan has praised Irving for his "extraordinary ability to describe and analyse Hitler's conduct of military operations, which was his main occupation during the Second World War. Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan OBE (born 15 May, 1934) is a British Military historian, lecturer and journalist World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including "^[20]

Donald Cameron Watt, Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the London School of Economics, wrote that he admires some of Irving's work as a historian, though he rejects his conclusions about the Holocaust. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the ^[21] At the libel proceedings against Irving, Watt declined Irving's request to testify, appearing only after a subpoena was ordered. A subpoena (səˈpiːnə is commonly defined as a written command to a person to Testify before a Court or be punished ^[22] He testified that Irving had written a "very, very effective piece of historical scholarship" in the 1960s, which was unrelated to his controversial work; he also suggested that Irving was "not in the top class" of military historian. ^[22]

Revisionism

In 1977 Irving published Hitler's War, the first of his two-part biography of Adolf Hitler. Rolf Hochhuth (born April 1, 1931 in Eschwege) is a German author and playwright Hitler's War is a history book by David Irving. It describes the Second World War from the point of view of Adolf Hitler. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately In it, Irving tried to describe the war from "Hitler's point of view". He portrayed Hitler as a rational, intelligent politician, whose only goal was to increase Germany's prosperity and influence on the continent. For instance, Irving's book faulted the Allied leaders, most notably Winston Churchill, for the eventual escalation of war, and claimed that the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was a "preventative war" forced on Hitler to avert an impending Soviet attack (supported by some, notably Soviet GRU defector Victor Suvorov, and others; see Icebreaker). Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II GRU is the English transliteration of the Russian Acronym ГРУ, which stands for "Гла́вное Разве́дывательное Viktor Suvorov (Ви́ктор Суво́ров is the Pen name for Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun: Влади́мир Богда́нович Резу́н (born Icebreaker Who Started the Second World War?, by Viktor Suvorov ( Russian title Ledokol, Ледокол) is a documentary book which He also claimed that Hitler had no knowledge of the Holocaust; while not denying its occurrence, Irving claimed that Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich were its originators and architects. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( 7 March 1904 &ndash 4 June 1942) was an SS - Obergruppenführer, chief Irving made much of the lack of any written order from Hitler ordering the Holocaust, and for decades afterward offered to pay £1000 to anyone who could find such an order. In addition, citing the work of such historians as Harry Elmer Barnes, David Hoggan, and Frederick J. Harry Elmer Barnes ( 15 June 1889 – 25 August 1968) was a prominent American Historian in the 20th century David Leslie Hoggan ( March 23, 1923 &ndash August 7, 1988) was an American historian author of The Forced War When Peaceful P. Veale, Irving argued that Britain was primarily responsible for the outbreak of war in 1939. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Reaction to Hitler’s War was polarized. While some historians like John Keegan and Hugh Trevor-Roper—though disputing Irving’s claim that Hitler had no knowledge of the Holocaust—praised the book as well-written and well-researched, other historians were more hostile. Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper Baron Dacre of Glanton ( January 15, 1914 – January 26, 2003) was a British Historian John Lukacs in a very unfavourable book review in the 19 August 1977 edition of National Review called Hitler’s War a worthless book while Walter Laqueur when reviewing Hitler’s War in the The New York Times Book Review of 3 April 1977 accused Irving of selective use of the historical record in Hitler's favour. John Adalbert Lukacs (born 31 January 1924 in Budapest; in Hungary his name spelled Lukács) is a Hungarian -born American Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Walter Zeev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian and political commentator Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Various historians such as Gitta Sereny, Martin Broszat, Lucy Dawidowicz, Gerard Fleming, Charles W. Gitta Sereny (born March 13 1921) is an Austrian -born British Biographer, Historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on Martin Broszat ( August 14, 1926 – October 14, 1989) was a West German Historian. Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz ( June 16, 1915 – December 5, 1990) was an American Historian and an author of books on modern Jewish Sydnor and Eberhard Jäckel wrote either articles or books rebutting what they considered to be erroneous information in Hitler’s War. Eberhard Jäckel (born June 29, 1929) is a Social Democratic German historian noted for his studies of Adolf Hitler 's role in Broszat wrote that: "He [Irving] is too eager to accept authenticity for objectivity, is overly hasty in interpreting superficial diagnoses and often seems insufficiently interested in complex historical interconnections and in structural problems that transcend the mere recording of historical facts, but are essential for their evaluation"^[23]. Broszat argued in Hitler's War, Irving was too concerned with the "antechamber aspects" of Hitler's headquarters, and of distorting historical facts in Hitler's favor^[24]. Broszat complained that Irving was focused too much on military events at the expense of the broader political context of the war, and of have offered false interpretations such accepting at face value the Nazi claim that the T4 "euthanasia" program was launched in September 1939 to free up hospital spaces for wounded German soldiers when in fact, the Action T4 program was launched in January 1939^[25]. Action T4 (Aktion T4 was a program in Nazi Germany spanning October 1939 until August 1941 during which physicians killed 70273 peoplespecified in Hitler's In particular, Broszat criticized Irving's claim that because of one telephone note written by Himmler stating "No liquidation" in regards to a train convey of German Jews passing through Berlin to Riga (whom the SS intended to have all shot upon arrival) on November 30, 1941 that this proved that Hitler did not to see the Holocaust happen^[26]. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Broszat argued that there was not proof that Hitler had given any such order to Himmler to stop the killings of Jews, and that the comment "No liquidation" referred only to that particular train, and was mostly likely related to concerns about questions American reporters were asking about the fate of German Jews being sent to Eastern Europe^[27]. Likewise, Broszat criticized Irving for accepting the "fantastic" claims of the SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff that he did not know about the Holocaust (Irving's argument that if Wolff did not know about the Holocaust, how could Hitler have known), despite the fact that Wolff was convicted of war crimes in 1963 on the basis of documentary evidence implicating him in the Holocaust^[28]. Obergruppenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the SA and until 1942 it was the highest Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff ( May 13, 1900 &ndash July 17, 1984) was a high-ranking member of the Nazi SS. Broszat accused Irving of seeking to generate a highly misleading impression of a conference between Hitler and the Hungarian Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy in April 1943 by re-arranging the words to make Hitler appear less brutally anti-Semitic then what the original notes showed^[29]. Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ( Vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós vitez nɒɟbaɲɒi horti mikloʃ German Nikolaus von Horthy und Nagybánya Along the same lines, Broszat maintained that the picture of World War Two drawn by Irving was done in a such way to engage in moral equivalence between the actions of the Axis and Allied states, leading to Hitler's "fanatical, destructive will to annihilate" being downgraded to being ". . . no longer an exceptional phenomenon"^[30]. The criticism by Broszat was considered to be especially damaging to Irving because Broszat had based his critique largely by examining the same primary sources Irving had used for Hitler's War. Because of the controversy Hitler’s War generated, it was a best-seller in 1977.

