| David I Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim |
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| King of Scotland (Rí Alban) King of the Scots (rex Scotorum) |
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| Reign | April or May 1124–May 24, 1153 |
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| Coronation | Scone, in April or May 1124 |
| Titles | King of the Scots Earl (comes) and Prince of the Cumbrians |
| Born | 1083x1085 |
| Birthplace | Scotland |
| Died | May 24, 1153 |
| Place of death | Carlisle |
| Buried | Dunfermline Abbey |
| Predecessor | Alexander I |
| Successor | Máel Coluim IV |
| Consort | Maud of Huntingdon |
| Issue | Henry, Earl of Northumberland, Hodierna, Claricia |
| Father | Máel Coluim mac Donnchada |
| Mother | Margaret of England |
David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] b. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. 1083 x 1085, d. May 24, 1153) was a 12th century ruler who was in succession Prince of the Cumbrians (x 1113–1124) and King of the Scots (1124–1153). Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned The list of the Kings of Strathclyde concerns the kings of Alt Clut later Strathclyde, a Brythonic kingdom The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The youngest son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England in 1093. Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh) called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries Saint Margaret (c 1045 – 16 November 1093 was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland At some point, perhaps after 1100, he became a hanger-on at the court of King Henry I and experienced long exposure to Norman and Anglo-French culture. Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman
When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe The Kingdom of Alba ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba) pertains to the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II (Domnall mac Causantin He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair or Máel Coluim mac Alasdair ( Malcolm Alexander's son) was the son of King Alexander I of Scotland and enemy of King David Subduing the latter took David ten years, and involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. Óengus of Moray ( Oenghus mac inghine Lulaich ri Moréb) was the last King of Moray of the native line ruling Moray from some unknown date until his death The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray ( Middle Irish Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin Muref or Moravia; Modern David's victory allowed him to expand his control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England; in the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. Matilda of England (sometimes Maud or Maude; 7 February 1102 &ndash 10 September 1167 was the daughter and dispossessed Heir of Henry I of England Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton in which English forces repelled a Scottish army, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton
The term "Davidian Revolution" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during his reign. The Davidian Revolution is a term given by many scholars to the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during the reign of David I of Scotland (1124-1153 These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo-French knights. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. The Gregorian Reform was a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050&ndash1080 which dealt with the This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although
Early years
The early years of David I are the most obscure of his life. Historians can only guess at most of David's activities in this period because of the sparsity of the evidence.
Childhood and flight to England
David was born at an unknown point between 1083 and 1085. [2] He was probably the eighth son of King Máel Coluim III, and certainly the sixth and youngest produced by Máel Coluim's second marriage to Queen Margaret. Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh) called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries Saint Margaret (c 1045 – 16 November 1093 was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. [3]
In 1093 King Máel Coluim and David's brother Edward were killed at the river Aln during an invasion of Northumberland. The River Aln runs through the Alnwick district of the county of Northumberland in England discharging into the North Sea on the east coast of England Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west [4] David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar, both future kings of Scotland, were probably present when their mother died as well. Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c Edgar (Mediaeval Gaelic Étgar mac Maíl Choluim; Modern Gaelic Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim; Mediaeval English Eadgar Margotsson) nicknamed Probus [5] According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle, Domnall Bán. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Domnall mac Donnchada ( Modern Gaelic: Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh) anglicised as Donald III, and nicknamed Domnall Bán, "Donald [6]
It is likely that Domnall had travelled down to Edinburgh to prevent Margaret initiating a claim to the throne on behalf of one of her surviving sons, and it is probable that Domnall had been crowned king at Scone already. [7] It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Domnall forced his three nephews into exile, though Domnall was allied to another, Edmund. The Chronicle of Melrose is a Medieval Chronicle from the Cottonian Manuscript Faustina B Edmund ( Etmond mac Maíl Coluim or Eadmund Margotsson) (after 1070 &ndash after 1097 was a son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and his second wife [8] John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling. Edgar ( the) Ætheling, also known as Edgar the Outlaw (c 1051&ndashc [9]
Intervention of William Rufus and English exile
William Rufus, King of the English, opposed Domnall's accession to the northerly kingdom. William II (c 1056 &ndash 2 August 1100) the third son of William I of England (William the Conqueror was King of England from 1087 He sent the eldest son of King Máel Coluim, David's half-brother Donnchad, into Scotland with an army at his disposal. Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim ( Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) anglicised as Duncan II (before c Donnchad was killed within the year,[10] and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned King by the end of 1097. [11]
During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England. In 1093, he may have been about nine years old. [12] From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for some part of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed and Henry Beauclerc seized power, and Henry married David's sister, Matilda. Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman Matilda of Scotland (born Edith c 1080 – 1 May 1118) was the first wife and Queen consort of Henry I. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards David was probably an important figure at the English court. [13] Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a fully fledged Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us". Biography The education William received at Malmesbury Abbey included a smattering of Logic and Physics; Moral philosophy and History, [14]
Prince of the Cumbrians, 1113–1124
David's time as Prince of the Cumbrians marks the beginning of his life as a great territorial lord. The year of these beginnings was probably 1113, when Henry I arranged David's marriage to Maud, Countess of Huntingdon, who was the heiress to the Huntingdon-Northampton lordship. Maud of Northumbria (1074-1130 countess for the Honour of Huntingdon, was the daughter of Waltheof II Earl of Northumbria and Judith of Lens, the last This year was the first time David can be found in possession of territory in what is now Scotland.