Just months after the initial release of Hitler's War, Irving published The Trail of the Fox, a biography of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Field Marshal General, in German Generalfeldmarschall ( (usually translated simply as Field marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ( 15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) (also known as the " Desert Fox " Wüstenfuchs In it, Irving attacked the members of the July 20 Plot to assassinate Hitler, branding them "traitors", "cowards", and "manipulators", and uncritically presented Hitler and his government's subsequent revenge against the plotters, of which Rommel was also a victim. Irving painted the men and women involved in the plot in the blackest of colours, and argued that their fate after July 20 was fully deserved. Irving challenged the popular notion that Rommel was one of the leaders of the rebellion: Rommel stayed loyal to Hitler until the end, Irving claimed, and the real blame for his forced suicide lay with his associates, who schemed against him so they could save their own lives and because they were jealous of Rommel's medals. In particular, Irving accused Rommel's friend and Chief of Staff General Hans Speidel of framing Rommel in the attempted coup. Hans Speidel ( 28 October 1897 - 28 November 1984) was a German general during World War II and during the Cold The British historian David Pryce-Jones in a book review of The Trail of the Fox in the 12 November 1977 edition of The New York Times Book Review accused Irving of mindlessly taking everything Hitler had to say at face value. David Eugene Henry Pryce-Jones (b 15 February 1936 Vienna, Austria) is a conservative British author and commentator Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed

In 1978, Irving released The War Path, the companion volume to Hitler's War which covered events leading up to the war and which was written from a similar point of view. Again, professional historians such as D. C. Watt noted numerous inaccuracies and misrepresentations. Despite the criticism, the book sold well, as did all of Irving's books to that date. The financial success of his books enabled Irving to buy a home in the prestigious Mayfair district of London, own a Rolls-Royce car, and to enjoy a very affluent lifestyle. Mayfair is an area of central London, England, within the City of Westminster. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. A Rolls-Royce car may refer to vehicles produced by Rolls-Royce Limited (1906-1973 Rolls-Royce Motors (1973-2003 which was owned ^[31] In addition, Irving, despite being married, became increasing open with his affairs with other women, all of which were detailed in his self-published diary. ^[32]

In the 1980s Irving started researching and writing about topics other than Nazi Germany, but with less success. He began his research on his three-part biography of Winston Churchill. In 1981, he published two books. The first was The War Between the Generals, in which Irving offered an account of the Allied High Command, detailing the heated conflicts Irving alleges occurred between the various generals of the various countries and presenting rumours about their private lives. The second book was Uprising!, about the 1956 revolt in Hungary, which Irving characterized as "primarily an anti-Jewish uprising", supposedly because the Communist regime was itself controlled by Jews. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Irving’s depiction of Hungary’s Communist regime as a Jewish dictatorship oppressing Gentiles sparked charges of anti-Semitism. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility ^[33] In addition, there were complaints that Irving had grossly exaggerated the number of people of Jewish origin in the Communist regime and had ignored the fact that Hungarian Communists who did have a Jewish background like Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő had totally repudiated Judaism and sometimes expressed anti-Semitic attitudes themselves^[34]. Mátyás Rákosi ( born March 9, 1892 as Mátyás Rosenfeld - died February 5, 1971 was a Hungarian communist politician Ernő Gerő (born Ernő Singer ( July 8, 1898 - March 12, 1980) was a Hungarian Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut

Hitler Diaries

In 1983, Irving played a major role in the Hitler Diaries controversy. In April 1983, the German news Magazine Stern published extracts from what purported to be the diaries of Adolf Hitler, Irving was an early proponent of the argument that the diaries were a forgery, and went so far as to crash the press conference held by Hugh Trevor-Roper at the Hamburg offices of Der Stern magazine on 25 April 1983 to denounce the diaries as a forgery and Trevor-Roper for endorsing the diaries as genuine (Trevor-Roper had called the press conference to announce his withdrawal of his endorsement, arguably rendering Irving's attack on Trevor-Roper irrelevant). Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper Baron Dacre of Glanton ( January 15, 1914 – January 26, 2003) was a British Historian Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Stern ( English "Star" is a weekly News magazine published in Germany. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) ^[35] Irving's performance at the Der Stern press conference where he violently harangued Trevor-Roper until ejected by security led him to be featured prominently on the news and the next day Irving appeared on Today television show as a featured guest. Stern ( English "Star" is a weekly News magazine published in Germany. ^[36] However, a week later on May 2, Irving reversed himself and claimed the diaries were genuine; at the same press conference, Irving took the opportunity to promote his translation of the memoirs of Hitler’s physician Dr. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Theodor Morell. Theodor (Theo Gilbert Morell ( July 22 1886 &ndash May 26 1948) was German dictator Adolf Hitler 's personal Physician Robert Harris in his book Selling Hitler suggested that an additional reason for Irving's change of mind over the authenticity of the alleged Hitler diaries was that the fake diaries contain no reference to the Holocaust, thereby buttressing Irving's claim in Hitler's War that Hitler had no knowledge of the Holocaust. Robert Dennis Harris (born March 7, 1957 in Nottingham) is a best-selling English Novelist. ^[37] Subsequently Irving reversed himself again when the diaries were revealed as a forgery. At a press conference held to withdraw his endorsement of the diaries, Irving proudly claimed that he was the first to call the diaries a forgery, to which a reporter replied that he was also the last to call the diaries genuine. In his later accounts of his role in the Hitler Diaries matter, Irving has always mentioned his role as proponent of the theory that the diaries were fake while ignoring his change of opinion about their authenticity.

Churchill

By the mid-1980s, Irving had not had a successful book in years, and was behind schedule in writing the first volume of his Churchill series, the research for which had strained his finances. By the time he finished the manuscript in 1985, his reputation was greatly diminished, so it was not until 1987 that the book was published as Churchill's War, Volume I. In it, Irving writes a revisionist portrayal of Churchill — a debauched alcoholic, a coward, an unabashed racist, and a corrupt warmonger servile to the interests of "international Jewry". Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Irving also accused Churchill of "selling out the British Empire" and "turning Britain against its natural ally, Germany". The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

Ernst Nolte

In 1986, Irving was one of the few English language authors to endorse the controversial thesis of the German philosopher Ernst Nolte who, in a 1986 article named Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will ("The Past That Does Not Want To Go Away"), claimed that because the President of the World Zionist Organization Chaim Weizmann wrote a letter to the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain pledging the full support of his organization to the British war effort on 3 September 1939, that this constituted a “Jewish declaration of war” against Germany, and thus the German government was fully justified in “interning” the Jews of Europe in concentration camps. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Ernst Nolte (born 11 January 1923) is a German Historian and Philosopher, whose primary interest is the comparative study of The World Zionist Organization ( Hebrew: ההסתדרות הציונית העולמית or WZO, was founded as the Zionist Organization ( Hebrew Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( Hebrew: חיים עזריאל ויצמן – November 27, 1874 &ndash November 9, 1952) was a Zionist Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Many other historians attacked Nolte’s argument (and those, like Irving, who supported Nolte’s views) as highly factually incorrect and as coming very close to justifying the Holocaust. Nolte in his turn has been a great admirer of Irving and has often cited Irving’s work in his writings.