Obtaining the inheritance
David's brother, King Edgar, had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth. [15] On January 8, 1107, Edgar died. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance, the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar, soon after the latter's death. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. [16] However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113. Kelso Abbey is a Scottish abbey built in the 12th century by a community of Tironensian monks (originally from Tiron, near [17] According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern "Scotland". Professor Richard Oram FSA (Scot is a Scottish historian and freelance author [18]
King Henry's backing was enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless. [19] David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that:
Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done;, ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, dividing us from Alexander; do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, he causes, like each king's son before; foghail ar faras Albain. Middle Irish is the name given by historical philologists to the Goidelic language used from the 10th to 12th centuries it is therefore a contemporary the plunder of stable Alba. [20]
If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern "Scotland". [21]
The lands in question consisted of the pre-1994 counties of Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire. Roxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a Registration county of Scotland. Selkirkshire or the County of Selkirk ( Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Shalcraig) is a Registration county of Scotland. Berwickshire or the County of Berwick is a Registration county, a Committee area of the Scottish Borders Council, and a lieutenancy Peeblesshire ( Siorrachd nam Pùballan in Gaelic) the County of Peebles or Tweeddale was a county of Scotland. Lanarkshire ( Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) officially the County of Lanark, was formerly a county of Scotland. David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis, "Prince of the Cumbrians", as attested in David's charters from this era. Strathclyde ( Gaelic: Srath Chluaidh) (lit "Valley of the Clyde" originally Brythonic Ystrad Clud, was one of the kingdoms [22] Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control. [23]
David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire. Dumfriesshire or the County of Dumfries ( Siorrachd Dhùn Phris in Gaelic) is a Registration county of Scotland. Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir ʃir̴əxg̊ iɲiɾʲˈaːɾʲ is a Registration county, and former administrative county in south-west Scotland, Name Dumbarton was formerly the county town and the county was originally also spelled Dumbartonshire. Renfrewshire or the County of Renfrew is a Registration county, Lieutenancy area, and one of the Counties of Scotland used for local [24] In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus, Cunningham for Hugh de Morville, and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter fitz Alan. Annandale may refer to Annandale Dumfries and Galloway, a broad glen in Dumfries and Galloway Scotland Annandale has also been Cunninghame ( Coineagan in Scottish Gaelic) is a former comital district of Scotland and also a district of the Strathclyde Region [25]
David in England
In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Maud of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland. The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford; within a few years, Matilda de Senlis bore to him a son, whom David named Henry after his patron. This article is about Northampton in England for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation Northampton ( is a large Market Huntingdon is a town in the county of Cambridgeshire in East Anglia, England. Bedford is the County town of Bedfordshire, England. It is a large town and the administrative centre for the Bedford borough [26]
The new territories David gained control of were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland, Northumberland-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham. The title of Earl of Northumberland was created several times in the Peerages of England and Great Britain. Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north-west England and one of the 39 Historic counties Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west After King Henry's death David would revive the claim to this earldom for his son Henry. [27]
David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and in Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on May 1, 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when, in 1124, his brother Alexander died, leaving Scotland without a king. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. [28]
Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship
Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots;[29] but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign. Political and military events in Scotland during the reign of David I are the events which took place in Scotland during David I of Scotland 's reign as King [30] Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons. William fitz Duncan, son of King Donnchad II, and Máel Coluim, son of the last king Alexander, both preceded David in terms of the slowly emerging principles of primogeniture. William fitz Duncan is a modern Anglicisation of either the Old French Guillaume fils de Duncan or the Middle Irish Uilleam mac Donnchada Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair or Máel Coluim mac Alasdair ( Malcolm Alexander's son) was the son of King Alexander I of Scotland and enemy of King David Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings However, unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as King, or face war with both David and Henry I. [31]
First war against Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair and coronation
Alexander's son Máel Coluim chose war. Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair "affected to snatch the kingdom from [David], and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers". Orderic Vitalis (1075&ndashc 1142 was an English chronicler who wrote one of the great contemporary Chronicles of 11th and 12th century Normandy and [32] Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid. [33]
In either April or May of the same year David was crowned King of Scotland (Gaelic: rí(gh) Alban; Latin: rex Scottorum) at Scone. The Goidelic languages, (also sometimes called particularly in colloquial situations the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) historically formed a Dialect Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence, the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals,[34] of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their "unchristian" elements. [35] Ailred of Rievaulx, friend and one time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them". [36]
Second war against Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair
Outside his "Cumbrian" principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name". [37] He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130. [38] However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127,[39] and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as a judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton. Woodstock Palace was a royal residence in the English town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Geoffrey de Clinton (d c 1134 was an Anglo-Norman noble, chamberlain and treasurer to King Henry I of England. [40] It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this,[41] and while David was still in southern England,[42] Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him.
The instigator was his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of Óengus of Moray. Óengus of Moray ( Oenghus mac inghine Lulaich ri Moréb) was the last King of Moray of the native line ruling Moray from some unknown date until his death King Óengus was David's most powerful "vassal", a man who, as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland, even had his own claim to the kingdom. Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin ( Modern Gaelic: Lughlagh mac Gille Chomghain, known in English simply as Lulach, and nicknamed Tairbith, "the The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus, where they were met by David's Mercian constable, Edward; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin. Angus ( Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government Council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. A constable is a person holding a particular office most commonly in law enforcement. Stracatho ( Gaelic: Srath Catharach) is a small place in Angus, Scotland, to the northeast of Brechin on the A90. Brechin is a former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Traditionally Brechin is often described as a city because of its cathedral and its status According to the Annals of Ulster, 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army, including Óengus himself, died. The Annals of Ulster ( Annála Uladh) are a Chronicle of medieval Ireland. [43]
According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, "lacked a defender and lord"; and so Edward, "with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district". [44] However, this was far from the end of it. Máel Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing "civil war" followed; for David this period was quite simply a "struggle for survival". [45]
It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from his patron, King Henry. Ailred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including Walter l'Espec, were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies. [46] The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea, the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, The Firth of Clyde forms a large area of coastal water sheltered from the Atlantic ocean by the Kintyre peninsula which encloses the outer Firth in Argyll, Archaically Argyle ( Earra-Ghàidheal in modern Gaelic) is a region of western Scotland corresponding with most of the part In 1134 Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle. Roxburgh Castle was a Castle sited near modern Roxburgh, in the Borders region of Scotland. [47]
Pacification of the west and north
Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan the kadrez of Strathgryfe, with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew, forming what would become the "Stewart" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained the kadrez of Cunningham and the settlement of "Strathyrewen" (i. Strathgryffe or Gryffe Valley (both also spelled Gryfe) ( Gaelic: Srath Ghriobhaidh) is the area in and surrounding the valley of the River Kyle (or Coila, poetically is a former Comital district of Scotland which stretched across parts of modern day East Ayrshire and South Renfrew ( Rinn Friù in Scottish Gaelic) is a town located west of Glasgow on the west coast of Scotland. Cunninghame ( Coineagan in Scottish Gaelic) is a former comital district of Scotland and also a district of the Strathclyde Region e. Irvine). Irvine ( Gaelic: Irbhinn) is a coastal New town in North Ayrshire, Scotland. This would indicate that the 1130–34 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories. [48]