Göring

In 1989, Irving published his biography of Hermann Göring, in which he highlighted, though did not endorse, the more "positive" features of the Nazi Reichsmarschall. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Reichsmarschall (Marshal of the Empire or Imperial Marshal in English) was the highest rank in the Armed forces of Nazi Germany during Irving avoided discussion of Göring's role in the Holocaust, describing instead Göring's jovial personality and offering a wealth of lesser-known facts about his life. Irving also recounts various incidents and produces documents as evidence that Göring disapproved of the persecution of Jews and other Nazi crimes.

Goebbels

In 1992, Irving signed a contract with Macmillan for a biography of Joseph Goebbels entitled Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation ˈɡœbəls English generally ˈɡɝbəlz (29 October 1897 1 May 1945 was a German politician and Reich Minister of Public Following charges that Irving had selectively "edited" a recently discovered complete edition of Goebbels's diaries in Moscow, Macmillan cancelled the book deal. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of ^[38] In 1995, the St. Martin's Press of New York City agreed to publish the Goebbels biography. St Martin's Press is a book publisher headquartered in the iconic Flatiron Building in New York City. The City of New York ^[39] By this time, Irving's financial state was such that he very much needed this book deal to be completed in order to pay down the massive arrears on his mortgage. ^[40] In March 1996, following widespread protests over allegations of anti-Semitism in Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich, St. Martin's cancelled the contract, and left Irving in a situation where he was desperate for both publicity and the need to re-establish his reputation as a historian. ^[41]

Holocaust denial

Over the years, Irving's stance on the Holocaust has changed significantly. Until 1988, when he started to espouse Holocaust denial openly, Irving never sought to deny the reality of the Holocaust and for this reason many Holocaust deniers were ambivalent about him. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the They admired Irving for the pro-Nazi slant in his work and the fact that he possessed a degree of mainstream credibility that they lacked, but were annoyed that he did not openly deny the Holocaust. Typical of the ambiguity felt by them was a letter written in 1984 by the French Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson in the Journal of Historical Review (the official journal of the Institute for Historical Review (I. Robert Faurisson (born January 25, 1929) is a French former professor of literature at the University of Lyon and a Holocaust denier The Institute for Historical Review (IHR, founded in 1978, is an American Holocaust denial organization that describes itself as a "public-interest H. R)). In an open letter entitled “A Challenge to David Irving,” Faurisson praised Irving as a historian but criticized him for maintaining that the Holocaust had taken place, and challenged him to take up the cause of Holocaust denial. It has been alleged that the original draft of Faurisson's open letter was more critical of Irving, but Willis Carto persuaded Faurisson to tone down the criticism, lest it alienate Irving (who had spoken at a conference sponsored by the I. Willis Allison Carto ( July 17, 1926) is a longtime figure on the far right wing of American politics H. R. in September 1983) from the I. H. R. It is not known what Irving’s response to Faurisson’s letter was.

Until 1988, Irving seemed torn between a desire to be taken seriously as a historian and a desire to associate with those he seemed to share an ideological affinity with. In the first edition of Hitler's War, Irving footnotes, "I cannot accept the view. . . [that] there exists no document signed by Hitler, Himmler or Heydrich speaking of the extermination of the Jews. " By the mid-1980s, however, Irving associated himself with the Holocaust-denying I. H. R. , began giving lectures to groups such as the far-right German Deutsche Volksunion, and publicly denied that the Nazis systematically exterminated Jews in gas chambers during World War II. The German People's Union (Deutsche Volksunion DVU is a Nationalist Political party in Germany. He also alleged that parts of The Diary of Anne Frank might have been forged by her surviving father, and in 1988 testified for the defence at Canadian-based Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel's trial. The Diary of a Young Girl is a book based on the extracts from a Diary written by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Ernst Christof Friedrich Zündel (born April 24 1939 in Bad Wildbad) is a German Neo-Nazi, Holocaust denier and Pamphleteer who was jailed several Irving later claimed that Zündel had convinced him that the Holocaust had not occurred. ^[42]

In the 1988 Zündel trial, Irving repeated and defended his claim from Hitler's War that until October 1943 Hitler knew nothing about the actual implementation of the Final Solution. The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World He also expressed his evolving belief that the Final Solution involved "atrocities", not systematic murder. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied

“

I don't think there was any overall Reich policy to kill the Jews. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers If there was, they would have been killed and there would not be now so many millions of survivors. And believe me, I am glad for every survivor that there was. [43]

”

As to what evidence further led Irving to believe that the Holocaust never occurred, he cited a report by self-styled execution expert Fred A. Leuchter, which claimed there was no evidence for the existence of homicidal gas chambers at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Frederick A (Fred Leuchter Jr (born 1943 is an American execution technician who rose to controversy for his Testimony in defense of Holocaust A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany After the trial, Irving published Leuchter's report in the United Kingdom and wrote its foreword. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In Errol Morris' 1999 documentary about Leuchter, Mr. Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning Documentary film director Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. , Irving said, "The big point [of the Leuchter report]: there is no significant residue of cyanide in the brickwork. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a That's what converted me. When I read that in the report in the courtroom in Toronto, I became a hard-core disbeliever. "^[44] In his 1991 revised edition of Hitler's War he had removed all references to death camps and the Holocaust. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become