How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry. William fitz Duncan is a modern Anglicisation of either the Old French Guillaume fils de Duncan or the Middle Irish Uilleam mac Donnchada William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray. Elgin (Eilginn is a former Cathedral city and a former Royal Burgh in Moray, Scotland and is the administrative and commercial centre for Moray Forres ( Gaelic Farrais) is a town and former Royal burgh situated in the north of Scotland on the Moray coast approximately [49] David also founded Urquhart Priory, possibly as a "victory monastery", and assigned to it a percentage of his cain (tribute) from Argyll. Urquhart Priory was a Benedictine monastic community in Moray. [50]
During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl, and the daughter of Haakon Paulsson, Earl of Orkney. Matad of Atholl was Mormaer of Atholl, 1130s-1153/9 It is possible that he was granted the Mormaerdom by a King of Scotland, as suggested Haakon Paulsson was joint Earl of Orkney 1103–1123ץ He is mentioned in the Orkneyinga saga. Earldom of Orkney The Earl of Orkney was originally a Norse jarl ruling Orkney, Shetland and parts of Caithness and Sutherland The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the Kingdom, and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland. Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Geography Caithness extends about 40 Miles (64 Kilometres) north-south and about 30 miles (50 km east-west Thus, by the time the man who made all this possible for David, Henry I, died on December 1, 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican [51]
Dominating the north
While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England In 1139, his cousin, the five year old Harald Maddadsson, was given the title of "Earl" and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney, in addition to Scottish Caithness. Harald Maddadsson ( Old Norse Haraldr Maddaðarson, Gaelic Aralt mac Mataid) (c The Earldom of Orkney was a Norwegian dignity in Scotland which had its origins in the Viking period Throughout the 1140s Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control. [52] Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness, a bishopric which was based at Halkirk, near Thurso, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian. Andreas or Aindréas of Caithness († 1184 is the first known Bishop of Caithness and a source for the author of De Situ Albanie. The Bishop of Caithness was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Caithness, one of Scotland 's 13 medieval bishoprics Halkirk is a Village on the River Thurso in Caithness, in the Highland Council area of Scotland. This article refers to the town in Scotland For the city in Canada see Thurso Quebec. [53]
In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151, King Eystein II of Norway put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unawares in his residence at Thurso. Eystein Haraldsson ( Old Norse Eysteinn Haraldsson, modern Norwegian Øystein Haraldsson) born c 1125 apparently in Scotland, died Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release. An Oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas ( Faithfulness) is a pledge of Allegiance of one person to another Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. Erlend Haraldsson was joint Earl of Orkney 1151–1154 King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power. [54]
King David and England
David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. The relationship between the Kingdom of England and King David I, who was King of Scotland between 1124 and 1153 was partly shaped by David's relationship with the Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's "greatest protégé",[55] one of Henry's "new men". [56] His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter, the former empress-consort Matilda. Matilda of England (sometimes Maud or Maude; 7 February 1102 &ndash 10 September 1167 was the daughter and dispossessed Heir of Henry I of England David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son, the future Henry II. [57]
However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the Saxon Earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which only came to an end after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. The House of Wessex, also known as the House of Cerdic or the Saxon royal house, refers to the family that ruled a kingdom in southwest England Malcolm IV ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Máel Coluim mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig) nicknamed Virgo, "the Maiden" ( It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other. [58]
Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham
Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda. Matilda of England (sometimes Maud or Maude; 7 February 1102 &ndash 10 September 1167 was the daughter and dispossessed Heir of Henry I of England Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne. Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England Theobald the Great (1090&ndash1151 was Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV from 1102 and was Count of Champagne and of Brie [59] David had been the first lay person to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on December 22, 1135, David decided to make war. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies [60]
Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. Alnwick ( IPA /ˈænɪk/ is a small Market town in north Northumberland, England. Norham is a Village in Northumberland, England, just south of the River Tweed and the border with Scotland. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court. [61]
Renewal of war and Clitheroe
When the winter of 1136–37 was over, David again invaded England. The King of the Scots confronted a northern English army waiting for him at Newcastle. Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead a truce was agreed until November. When November fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138. [62]
The army which invaded England in the January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers. Richard of Hexham called it "an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man" and that it "harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses". Richard of Hexham (fl 1141 was an English Chronicler. He became prior of Hexham about 1141 and died between 1163 and 1178 [63] Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants. [64]
By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire, where he harried Furness and Craven. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Furness (ˈfɘˑnəs is a Peninsula in the southern part of Cumbria, in north-west England. Craven is an area in North Yorkshire, England. The name Craven is Celtic ( Cumbric) in origin and is related to the Welsh word On June 10, William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men-at-arms. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe, and the English army was routed. The Battle of Clitheroe was a Battle between a force of Scots and English knights and men at arms which took place on 10 June 1138. [65]
Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham
By later July, 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham, on the far side of the river Tyne. See also List of Bishops of Durham The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican Bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in The River Tyne is a River in England. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers the North Tyne and the South Tyne. Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by William, Earl of Aumale. William le Gros (died 20 August 1179) was the Count of Aumale (Earl of Albemarle Earl of Yorkshire, and Lord of Holderness. The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on August 22 at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton, North Yorkshire. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Northallerton (ɴɔːɵɑːlɜɾtʌn is a Market town in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in [66]
The Battle of the Standard, as the encounter came to be called, was unsuccessful for the Scots. The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton in which English forces repelled a Scottish army, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The siege of Wark, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland. Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west [67]
On September 26 Cardinal Alberic, Bishop of Ostia, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Alberic of Ostia (1080 &ndash 1147 was a Benedictine monk and Cardinal Bishop of Ostia from 1138-1147 The Bishop of Ostia is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven Suburbicarian sees of Rome Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace-broker, and David agreed to a six week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On April 9 David and Stephen's wife Matilda of Boulogne met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Matilda I or Maud (1105? &ndash 3 May, 1152) was Suo jure Countess of Boulogne. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. Doncaster is a large town in South Yorkshire, England and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. Bamburgh is a large village on the coast of Northumberland, England. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims. [68]
Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict
The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of the Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey, though this never took place. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church David was there until September, when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester. Winchester or Winton ( archaic) is a historic city in southern England, with a population of around 40000 within a radius of its centre [69]
This civil war, or "the Anarchy" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. The Anarchy or The Nineteen Year Winter refers to a period of English history during the reign ( 1135 &ndash 1154) of the Norman King While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the river Ribble and Pennines, while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham. The River Ribble is a river that runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire, in the North of England. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage, David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle. Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland's first silver coinage. Alston is a small Town in Cumbria, England on the River South Tyne. The River Tyne is a River in England. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers the North Tyne and the South Tyne. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe David, meanwhile, issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire. For the railway station see Shrewsbury Abbey (railway station The Abbey of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, commonly known as Shrewsbury Abbey Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea [70]
Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York
However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the bishopric of Durham and the archbishopric of York. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140. Geoffrey Rufus was a medieval Bishop of Durham and Lord Chancellor of England Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter. Chapter ( Latin capitulum) designates certain corporate ecclesiastical bodies in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Nordic Lutheran Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the Papal legate, Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen. Henry of Blois, often known as Henry of Winchester; (1101 &ndash 1171 was Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey from 1126 and Bishop of Winchester from 1129 See also List of bishops of Winchester The Bishop of Winchester is the head of the Church of England Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143. William of St Barbara or William of Ste Barbe was a medieval Bishop of Durham. [71]
David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. William FitzHerbert, nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England, and was deposed by the Pope. This article is about St William Archbishop of York England See also Saint William for other saints with this name David used his Cistercian connections to build a bond with Henry Murdac, the new archbishop. Henry Murdac was Abbot of Fountains Abbey (1144&ndash1147 and Archbishop of York (1147&ndash1153 Early life He was a native Despite the support of Pope Eugenius III, supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. Pope In 1149, Henry had sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control, and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters became aware of David's intentions, and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew. [72] Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, "the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles lost forever". [73]
David and the Scottish Church
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Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually emphasises David's pioneering role as the instrument of diocesan reorganisation and Norman penetration, beginning with the bishopric of Glasgow while David was Prince of the Cumbrians, and continuing further north after David acceded to the throne of Scotland. The Bishop of Glasgow, after 1492 Archbishop of Glasgow, was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Glasgow and then as Archbishop of Glasgow the Focus too is usually given to his role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the
Innovations in the church system
It was once held that the Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom [north of the Forth], and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored, and new ones which he erected". Ailred (or Aelred) Abbot of Rievaulx ( 1110 - 12 January 1167) was an English Christian Saint [74] Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to his new burgh of Aberdeen, and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness, no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation. Dufftown ( Gaelic Baile Bhainidh) is a Burgh in Banffshire, Scotland. [75]
The bishopric of Glasgow was restored rather than resurrected. The Bishop of Glasgow, after 1492 Archbishop of Glasgow, was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Glasgow and then as Archbishop of Glasgow the [76] David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain John to the bishopric[77] and carried out an inquest, afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews. John (? &ndash 1147 was an early 12th century Tironensian cleric An inquest is a judicial investigation usually by a group of court-appointed people ( Jury) in Common law Jurisdictions The most common kind of inquest The Bishop of St Andrews (Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then as Archbishop of St Andrews (Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn [78] David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like Brechin, Dunkeld, Mortlach (Aberdeen) and Dunblane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system. The Bishop of Brechin was the ecclesiastical head of the Medieval Diocese of Brechin or Angus, based at Brechin Cathedral, Brechin The Bishop of Dunkeld is the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Dunkeld, one of the largest and more important of Scotland 's 13 medieval bishoprics The Bishop of Dunblane or Bishop of Strathearn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Dunblane / Strathearn, one of medieval Scotland [79]
As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained. [80] Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England, but he did not create it. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 [81]
Ecclesiastical disputes
One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church. The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to the see of St Andrews (Cell Ríghmonaidh). Robert of Scone († 1159 was a 12th century bishop of Cell Rígmonaid (or Kilrymont now St Andrews) St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. It is likely that since the 11th century the bishopric of St Andrews functioned as a de facto archbishopric. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric[82] and Bishop Fothad II. Giric of Cennrígmonaid, if he is the Gregorius of Walter Bower, is the eleventh alleged Bishop of Cennrígmonaid, equivalent to later day St Fothad II Bishop of Cennrígmonaid was the Bishop of Cennrígmonaid (1059&ndash1093 equivalent to modern St [83]
The problem was that this archiepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, Thurstan. Thurstan, or Turstin (c 1070&ndash6 February 1140 was a medieval Archbishop of York. His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow, which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125, Pope Honorius II wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York. See also Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus [84] David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic This article refers to the religious garment called a "pallium" The Bishop of St Andrews (Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then as Archbishop of St Andrews (Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn [85]
Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, and both presumably opposed David's request. William de Corbeil or William of Corbeil ( c. 1070&ndash1136 was a medieval Archbishop of Canterbury. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination. [86] York's claim over bishops north of the Forth were in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow. [87]
In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews. Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles. The Bishop of Orkney was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Orkney, one of thirteen medieval bishoprics within the territory of modern Scotland. The Bishop of the Isles or Bishop of Sodor was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Sodor, one of Scotland 's thirteen medieval bishoprics Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney. [88]
Succession and death
Perhaps the greatest blow to David's plans came on July 12, 1152 when Henry, Earl of Northumberland, David's only son and successor, died. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. David quickly arranged for his grandson Máel Coluim to be made his successor, and for his younger grandson William to be made Earl of Northumberland. Malcolm IV ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Máel Coluim mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig) nicknamed Virgo, "the Maiden" ( William I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Uilleam mac Eanraig) known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough" Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife, the senior magnate in Scotland-proper, was appointed as rector, or regent, and took the 11 year-old Máel Coluim around Scotland-proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects. Mormaer Donnchad I, 1133 &ndash 1154 anglicized as Duncan or Dunecan, was the first Gaelic magnate to have his territory regranted to him A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor David's health began to fail seriously in the Spring of 1153, and on May 24, 1153, David died. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned [89] In his obituary in the Annals of Tigernach, he is called Dabíd mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan, "David, son of Máel Coluim, King of Scotland and England", a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David's realm. The Annals of Tigernach ( abbr AT) is a Chronicle probably originating in Clonmacnoise, Ireland. [90]
Historiography of David I
Medieval reputation of David I
The earliest assessments of David I portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For William of Newburgh, David was a "King not barbarous of a barbarous nation", who "wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor". [91] Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that "the whole barbarity of that nation was softened . Ailred (or Aelred) Abbot of Rievaulx ( 1110 - 12 January 1167) was an English Christian Saint . . as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated". [92]
Although avoiding stress on 12th century Scottish "barbarity", the Lowland Scottish historians of the later Middle Ages tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition. Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them, even in the significant works of John of Fordun, Andrew Wyntoun and Walter Bower. John of Fordun (d c 1384 was a Scottish Chronicler. It is generally stated that he was born at Fordoun, Mearns. Andrew Wyntoun, known as Andrew of Wyntoun (c 1350 &ndash c 1423 was a Scottish poet a canon and Prior of Loch Leven on St Serf's Walter Bower or' Bowmaker' (1385 &ndash December 24 1449) Scottish Chronicler, was born about 1385 at Haddington, [93] For example, Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Ailred of Rievaulx. This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition, and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history. [94] Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians, and the writings of men like John Mair, George Buchanan, Hector Boece, and Bishop John Leslie ensured that by the 18th century a picture of David as a pious, justice-loving state-builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged. John Mair or John Major (also known in Latin as Joannes Majoris and Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467-1550 was a Scottish Philosopher George Buchanan (February 1506 - September 28, 1582) was a Scottish Historian and humanist scholar Hector Boece (sometimes spelt Boethius, or Boyce) (1465-1536 was a Scottish Philosopher. John Lesley, or Leslie, ( September 29, 1527 &ndash May 31, 1596) Scottish Roman Catholic Bishop [95]