Many have considered Irving’s historical arguments to be very convoluted. An example occurred in the above-mentioned interview with Ron Rosenbaum, when Rosenbaum questioned Irving about a memoir that had come into Irving's possession that was alleged to have been written by Adolf Eichmann in the 1950s. Ron Rosenbaum (born on November 27 1946, New York New York) is an American Journalist and Author. (The precise authenticity of the Eichmann Memoirs is in doubt, but parts of the book, according to the German Federal Archives, appeared to be genuine. ) Irving had received the alleged memoir during a visit to Argentina in 1991 and was quite proud of his find. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. In The Eichmann Memoirs, Eichmann claimed to have heard from Himmler that Hitler had given a verbal order authorizing the Holocaust, thereby contradicting Irving's claim in Hitler’s War that Hitler was unaware of the Holocaust. Irving's response to the claim that Hitler ordered the Holocaust in The Eichmann Memoirs was to claim that Eichmann wrote his memoirs in 1956 at the time of the Suez War, and was fearful that Cairo, Egypt might fall to Israel. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Irving's reasoning is that if Cairo was taken by the Israeli Defence Forces, then the Israelis might discover the "rat-line", as undercover smuggling networks for Nazis were known, that had allowed Eichmann to escape to Argentina, and that therefore Eichmann had written his memoirs as a potential defense in the event of being captured by the Israelis. Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. In this way, Irving argued that The Eichmann Memoirs were genuine but that the claim that Hitler ordered the Holocaust was false — only made to reduce Eichmann's responsibility for the Holocaust. Also in the same interview, Irving claimed to want to be accepted as a scholar by other historians and bemoaned having to associate with what he called the lunatic anti-Semitic fringe groups; he claimed he would disassociate himself from these as soon as he was accepted by the historians' community. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility

In October 2007 Irving threatened to sue The Jewish Chronicle for describing him as a "holocaust denier. The Jewish Chronicle (" The JC " is a London-based Jewish Newspaper. " The Jewish Chronicle responded by printing their solicitor's name and address on its front page. ^[45]

Racism

Irving has expressed, both publicly and privately, racist sentiments. Several of these were cited by the judge's decision in Irving's lawsuit against Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt. ^[46] For instance, in his diary entry for September 17, 1994, Irving wrote about a ditty he composed for his young daughter "when halfbreed children are wheeled past":

I am a Baby Aryan
Not Jewish or Sectarian
I have no plans to marry an
Ape or Rastafarian. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament

Christopher Hitchens writes that after having dinner in his New York apartment, Irving sang the rhyme to his daughter once they were alone in the building's elevator. Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American The City of New York ^[47] He also stated that he would be "willing to put [his] signature" to the "fact" that "a great deal of control over the world is exercised by Jews," in one interview cited in the lawsuit. ^[46]

And from a speech in 1992, given to the Clarendon Club:

“

I am not anti-coloured, take it from me; nothing pleases me more than when I arrive at an airport, or a station, or a seaport, and I see a coloured family there — the black father, the black wife and the black children… When I see these families arriving at the airport I am happy, and when I see them leaving at London airport I am happy. But if there is one thing that gets up my nose, I must admit, it is this — the way… the thing is when I am down in Torquay and I switch on my television and I see one of them reading our news to us. Torquay (tɔrˈkiː is a town in the Unitary authority of Torbay and ceremonial county of Devon, England. It is our news and they’re reading it to me. If I was a chauvinist I would say I object even to seeing women reading our news to us. Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred … But now we have women reading our news to us. If they could perhaps have their own news which they were reading to us, I suppose, it would be very interesting. For the time being, for a transitional period I'd be prepared to accept that the BBC should have a dinner-jacketed gentleman reading the important news to us, following by a lady reading all the less important news, followed by Trevor McDonald giving us all the latest news about the muggings and the drug busts…[48]

”

In 2007, The Guardian reported that Irving said, "The Jews are the architects of their own misfortune, but that is the short version A-Z. Black tie is a dress code for semi-formal evening events and is worn to many types of social functions Sir Trevor McDonald OBE (born George McDonald on 16 August 1939 is a Trinidadian -born British Journalist and Television presenter The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Between A-Z there are then 24 other characters in intervening steps. "^[49]

Libel suit

In September 1996, Irving filed a libel suit against Deborah Lipstadt and her British publisher Penguin Books for publishing a British edition of Lipstadt's book, Denying the Holocaust, which had first been published in the United States in 1993. At the same time, Irving also sued Gitta Sereny for libel for an article she had written about him in The Guardian newspaper although, as of 2007, the claim has yet to be heard in a court. Gitta Sereny (born March 13 1921) is an Austrian -born British Biographer, Historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on Gitta Sereny (born March 13 1921) is an Austrian -born British Biographer, Historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on In 1997, Irving threatened to sue John Lukacs for libel if he published a British edition of his book, The Hitler of History, but perhaps because Irving already had two libel suits going at that time, he did not follow through with this threat.

In her book, Denying the Holocaust, Lipstadt called Irving a Holocaust denier, falsifier, and bigot, and said that he manipulated and distorted real documents. Irving claimed to have been libeled under the grounds that Lipstadt had called him a Holocaust denier when in his opinion there was no Holocaust to deny as well as suggestions that Irving had falsified evidence or deliberately misinterpreted it. Though the author was American, Irving filed his suit in the English High Court, where the burden of proof in libel cases is on the defendant, unlike the U. Burden of proof (onus probandi is the obligation to prove Allegations which are presented in a Legal action. S. where the burden is on the plaintiff. He was also able to file the lawsuit in the UK because the book was published there. As explained by the trial judge, Mr Justice Gray:

“

4. Sir Charles Gray is a British judge (Mr Justice Gray who presided over the trial of David Irving 's libel lawsuit against Professor Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin 7 . . . the burden of proving the defence of justification rests upon the publishers. Defamatory words are presumed under English law to be untrue. It is not incumbent on defendants to prove the truth of every detail of the defamatory words published: what has to be proved is the substantial truth of the defamatory imputations published about the claimant. As it is sometimes expressed, what must be proved is the truth of the sting of the defamatory charges made.

”

Irving approached Penguin and offered to drop them from his lawsuit if they would pull the book from publication in the UK, deny all of Lipstadt's conclusions and make a charitable donation in the name of Irving's daughter (who is disabled); he made clear he would not settle the lawsuit with Professor Lipstadt if Penguin settled with him. The publisher rejected his terms and the case went to trial. ^[50]

Defence

Lipstadt and Penguin hired the British solicitor Anthony Julius to present her case and Irving briefed the libel barrister, Richard Rampton QC. Anthony Julius (born 1956 is a prominent British lawyer and academic best known for his actions on behalf of Diana Princess of Wales and Deborah Lipstadt. Richard Rampton QC (born 12 April 1941) is a leading British libel lawyer Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are They also retained Professor Richard J. Evans, historian and Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University, as an expert witness. Professor Richard Evans (born 1947 is a British Historian of Germany. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Also working as an assistant expert witness was the American Holocaust historian Christopher Browning. Christopher Robert Browning, born, is an American Historian of The Holocaust. Evans and his two assistants spent more than two years examining Irving's work, while gathering evidence to support the claim that Irving had misrepresented evidence to support his prejudice. Evans suggested that in his view, Irving had knowingly used forged documents as sources, and that for this reason, Irving could not be regarded as a historian. Evans' report was the most comprehensive, in-depth examination of Irving's work:

“

Not one of [Irving's] books, speeches or articles, not one paragraph, not one sentence in any of them, can be taken on trust as an accurate representation of its historical subject. All of them are completely worthless as history, because Irving cannot be trusted anywhere, in any of them, to give a reliable account of what he is talking or writing about. . . . if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past, and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible, then Irving is not a historian. [51]

”

Claimant

In the trial, Irving represented himself. He called the American Kevin B. MacDonald, an evolutionary psychologist, to testify on his behalf. Kevin B MacDonald, (born January 24, 1944) is a professor of Psychology at California State University Long Beach, best known for his Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits ��such as Memory, Perception, Irving also subpoenaed the diplomatic historian D. C. Watt and the military historian John Keegan to testify in his case against Lipstadt; both men had refused an earlier offer to testify for Irving on their own and appeared to be very reluctant on the stand. Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan OBE (born 15 May, 1934) is a British Military historian, lecturer and journalist Rather than focus on the defence's evidence against him, or on whether or not Lipstadt had defamed him, Irving seemed to focus mainly on his "right to free speech". Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. In his closing statement, Irving claimed to have been a victim of an international, mostly Jewish, conspiracy for more than three decades. At one point on 15 March 2000, during the course of Irving's closing argument, he referred to the Judge as 'Mein Führer' (page 193 of the transcript). Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

Ruling

In presenting his ruling, Mr. Justice Gray concluded (Paragraph 13. 167) that he found the following claims against Irving to be 'substantially true':

“

Irving has for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence; that for the same reasons he has portrayed Hitler in an unwarrantedly favourable light, principally in relation to his attitude towards and responsibility for the treatment of the Jews; that he is an active Holocaust denier; that he is anti-Semitic and racist, and that he associates with right-wing extremists who promote neo-Nazism. Substantial truth is a Legal doctrine affecting Libel and Slander laws in Common law jurisdictions such as the US or the UK

”

Irving lost subsequent attempts at appeal, the appeal finally being rejected by Lord Justice Sedley.

A 2001 episode of PBS's NOVA (titled "Holocaust on Trial") focused on the case, and showed re-enactments of events in the courtroom. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Nova is a Popular science Television series from the US produced by WGBH Boston Irving was played by British actor John Castle. John Castle (born 14 January 1940 in Croydon, Surrey) is an English actor

Aftermath

Not only did Irving lose the case, but in light of the evidence presented at the trial a number of his works that had previously escaped serious scrutiny were brought to public attention. He was also liable to pay all of the substantial costs of the trial, which ruined him financially and subsequently forced him into bankruptcy in 2002. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against

Criticism by historians

Irving was once highly regarded for his expert knowledge of German military archives. Much of his scholarship was disputed by historians to the point that his standing as a historian was challenged from his earliest publications. ^[1] Contentious in large part for advancing interpretations of the war considered favourable to the German side and for association with far-right groups that advanced these views, by 1988 he began advocating the view that the Holocaust did not take place as a systematic and deliberate genocide, and quickly grew to be one of the most prominent advocates of Holocaust denial, costing him what scholarly reputation he had outside those circles.

In a review of Irving's 1988 book Churchill's War, David Cannadine, the director of the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, criticised Irving's "double standard on evidence", accusing Irving of "demanding absolute documentary proof to convict the Germans (as when he sought to show that Hitler was not responsible for the Holocaust), while relying on circumstantial evidence to condemn the British (as in his account of the Allied bombing of Dresden). David Nicholas Cannadine (born 1950 is a British historian known for a number of books including The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy and Ornamentalism The Bombing of Dresden by the British Royal Air Force (RAF and United States Army Air Force (USAAF between 13 February and 15 February 1945 12 weeks "^[52]

Prominent British historian Sir John Keegan wrote in 1996 in his book The Battle for History, "Some controversies are entirely bogus, like David Irving's contention that Hitler's subordinates kept from him the facts of the Final Solution, the extermination of the Jews…" During the libel trial, Keegan — who had been subpoenaed by Irving to appear as a witness — lambasted Irving by saying: "I continue to think it perverse of you to propose that Hitler could not have known until as late as October 1943 what was going on with the Jewish people" and, when asked if it was perverse to say that Hitler did not know about the Final Solution, answered "that it defies common sense". ^[53]

In an April 20, 1996 review in The Daily Telegraph of Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich, Keegan wrote that Irving "knows more than anyone alive about the German side of the Second World War", and claimed that Hitler's War was "indispensable to anyone seeking to understand the war in the round. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. "^[52] In an article in The Daily Telegraph of 12 April 2000, Keegan spoke of his experience of the trial, writing that Irving had an "all-consuming knowledge of a vast body of material" and exhibited "many of the qualities of the most creative historians", that his skill as an archivist could not be contested, and that he was "certainly never dull". Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. However, according to Keegan "Like many who seek to shock, he may not really believe what he says and probably feels astounded when taken seriously. "^[54]

In the 1990s, Irving featured on his web-site a translation of a letter by the prominent German historian Hans Mommsen, praising Irving's skill as a researcher. Hans Mommsen (born November 5, 1930) is a Left-wing German historian and twin brother of Wolfgang Mommsen. Mommsen, who had written the letter in 1977, unsuccessfully attempted to have it removed, but did succeed in forcing Irving to feature a second letter from him written in 1998 in which Mommsen completely disavowed his 1977 letter.

In a six-page essay in The New York Review of Books, Gordon A. Craig, a leading scholar of German history at Stanford University, noted Irving's claims that the Holocaust never took place and that Auschwitz was merely "a labor camp with an unfortunately high death rate". The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Gordon Alexander Craig ( November 13, 1913 &ndash October 30, 2005) was a Scottish-American historian of German, Swiss Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany ^[55] Though "such obtuse and quickly discredited views" may be "offensive to large numbers of people", Craig argued that Irving's work is "the best study we have of the German side of the Second World War" and that "we dare not" disregard his views. Craig called Irving a "useful irritant”; a devil's advocate historian who promoted what Craig considered to be a twisted and wrong-headed view of history, with a great deal of élan, but his advocacy of these views forced historians to make a fruitful epistemological examination about the current state of knowledge about the Third Reich. In common Parlance, a devil's advocate is someone who takes a position sometimes one he or she disagrees with for the sake of argument. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

Persona non grata

After Irving denied the Holocaust in two 1989 speeches given in Austria, the Austrian government issued an arrest warrant against him and barred him from entering the country. This case came up again in 2005 when Irving was arrested and brought to trial (see next section). ^[56] In early 1992 a German court found him guilty of Holocaust denial under the Auschwitzlüge section of the law against Volksverhetzung (a failed appeal by Irving would see the fine rise from 10,000 DM to 30,000 DM), and he was subsequently barred from entering Germany. Volksverhetzung ( German: "stirring up the populace" "agitation of the people" is a concept in German criminal law that bans the incitement of hatred against ^[57] Other governments followed suit, including Austria, Italy and Canada,^[58] where he was arrested in November 1992 and deported back to the United Kingdom. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest ^[57] In an administrative hearing surrounding those events, he was found by the hearing office to have engaged in a "total fabrication" in telling a story of an exit from and return to Canada which would, for technical reasons, have made the original deportation order invalid. He was also barred from entering Australia in 1992, a ban he made four unsuccessful legal attempts to overturn. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

On April 27, 1993 Irving was ordered to attend court to be examined on charges relating to the Loi Gayssot in France. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated The Gayssot Act ( Loi Gayssot) voted for on July 13, 1990, makes it an offense in France to question the existence of the category of Crimes The law, however, does not permit extradition and Irving simply refused to travel to France.

Then, in February 1994, Irving spent ten days of a three month sentence in London's Pentonville prison for contempt of court following a legal wrangling over publishing rights. HM Prison Pentonville is a Prison built in 1842 on the Caledonian Road, North London. Irving's legal troubles continued as a Mannheim court indicted him for defaming the dead; because of this action, he would be fined 20,000 DM in mid-1997. Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart

Early in September 2004, Michael Cullen, the deputy prime minister of New Zealand, announced that Irving would not be permitted to visit the country, where he had been invited by the National Press Club to give a series of lectures under the heading "The Problems of Writing about World War II in a Free Society". for the Australian ornithologist see John Michael Cullen Michael John Cullen (born 5 February 1945, London) is a The Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand is second most senior officer in the Government of New Zealand, although this seniority does not necessarily translate New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The National Press Club defended its invitation of Irving, saying that it amounted not to an endorsement of his views, but rather an opportunity to question him. The intended visit provoked an outcry among Jewish groups, who were not appeased by Irving's promise not to speak about the Holocaust.

Irving had visited New Zealand twice before in the 1980s. His intended 2004 visit was refused on the grounds that he had been convicted of offences by a German court, and that at various times had been deported from, and/or refused entry to, Canada, the United States, Italy, and South Africa. "Mr. Irving is not permitted to enter New Zealand under the Immigration Act because people who have been deported from another country are refused entry", government spokeswoman Katherine O'Sullivan had told The Press earlier. The Press is a daily broadsheet Newspaper published in Christchurch, New Zealand. Irving rejected the ban and attempted to board a Qantas flight for New Zealand from Los Angeles on 17 September 2004. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " He was not allowed on board. "As far as I'm concerned, the legal battle now begins", he was quoted as saying.

Arrest and imprisonment in Austria

On November 11, 2005, the Austrian police in the southern state of Styria, acting under a 1989 warrant, arrested Irving. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Styria (Steiermark is a state or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. An arrest warrant is a warrant issued by and on behalf of the state which authorizes the Arrest and detention of an individual Four days later, he was charged by state prosecutors with the speech crime of "trivialising the Holocaust". His application for bail was denied on the grounds that he would flee or repeat the offence. He remained in jail awaiting trial. On 20 February 2006 Irving pleaded guilty to the charge of "trivialising, grossly playing down and denying the Holocaust". Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Sentencing

Before Irving's sentencing hearing, he stated through his lawyer that he had changed his views and his ways. At the trial, Judge Liebtreu quoted numerous statements of Irving's, including that "There were no gas chambers at Auschwitz" and "It makes no sense to transport people from Amsterdam, Vienna and Brussels 500 kilometres to Auschwitz simply to liquidate them when it can be more easily done 8 km from the city where they live". Amsterdam has historically been the center of the Dutch Jewish community, and has had a continuing Jewish community for the last 370 years. Irving informed Judge Liebtreu that he "regretted the formulation".

Towards the end of the hearing, Irving again publicly recanted, saying that "I've changed my views. I spoke then about Auschwitz and gas chambers based on my knowledge at the time, but by 1991 when I came across the Eichmann papers, I wasn't saying that any more and I wouldn't say that now. The Nazis did murder millions of Jews. . . I made a mistake by saying there were no gas chambers, I am absolutely without doubt that the Holocaust took place. I apologise to those few I might have offended though I remain very proud of the 30 books I have written. " However, Irving continued to insist that Hitler knew nothing of the death camps, and that "The figure of six million killed Jews is just a symbolic number". Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become

In an uncompromising summary, Michael Klackl, the prosecuting attorney, stated:

“

David Irving only uses words, but these words are used by right-wing extremists to give them an ideological position. Mr Irving might have said he has changed his views, but that has all been a show for you. Theatrical exhibition to save himself from the maximum sentence. He has played a role for you today. The thread of anti-Semitism runs through him. [59]

”

The judge, Peter Liebtreu, summarized:

“

He showed no signs that he attempted to change his views after the arrest warrant was issued 16 years ago in Austria. . . . He served as an example for the right wing for decades. He is comparable to a prostitute who hasn't changed her ways. . . . Irving is a falsifier of history and anything but a proper historian. In the world of David Irving there were no gas chambers and no plan to murder the Jews. He's continued to deny the fact that the Holocaust was genocide orchestrated from the highest ranks of the Nazi state. [60]

”

At the end of the one-day hearing, Irving was sentenced to three years' imprisonment in accordance with the Austrian Federal Law on the prohibition of National Socialist activities (officially Verbotsgesetz, "Prohibition Statute") for having denied the existence of gas chambers in National Socialist concentration camps in several lectures held in Austria in 1989. Irving sat motionless as Liebtreu asked Irving if he had understood the sentence, to which Irving replied "I'm not sure I do" before being bundled out of the court by Austrian police. Later, Irving declared himself shocked by the severity of the sentence. He reportedly had already purchased a plane ticket home to London, believing the court would "not be stupid enough" to lock him up. ^[61]

After the sentencing, Liebtreu told the audience that "The court did not consider the defendant to have genuinely changed his mind. The regret he showed was considered to be mere lip service to the law. "

On 28 February, Irving once again questioned the Holocaust, asking "Given the ruthless efficiency of the Germans, if there was an extermination programme to kill all the Jews, how come so many survived?" He claimed that the number of people gassed in Auschwitz was relatively small, and that his earlier claims that there had been no gassing at all had been a "methodological error". Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany According to Irving, "You could say that millions died, but not at Auschwitz". ^[62] Within hours, the Austrian government reacted by barring Irving from further communication with the media.

Time in prison

Irving stated that he would use time spent in prison to write his memoirs, entitled Irving's War.