Modern treatment of David I
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In the modern period there has been more of an emphasis on David's statebuilding and on the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David's father Máel Coluim III to Saint Margaret, a myth which had its origins in the medieval period. Saint Margaret (c 1045 – 16 November 1093 was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. [96] With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid-19th century, responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father. David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the Celtic Kingdom of Scotland. The Kingdom of Alba ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba) pertains to the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II (Domnall mac Causantin Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that "with Alexander [I], Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established". [97]
The ages of Enlightenment and Romanticism had elevated the role of races and "ethnic packages" into mainstream history, and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots, and his reforms were seen in the light of natural, perhaps even justified, civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the [98]
In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th century Scotland, focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie's The Normans in Scotland (1954), Archie Duncan's Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (1974) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend. For the actor see Archie Duncan (actor Archibald Alexander McBeth Duncan, FBA, FRHistS, FRSE (born 17 October Geoffrey Wallis Steuart Barrow DLitt FBA FRSE is a British historian and academic born at Headingley in Leeds. [99]
In the 1980s, Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity, and argued that the reign of King David was in fact a "Balance of New and Old". [100] Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which, since William F. Skene's monumental and revolutionary three-volume Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (1876–80), had been forced to acknowledge that "Celtic Scotland" was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I. William Forbes Skene (7 June 1809 &ndash 29 August 1892 Scottish Historian and Antiquary, was the second son of Sir Walter Scott 's friend [101] Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David’s reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic. [102] Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full volume study of David I's reign yet produced, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context. Professor Richard Oram FSA (Scot is a Scottish historian and freelance author [103]
Davidian Revolution
However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the "Davidian Revolution". [104] David's "revolution" is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland, whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions of the later medieval kingdom. [105]
Since Robert Bartlett's pioneering work, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (1993), reinforced by Moore's The First European Revolution, c. Professor Robert Bartlett (born 1950 MA (Cantab DPhil (Oxon FRHistS FBA FRSE FSA is an English Historian and Medievalist. 970–1215 (2000), it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David's "revolution" can be achieved by recognising the wider "European revolution" taking place during this period. The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old Carolingian heartlands in northern France and western Germany were spreading to outlying areas, creating a more recognisable "Europe". The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Scotland was just one of many "outlying" areas. [106]
Government and feudalism
The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly-created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law-enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the "European" model. Landed property or landed estates is a Real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without the owner having to In Law, custom can be described as the established patterns of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting Tenure commonly refers to life tenure in a job and specifically to a senior Academic 's Contractual right not to have their position terminated Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed nA motte-and-bailey is a form of Castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries favored as a relatively Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force [107]
Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign, mostly French, knights. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed This is defined as "castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee" as well as "homage and fealty". [108] David established large scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who kept him in power. Additionally, many smaller scale feudal lordships were created. [109]
Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. New sheriffdoms enabled the King to effectively administer royal demesne land. A sheriffdom is a judicial district in Scotland. Since 1 January 1975 there have been six sheriffdoms In the Feudal system demesne (also spelled desmesne pronounced /dəmeɪn/ or /dəmiːn/; via Old French demeine from Latin dominium) was all the land During his reign, royal sheriffs were established in the king's core personal territories; namely, in rough chronological order, at Roxburgh, Scone, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling and Perth. The destroyed Royal burgh of Roxburgh (or Rosbroch) was an important trading Burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost Stirling ( Gaelic: Sruighlea, Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient Burgh in Scotland, and is at Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. [110] The Justiciarship too was created in David's reign. In Medieval England and Scotland, the Chief Justiciar (later known simply as the Justiciar) was roughly equivalent to a modern Prime Minister Although this institution had Anglo-Norman origins, in Scotland north of the Forth at least, it represented some form of continuity with an older office. [111]
David I and the economy
The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at Alston allowed David to produce Scotland's first coinage. Alston is a small Town in Cumbria, England on the River South Tyne. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image. [112]
David was a great town builder. As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of "Scotland", at Roxburgh and Berwick. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. The destroyed Royal burgh of Roxburgh (or Rosbroch) was an important trading Burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland [113] Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality). Hospitality refers to the relationship process between a Guest and a host and it also refers to the act or practice of being hospitable that is the reception and entertainment [114] David founded around 15 burghs. [115]
Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to burghs. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. These planned towns were or became English in culture and language; William of Newburgh wrote in the reign of King William the Lion, that "the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English";[116] as well as transforming the economy, the failure of these towns to go native would in the long term undermine the position of the native Scottish language and give birth to the idea of the Scottish Lowlands. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English William of Newburgh (1136? &ndash 1198? also known as William Parvus was a 12th century English historian and Augustinian canon from Bridlington, William I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Uilleam mac Eanraig) known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough" Middle Irish is the name given by historical philologists to the Goidelic language used from the 10th to 12th centuries it is therefore a contemporary The Scottish Lowlands ( a' Ghalldachd, meaning roughly 'the non-Gaelic region' in Gaelic, and called Lawlands or Lallans in Scots [117]
Monastic patronage
David was one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensians. Kelso Abbey is a Scottish abbey built in the 12th century by a community of Tironensian monks (originally from Tiron, near The Tironensian Order or the Order of Tiron was a monastic order named after the location of the mother abbey (established in 1109 in the woods of Tiron (sometimes [118] David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders. [119]
Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, but they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence,, and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, [120] These new monasteries, and the Cistercian ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices. [121] Cistercian labour, for instance, transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's most important sources of sheep wool. [122]
Notes
- ^ Modern Scottish Gaelic has effectively dropped the Máel in Máel Coluim (meaning "tonsured devotee of Columba"), so that the name is just Colum or Calum (meaning "Columba"); the name was borrowed into non Gaelic languages before this change occurred. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches mystics Buddhist novices and Monks and some Hindu temples of cutting the Hair from the WikipediaPersondata --> See Columba (disambiguation and St Columb for other uses
- ^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, p. 49.
- ^ Máel Coluim seems to have had two sons before he married Margaret, presumably by Ingibiorg Finnsdottir. Ingibiorg Finnsdottir ( Standard Old Norse: Ingibjörg Finnsdóttir) was a daughter of Earl Finn Arnesson and Bergljot Halvdansdottir (Halfdansdottir a King Donnchad II was one, and there was another called Domnall who died in 1085, see Annals of Ulster, s. The Annals of Ulster ( Annála Uladh) are a Chronicle of medieval Ireland. a. 1085. 2, here; see also Oram, David, p. 23; and Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, p. 55; the possibility that Máel Coluim had another son, also named Máel Coluim, is open, G. W. S. Barrow, "Malcolm III (d. 1093)".
- ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 121.
- ^ See A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 114, n. 1.
- ^ E. g. John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 40.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 89.
- ^ John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209–10.
- ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s. a. 1094; A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 118; see also A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, pp. 90–1.
- ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s. a. 1097; A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 119.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 49.
- ^ For David's upbringing and transformation of fortune at the Anglo-Norman court, see the partially hypothetical account in Oram, David, pp. 59–72.
- ^ William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, W. Stubbs (ed. ), Rolls Series, no. 90, vol. ii, p. 476; trans. A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 157.
- ^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Judith Green, "David I and Henry I", p. 3. She cites the gap in knowledge about David's whereabouts as evidence; for a brief outline of David's itinerary, see Barrow, The Charters of David I, pp. 38–41
- ^ See Oram, David, pp. 60–2; Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp. 60–4.
- ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 59–63.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 193.
- ^ Thomas Owen Clancy, The Triumph Tree, p. 184; full treatment of this is given in Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113" in: Scottish Gaelic Studies vol. 20 (2000), pp. 88–96.
- ^ Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain", p. 88.
- ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 62–64; for Princeps Cumbrensis, see Archibald Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A. D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905), no. 46.
- ^ Richard Oram, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 54–61; see also following references.
- ^ See, for instance, Dauvit Broun, "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in The Innes Review, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 138–40, n. 117; see also Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, The Viking Empires, (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 96–7.
- ^ E. g. , Oram, David, p. 113, also n. 7.
- ^ G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c. 1085–1153)".
- ^ For all this, see Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 134, 217–8, 223; see also, for Durham and part of the earldom of Northumberland in the eyes of Earl Henry, Paul Dalton, "Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds. ), Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, pp. 349–351; see also G. W. S. Barrow, "The Kings of Scotland and Durham", in Rollason et al. (eds. ), Anglo-Norman Durham, p. 318.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 69–72.
- ^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 79; Oram, David, pp. 75–6.
- ^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 83; Oram, David, esp. for instance, pp. 96, 126.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 70–2.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 158.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 84–5.
- ^ John Bannerman, "The Kings Poet", pp. 120–49.
- ^ John J. O'Meara (ed. ), Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland, (London, 1951), p. 110.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 232.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 87.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 83.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 163–3.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 83.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 84.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167.
- ^ Annals of Ulster, s. a. U1130. 4, here (trans)
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167; Anderson uses the word "earldom", but Orderic used the word ducatum, duchy. A duchy is a territory fief, or domain ruled by a Duke or Duchess.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 88.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 193–4; see also Oram, David, p. 86.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 183.
- ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6.
- ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6; Oram also believes that the burghs of Auldearn and Inverness may also have been founded at this time, but it is more usual to ascribe these to the reign of David's grandson William the Lion; see, for instance, McNeill, Peter & MacQueen, Hector (eds), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707, (Edinburgh, 1996), pp. Auldearn is a village situated east of the River Nairn, just outside Nairn in the Highland council area of Scotland. Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. William I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Uilleam mac Eanraig) known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough" 196–8.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 91–3.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 119.
- ^ Richard Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", p. 11.
- ^ John Dowden, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 232; Kenneth Jackson, The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970, (Cambridge, 1972), p. 80.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 199–200.
- ^ Oram, Lordship of Galloway, pp. 59, 63.
- ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, pp. 202–3.
- ^ Stringer, Reign of Stephen, 28–37; Stringer, "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain", pp. 40–62; Green, "Anglo-Scottish Relations", pp. 53–72; Kapelle, Norman Conquest of the North, pp. 141ff; Blanchard, "Lothian and Beyond", pp. 23–46.
- ^ Historians such as Stringer, Kapelle, Green and Blanchard (see previous note), emphasize David's role as an English magnate, while not denying his ambition; a middle line is perhaps Oram's supposed quest for a "Scoto-Northumbrian realm", David, pp. 121–44, 167–89.
- ^ M. T. Clancy, England and its Rulers, pp. 84–5; Robert Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, p. 10.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 121–3.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 122–5.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 126–7.
- ^ e. g. accounts of Richard of Hexham and Ailred of Rievaulx in A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 180, & n. 4.
- ^ e. g. Richard of Hexham, John of Worcester and John of Hexham at A. John of Worcester (died Circa 1140 was an English Monk and chronicler. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 181.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 132–3.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 136–7; A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 190.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 140–4.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 140–4.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 170–2.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 179.
- ^ For David's struggle for control over Durham see Oram, David, pp. 169–75.
- ^ For David's struggle for control over York, see pp. 186–9.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 189.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 233.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 158; Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, pp. 257–60; see also Gordon Donaldson, "Scottish Bishop's Sees", pp. 106–17.
- ^ Shead, "Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", pp. 220–5.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 62.
- ^ To a certain extent, the boundaries of David's Cumbrian Principality are conjecture on the basis of the boundaries of the diocese of Glasgow; Oram, David, pp. 67–8.
- ^ Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 67–8
- ^ Ian B. Cowan wrote that "the principle steps were taken during the reign of David I": Ian B. Cowan, "Development of the Parochial System", p. 44.
- ^ Thomas Owen Clancy, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", pp. 91–115.
- ^ Dauvit Broun, "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", pp. 108–14.
- ^ AU 1093. 2, text & English translation; see also Alan Orr Anderson, Early Sources , p. 49
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 160–1.
- ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 259; Oram, David, p. 49.
- ^ Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, p. 260; John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, (Glasgow, ), ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) pp. 4–5.
- ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 60–1.
- ^ Oram, David, p. 155.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 200–2; G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c. 1085–1153)", gives date as May 24. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Annals of Tigernach, s. The Annals of Tigernach ( abbr AT) is a Chronicle probably originating in Clonmacnoise, Ireland. a. 1153. 4, here.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 231.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 232–3
- ^ Felix J. H. Skene & William Forbes Skene (ed. ), John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872), 200ff. ; Donaldson, The Sources of Scottish History, p. 34: ". . . at what point its information about Scotland should receive credence is far from clear". Though Wyntoun, Fordun and Bower may have had access to documents which are no longer extant, much of their information is either duplicated in other records or cannot be corroborated; for a survey of David's historical reputation, see Oram, David, pp. 203–25.
- ^ John MacQueen, Winnifred MacQueen and D. E. R. Watt (eds. ), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995), 139ff.
- ^ Oram, David, pp. 213–7.