Deborah Lipstadt, upon hearing of Irving's sentence to three years' imprisonment, said, "I am not happy when censorship wins, and I don't believe in winning battles via censorship… The way of fighting Holocaust deniers is with history and with truth. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor "^[63]

Indeed, many feared that Irving could become a martyr for far-right activists, and the issue also raised a debate on what grounds freedom of speech could be denied in democratic countries. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change

Concerning the Austrian 'Prohibition Statute,' the Austrian Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs insisted that it conforms with international law and international human rights standards, and that it is not contrary to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950, that being a statute ". The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the . . necessary in a democratic society (inter alia). . . for the prevention of disorder or crime,. . . [and]. . . for the protection of the rights of others". Should Irving have wished to determine whether the Austrian authorities were correct on this point and not an excessive and illegal intrusion on the right of freedom of expression, he would have had to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights

Release

Both Irving, hoping to have the verdict overturned, and the Austrian prosecutor, calling for a longer sentence, served appeals on April 22, 2006. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. From September 1 to September 4, the Austrian Supreme Court considered Irving's appeal but ultimately ruled against him. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself A supreme court, also called a court of last resort or high court, is in some Jurisdictions the highest judicial body within that jurisdiction's ^[64] The appeal over the length of sentence was heard and concluded on December 20. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. The court replaced two-thirds of Irving's jail sentence with probation. Since he had already served the balance of his sentence in jail, he was released from prison, and was deported to the United Kingdom. ^{[65][66][67][68]} Upon Irving's arrival in the UK he reaffirmed his position, stating that he felt "no need any longer to show remorse" for his Holocaust views. ^[69] On 21 December 2006, Irving was technically "expelled" from Austria; he was banned from ever setting foot in that country again. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[70]

Controversy

His imprisonment caused some controversy and has been criticized on the grounds of free speech issues. The German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler supported Irving’s imprisonment under the grounds that “The denial of such an unimaginable murder of millions, one third of whom were children under the age of 14, cannot simply be accepted as something protected by the freedom of speech”. Hans-Ulrich Wehler (born September 11, 1931) is a Left-wing German Historian. ^[71]. By contrast Deborah Lipstadt argued that Irving should not be imprisoned for expressing views that she finds odious and wrong. ^[72]. Others have stated that "nothing could be more fatal to our rights to speak and to write than for us to deny others the right to deny our dearest beliefs. "^[73] . Opponents of Irving’s imprisonment argue that free speech should be applied to everyone regardless of their viewpoints and that it is a slippery slope to imprison someone due to the lack of factual accuracy or unpopularity of their opinions. ^[74]. It has also been argued that by imprisoning Irving the Austrian courts made a martyr out of Irving and did more damage than good, and that it would have been better to simply "let him go home and let him continue talking to six people in a basement," and "let him fade into obscurity where he belongs. "^[75]

Post-release

Irving appeared in Hungary in 2007, where on 15 March he took part in and gave a speech for a far-right nationalist rally. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, ^[76]

On 18 May 2007, he was expelled from the 52nd Warsaw International Book Fair in Poland because books he brought there were deemed by the organizers as promoting Nazism and anti-Semitism, which is in violation of Polish law. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[77]

Irving and BNP leader Nick Griffin were invited to speak at a forum on free speech at the Oxford Union on 26 November 2007, along with Anne Atkins and Evan Harris. The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. Nicholas John "Nick" Griffin (born 1959 is a British politician Status and membership The Oxford Union is an Unincorporated association, holding its property in trust in favour of its objectives and members and governed Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Anne Atkins is a Christian author broadcaster and vicar’s wife Evan Leslie Harris MB ChB MP (born 21 October 1965) is a British Liberal Democrat politician ^[78] The debate took place after Oxford Union members voted in favour of it^[79], but was disrupted by protesters. ^[80]

Bibliography

Note: Most of Irving's books are available in PDF as free downloads at his web site.

Books

• The Destruction of Dresden (1963) ISBN 0-7057-0030-5
• The Mare's Nest (1964)
• The Virus House (1967)
• The Destruction of Convoy PQ17 (1967)
• Accident — The Death of General Sikorski (1967) ISBN 0-7183-0420-9
• Breach of Security (1968) ISBN 0-7183-0101-3
• The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe (1973), a biography of Erhard Milch ISBN 0-316-43238-5
• Hitler's War (1977)
• The Trail of the Fox (1977), a biography of Erwin Rommel ISBN 0-525-22200-6
• The War Path (1978) ISBN 0-670-74971-0
• The War Between the Generals (1981)
• Uprising! (1981), ISBN 0-949667-91-9
• The Secret Diaries of Hitler’s Doctor (1983) ISBN 0-02-558250-X
• The German Atomic Bomb: The History of Nuclear Research in Nazi Germany (1983) ISBN 0-306-80198-1
• Der Morgenthau Plan 1944-45 (in German only) (1986)
• War Between the Generals (1986) ISBN 0-86553-069-6
• Hess, the Missing Years (1987) Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-45179-1
• Churchill's War (1987) ISBN 0-947117-56-3
• Destruction of Convoy PQ-17 (1968), reprint (1989) ISBN 0-312-91152-1
• Göring (1989), biography of Hermann Göring ISBN 0-688-06606-2
• Das Reich hört mit (in German only) (1989)
• Hitler's War (1991), revised edition, incorporating The War Path
• Apocalypse 1945, The Destruction of Dresden, updated and revised edition, (1995)
• Der unbekannte Dr. The Destruction of Dresden is a book by David Irving that describes the firebombing of Dresden in World War II. Erhard Milch ( March 30, 1892 &ndash January 25, 1972) was a German Field marshal who oversaw the development of the Hitler's War is a history book by David Irving. It describes the Second World War from the point of view of Adolf Hitler. Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ( 15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) (also known as the " Desert Fox " Wüstenfuchs The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Goebbels (in German only) (1995)
• Goebbels — Mastermind of the Third Reich (1996) ISBN 1-872197-13-2
• Nuremberg: The Last Battle (1996) ISBN 1-872197-16-7
• Churchill's War Volume II: Triumph in Adversity (1997) ISBN 1-872197-15-9
• Rommel: The Trail of the Fox, Wordsworth Military Library; Limited edition (1999) ISBN 1-84022-205-0
• Hitler's War and the War Path (2002) ISBN 1-872197-10-8

Translations

• The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel (1965)
• The Memoirs of General Gehlen (1972)

Monographs

• The Night the Dams Burst (1973)
• Von Guernica bis Vietnam (in German only) (1982)
• Die deutsche Ostgrenze (in German only) (1990)

Collected articles in German

• Und Deutschlands Städte starben nicht (1963)
• Nürnberg: Die letzte Schlacht (1979)
• Wie krank war Hitler wirklich? (1980)