- ^ See, for instance, Steve Boardman, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds. ), Scottish History: The Power of the Past, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 65–71.
- ^ Quoted in Oram, David, p. 219, citing Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, pp. 102–9; Lang did not neglect the old myth about Margaret, writing of the Northumbrian refugees arriving in Scotland "where they became the sires of the sturdy Lowland race", Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, p. 91.
- ^ See Matthew H. Hammond, "Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history", pp. 1–27. ; see also, Murray G. H. Pittock's work, Celtic Identity and the British Image, (Manchester, 1999), and Oram, David, pp. 219–20.
- ^ Græme Ritchie, The Normans in Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1954); Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 133–73; most of Barrow's most important essays have been collected in two volumes, Scotland and Its Neighbours In the Middle Ages, (London, 1992) and The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century, 2nd edn. (Edinburgh, 2003).
- ^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", passim.
- ^ William Forbes Skene, Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1876–80); see also, Edward J. Cowan, "The Invention of Celtic Scotland", pp. 1–23.
- ^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Oram, David I, (Stroud, 2004).
- ^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11; Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 80.
- ^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13.
- ^ Bartlett, The Making of Europe, pp. 24–59; Moore, The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215, p. 30ff; see also Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", passim, esp. 9; this idea of "Europe" seems in practice to mean "Western Europe".
- ^ Haidu, The Subject Medieval/Modern, p. 181; Moore, The First European Revolution, p. 57.
- ^ Barrow, "Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11.
- ^ "The Beginnings of Military Feudalism"; Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", p. & n. 43; see also, L. Toorians, "Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", pp. 1–14.
- ^ McNeill & MacQueen, Atlas of Scottish History p. 193
- ^ See Barrow, G. W. S. , "The Judex", pp. 57–67 and "The Justiciar", pp. 68–111.
- ^ Oram, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 193, 195; Bartlett, The Making of Europe, p. 287: "The minting of coins and the issue of written dispositions changed the political culture of the societies in which the new practices appeared".
- ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 465.
- ^ See G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 84–104; see also, Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", pp. 66–9.
- ^ Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", p. 67. Numbering is uncertain; Perth may date to the reign of Alexander I; Inverness is a case were the foundation may date later, but may date to the period of David I: see for instance the blanket statement that Inverness dates to David I's reign in Derek Hall, Burgess, Merchant and Priest, compare Richard Oram, David, p. 93, where it is acknowledged that this is merely a possibility, to A. A. M. Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, p. 480, who quotes a charter indicating that the burgh dates to the reign of William the Lion.
- ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 256.
- ^ Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", 1100–1300", p. 67; Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 64–6; Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic", here
- ^ Oram, David, p. 62; Duncan, Making of a Kingdom, p. 145.
- ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of a Kingdom, pp. 145–150; Duncan, "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory", pp. 25, 27–8; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, pp. 15–20
- ^ Peter Yeoman, Medieval Scotland, p. 15.
- ^ Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17.
- ^ See, for instance, Stringer, The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria, pp. 9–11; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17; Duncan, The Making of a Kingdom, p. 148.
References
Primary sources
Secondary sources
|
|
External links
- Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic"
- Richard of Hexham's account of the 1138 Scottish invasion of England
See also
- Scotland in the High Middle Ages, for background
- Some contemporary political and religious figures
| Preceded by New Creation Lands taken from Alexander |
Prince of the Cumbrians x 1113–1124 |
Succeeded by Merged in crown |
| Preceded by Alexander |
King of the Scots 1124–1153 |
Succeeded by Máel Coluim IV |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | David I |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; Dauíd mac Máil Coluim; David fitz Malcolm |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of Scots, Prince of the Cumbrians |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1083-1085 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Scotland |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 24, 1153 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Carlisle, England |
The history of Scotland in the High Middle Ages covers Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus. The title Duke of Argyll was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United The title Duke of Atholl, named after Atholl in Scotland, was created only one time in British history by Queen Anne in 1703 as a promotion of the very ancient title The Mormaer or Earl of Buchan was originally the provincial ruler of the medieval province of Buchan. The Mormaer of Caithness ruled a distinct mormaerdom in medieval Scotland in that it generally was held by a "foreign" prince the Norse Earl of Orkney Gille Brigte of Angus is the one of the earliest attested Mormaers of Angus. Somerled ( Old Norse Sumarliði, Scottish Gaelic Somhairle, commonly Anglicized from Gaelic as Sorley) was a military and political Máel Muire of Atholl was Mormaer of Atholl at the beginning of the 12th century, until sometime perhaps in the 1130s Matad of Atholl was Mormaer of Atholl, 1130s-1153/9 It is possible that he was granted the Mormaerdom by a King of Scotland, as suggested Gartnait of Buchan is the first Mormaer of Buchan to be known by name as Mormaer. Harald Maddadsson ( Old Norse Haraldr Maddaðarson, Gaelic Aralt mac Mataid) (c The Earl of Fife or Mormaer of Fife referred to the Gaelic Comital lordship of Fife which existed in Scotland until the early 15th The Lords, or Kings of Galloway ruled over Galloway, in south west Scotland, for a large part of the High Middle Ages. The Mormaer of Lennox or Earl of Lennox was the ruler of the long-lasting provincial Mormaerdom / Earldom of Lennox in the Medieval The title Earl of Dunbar, also called Earl of Lothian or Earl of March, was a the head of a comital lordship in south-eastern Scotland between the early The King of Mann was the title taken between 1237 and 1504 by the various rulers both sovereign and suzerain, over the Kingdom of Mann – the Isle of Man Causantín of Fife is the first man we know for certain to have been Mormaer of Fife. Mormaer Gille Míchéil, (d bef Jul 1136 is the second man we know for certain to have been Mormaer of Fife from 1130 to 1133 although it is unlikely he actually Mormaer Donnchad I, 1133 &ndash 1154 anglicized as Duncan or Dunecan, was the first Gaelic magnate to have his territory regranted to him Fergus of Galloway was King or Lord of Galloway from an unknown date (probably in the 1110s until his death in 1161 Gospatric II Earl of Lothian or Earl of Dunbar, (died 1138 was an Anglo-Saxon noble from the early 12th century Gospatric III (died 1166 was a twelfth century Anglo-Saxon noble who was Earl of Lothian later Earl of Dunbar, and feudal Lord of Beanley Olav I was King of Mann and the Isles from 1104 until 1153 His nickname was Morsel The Mormaer or Earl of Mar was the provincial ruler of the province of Mar in north-eastern Scotland The Mormaer or Earl of Menteith was originally the ruler of the province of Menteith in the Middle Ages. The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray ( Middle Irish Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin Muref or Moravia; Modern The Mormaer or Earl of Ross refers to the leader of a Medieval Gaelic lordship in northern Scotland, roughly between the Oykell The Mormaer of Strathearn or Earl of Strathearn was a provincial ruler in Medieval Scotland. Ruadrí of Mar is the first known Mormaer of Mar from the 12th century although that the mormaerdom was much older Gille Chlerig,1 also Gillocheri 2 or Gillocher, Gillocher or Gylocher is a Gaelic name attested only in a Morggán of Mar, is the first Mormaer of Mar to appear in history as "more than a characterless name in a witness-list Óengus of Moray ( Oenghus mac inghine Lulaich ri Moréb) was the last King of Moray of the native line ruling Moray from some unknown date until his death William fitz Duncan is a modern Anglicisation of either the Old French Guillaume fils de Duncan or the Middle Irish Uilleam mac Donnchada Mormaer Beth is a name of a Mormaer mentioned in an unreliable charter granted to Scone Priory later Scone Abbey, by king Alexander I of Scotland Mormaer Máel Ísu I (also Maol Íosa, Máel Íosa, Mallus or Mallisse or Malise, "tonsured devotee of Jesus" The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below A High King of Ireland ( Ard Rí na hÉireann) is a historical or legendary figure who claimed lordship over the whole of Ireland. Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England Henry V ( 8 November 1086 &ndash 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1098-1125) and Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III of Supplinburg (1075 &ndash 1137 was Duke of Saxony (1106 King of Germany (1125 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137 Conrad III (1093 &ndash 15 February 1152) was the first King of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Louis VI ( 1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137) called the Fat (le Gros was King of France from 1108 until his death (1137 Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (1088-1156 whose name is often anglicised to Turlough O' Connor, was King of Connacht and became the first High King "Sigurd Jorsalfar" redirects here For the orchestral suite by Edvard Grieg see Sigurd Jorsalfar (Grieg. Harald Gille ( Old Norse Haraldr gilli or Haraldr gillikristr) (1103 – 1136 king of Norway, was born in Ireland. Sigurd Haraldsson or Sigurd Munn ( old Norse Sigurðr Haraldsson (1133&ndash1155 was king of Norway from 1136 to 1155 The Bishop of Aberdeen (originally Bishop of Mortlach) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Aberdeen, one of Scotland 's 13 medieval bishoprics The Bishop of Brechin was the ecclesiastical head of the Medieval Diocese of Brechin or Angus, based at Brechin Cathedral, Brechin The Bishop of Caithness was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Caithness, one of Scotland 's 13 medieval bishoprics The Bishop of Dunkeld is the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Dunkeld, one of the largest and more important of Scotland 's 13 medieval bishoprics The Bishop of Galloway, also called the Bishop of Whithorn, was the eccesiastical head of the Diocese of Galloway, said to have been founded by Saint Ninian Nechtan of Aberdeen is the first Bishop of Aberdeen after the seat of the bishopric had been moved to Aberdeen from Mortlach. Samson of Brechin is the first known Bishop of Brechin. He appears as a witness in a charter granted by King David I of Scotland to the community of Deer Andreas or Aindréas of Caithness († 1184 is the first known Bishop of Caithness and a source for the author of De Situ Albanie. Cormac Bishop of Dunkeld (fl x1114-1131x is the earliest recorded Bishop of Dunkeld in the 12th century although he was not the first bishop of Dunkeld. Gregoir Bishop of Dunkeld (died 1169 ruled as Bishop of Dunkeld in the middle of the 12th century Gille Aldan or Gilla Aldan (Gaelic "Servant of Saint Aldwin" of Whithorn, was a native Galwegian who was the first Bishop of the The Bishop of Glasgow, after 1492 Archbishop of Glasgow, was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Glasgow and then as Archbishop of Glasgow the The Bishop of Moray or Bishop of Elgin was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Moray in northern Scotland, one of Scotland 's 13 medieval The Bishop of Ross was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Ross, one of Scotland 's 13 medieval Bishoprics The first recorded bishop appears The Bishop of St Andrews (Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then as Archbishop of St Andrews (Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn The Bishop of the Isles or Bishop of Sodor was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Sodor, one of Scotland 's thirteen medieval bishoprics John (? &ndash 1147 was an early 12th century Tironensian cleric Herbert of Selkirk was a 12th century Tironensian Monk, who rose to become 3rd Abbot of Selkirk-Kelso and Bishop of Glasgow. Gregoir of Moray '''Gregory''' is the first attested Bishop of Moray. Mac Bethad (fl 1127 x 1131 is the first recorded High Medieval Bishop of Ross, a See then located at Rosemarkie. Symeon ( Middle Gaelic: Simón; fl 1147 &ndash 1155 is the second known Bishop of Ross in the 12th century Robert of Scone († 1159 was a 12th century bishop of Cell Rígmonaid (or Kilrymont now St Andrews) While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( e The Archbishop of York is the Metropolitan bishop of the Province of York, and is the junior of the two archbishops of the Church of England, after the Archbishop of Armagh was the senior prelate in the medieval Irish church List of the bishops of Carlisle. List of Bishops of Durham. Anglo-Saxon Bishops (995-1071 See also List of bishops of Lindisfarne. Blessed Pope Callixtus II (or Calistus II) (died December 13 1124) born Guy de Vienne, the fourth son of William I Count of Burgundy See also Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus Pope Celestine II (died March 8, 1144) born Guido di Castello, was Pope from 1143 to 1144 Pope Lucius II (died 15 February, 1145) born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was Pope from March 9, 1144 until his death Pope Thurstan, or Turstin (c 1070&ndash6 February 1140 was a medieval Archbishop of York. This article is about St William Archbishop of York England See also Saint William for other saints with this name Henry Murdac was Abbot of Fountains Abbey (1144&ndash1147 and Archbishop of York (1147&ndash1153 Early life He was a native Saint Ceallach (Celsus was born in 1080 He became abbot of Armagh in 1105 and was ordained priest St Malachy or Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair ( Modern Irish: Maelmhaedhoc Ó Morgair; 1094 - November 2, 1148) was the Athelwold (or Æthelwulf, Aethelwulf, Aldulf, Ethelwulf, or Adelulf) was the first Bishop of Carlisle. Ranulf Flambard, also known as Ralph Flambard or Ranulph Flambard and sometimes Ranulf Passiflamme, (c Geoffrey Rufus was a medieval Bishop of Durham and Lord Chancellor of England William of St Barbara or William of Ste Barbe was a medieval Bishop of Durham. Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c The list of the Kings of Strathclyde concerns the kings of Alt Clut later Strathclyde, a Brythonic kingdom Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Malcolm IV ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Máel Coluim mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig) nicknamed Virgo, "the Maiden" ( Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
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