Notes

References

• Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory by Deborah E. Lipstadt, New York : Free Press; Toronto : Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York ; Oxford : Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993, ISBN 0-02-919235-8. Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18 1947 New York City) is an American Historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust.
• "The Devil in the Details" by Gordon A. Craig pages 8-14 from New York Review of Books, September 19, 1996
• Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial by Richard J. Evans, New York : Basic Books, 2001, ISBN 0-465-02152-2: The author was a major expert witness at the trial, and this book presents both his view of the trial, and much of his expert witness report, including his research on the Dresden death count. Gordon Alexander Craig ( November 13, 1913 &ndash October 30, 2005) was a Scottish-American historian of German, Swiss Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Professor Richard Evans (born 1947 is a British Historian of Germany.
• The Holocaust on Trial by D. D. Guttenplan, New York: Norton, 2001, ISBN 0-393-02044-4.
• David Irving's Hitler : a faulty history dissected, two essays by Eberhard Jäckel; translation and comments by H. Eberhard Jäckel (born June 29, 1929) is a Social Democratic German historian noted for his studies of Adolf Hitler 's role in David Kirk; with a foreword by Robert Fulford, Port Angeles, Wash. Alternate use see Robert Fulford (croquet player for the English croquet player  : Ben-Simon Publications, 1993. ISBN 0-914539-08-6
• The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial by Robert Jan Van Pelt, Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-253-34016-0: Van Pelt was another expert witness at the trial, focussing on Auschwitz.
• Selling Hitler : The Story Of The Hitler Diaries by Robert Harris, London : Faber and Faber, 1986 ISBN 0-571-14726-7. Robert Dennis Harris (born March 7, 1957 in Nottingham) is a best-selling English Novelist.
• Denying History: Who Says Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It by Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman; foreword by Arthur Hertzberg, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21612-1.
• Ann Tusa review, Guilty of Falsifying History, of Irving's Nurenburg: The last Battle"
• The Hitler of History by John Lukacs, New York : A. John Adalbert Lukacs (born 31 January 1924 in Budapest; in Hungary his name spelled Lukács) is a Hungarian -born American A. Knopf, 1997, ISBN 0-679-44649-4.
• History on Trial: My Day in Court with David Irving by Deborah E. Lipstadt, New York : Ecco, 2005, ISBN 0-06-059376-8.
• "David Irving: The Big Oops" pages 221-236 from Explaining Hitler : the search for the origins of his evil by Ron Rosenbaum New York : Random House, 1998. Ron Rosenbaum (born on November 27 1946, New York New York) is an American Journalist and Author. ISBN 0-679-43151-9
• "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 73-125 from Yad Vashem Studies by Martin Broszat, Volume 13, 1979; reprinted pages 390-429 in Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H. Martin Broszat ( August 14, 1926 – October 14, 1989) was a West German Historian. W. Koch, London: Macmillan, 1985, ISBN 0-333-35272-6; originally published as "Hitler und die Genesis der "Endlösung". Aus Anlaß der Thesen von David Irving", pages 739-775 from Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Volume 25, 1977.
• "The Selling of Adolf Hitler: David Irving's Hitler's War" pages 169-99 from Central European History by Charles W. Sydnor, Jr, Issue # 2, Volume 12, June 1979.
• Felix Müller - Das Verbotsgesetz im Spannungsverhältnis zur Meinungsfreiheit. Eine verfassungsrechtliche Untersuchung; Verlag Österreich, 2005, 238 Seiten, br. , ISBN 3-7046-4685-7
• Schiedel, Heribert. Irving sitzt in Österreich in Jungle World, 23 November 2005. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of ISSN 1613-0766
• Wikisource:David Irving vs Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt

See also

• Historical revisionism
• Freedom of speech
• Holocaust denial
• Faurisson affair
• Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. (documentary by Errol Morris)

External links

• David Irving's web site
• David Irving Archive from codoh.com
• Collection of Irving materials from nizkor.org
• Collection of Irving materials from holocaust-history.org
• David Irving file (from the Anti-Defamation League)
• From Revisionism to Holocaust Denial - David Irving as a Case Study by Roni Stauber
• David Irving & Revisionism
• "The World According to David Irving" by Gerald Posner, The Sunday Observer (London), 19 March 2000
• Holocaust Denial in England
• Irving Awaits Trial in Jail (25 November 2005)
• Nazi historian Irving finds his books in Austrian jail library 2 December 2005
• "This Wicked Man Hitler" Dawidowicz on David Irving by Lucy Dawidowicz
• Holocaust denier: 3-year jail term
• Felix Mueller - The Nazi Prohibition Act in Relation to Freedom of Speech - Legal Background to the Irving Trial in Austria - February/March 2006
• 'Irving? Let the guy go home' by Deborah Lipstadt
• David Irving and Holocaust Denial by Robert Fulford
• "Springtime for Hitler—and the History Channel" - about the History Channel hiring Irving as historian for a documentary about World War II, by Mark Greif in The American Prospect, (November 6, 1999)
• "Pity for this Man is Out of Place" by Hans-Ulrich Wehler

Irving v. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the The Faurisson affair is a term given to an academic controversy in the wake of a book by Robert Faurisson, a Holocaust denier. Mr Death The Rise and Fall of Fred A Leuchter Jr is a 1999 Documentary film by Errol Morris about Execution technician Gerald Posner (born 1954 is an investigative journalist and Author of several books including Case Closed (1993 which explores the John F Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz ( June 16, 1915 – December 5, 1990) was an American Historian and an author of books on modern Jewish Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18 1947 New York City) is an American Historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. Alternate use see Robert Fulford (croquet player for the English croquet player History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a Satellite and Cable TV channel, with shows on historical events and persons&mdashoften Mark Greif is the co- editor, co- founder, and contributor to the Magazine N+1, as well as a frequent contributor to American The American Prospect is a monthly American political Magazine dedicated to liberalism. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Hans-Ulrich Wehler (born September 11, 1931) is a Left-wing German Historian. Penguin Books Limited and Deborah E. Lipstadt trial

• Judgement by the Hon. Mr. Justice Gray in Irving v. Penguin Books Limited, Deborah E. Lipstadt [2000] EWHC QB 115 (11 April 2000), published as The Irving Judgment by Penguin, ISBN 0-14-029899-1
• David Irving vs Penguin & Deborah Lipstadt Trial - a collection of materials at Irving's web site
• Holocaust Denial on Trial by Emory University
• Expert Witness Report by Richard J. Evans Complete text of Professor Evans' lengthy report on Irving's work in a number of areas
• The Irving-Lipstadt case, special report from the Guardian newspaper
• International Herald Tribune Article

Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Emory University is a Private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County,

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