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Many different consumer electronic devices can store data.
Many different consumer electronic devices can store data.
Edison cylinder phonograph ca. 1899. The Phonograph cylinder is a storage medium. The phonograph may or may not be considered a storage device.
Edison cylinder phonograph ca. 1899. The Phonograph cylinder is a storage medium. The phonograph may or may not be considered a storage device.
A reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630). The magnetic tape is a data storage medium. The recorder is data storage equipment using a portable medium (tape reel) to store the data.
A reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630). The magnetic tape is a data storage medium. The recorder is data storage equipment using a portable medium (tape reel) to store the data.
Crafting tools such as paint brushes can be used as data storage equipment. The paint and canvas can be used as data storage media.
Crafting tools such as paint brushes can be used as data storage equipment. The paint and canvas can be used as data storage media.
RNA might be the oldest data storage medium , now replaced by DNA in most organisms.
RNA might be the oldest data storage medium [1], now replaced by DNA in most organisms. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known

A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy, spanning from manual muscle power in handwriting, to acoustic vibrations in phonographic recording, to electromagnetic energy modulating magnetic tape and optical discs. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός

A storage device may hold information, process information, or both. A device that only holds information is a recording medium. In Communication, media (Singular Medium) are the storage and transmission tools used to store and deliver Information Devices that process information (data storage equipment) may either access a separate portable (removable) recording medium or a permanent component to store and retrieve information.

Electronic data storage is storage which requires electrical power to store and retrieve that data. Most storage devices that do not require vision and a brain to read data fall into this category. In Psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from Visible light reaching the Eyes The resulting Perception is also Electromagnetic data may be stored in either an analog or digital format on a variety of mediums. An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable of the signal is a representation of some other A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for This type of data is considered to be electronically encoded data, whether or not it is electronically stored in a semiconductor device, for it is certain that a semiconductor device was used to record it on its medium. The term machine-readable (or computer-readable) refers to information Encoded in a form which can be read (i A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to Computer components devices and recording media that retain digital Most electronically processed data storage media (including some forms of computer data storage) are considered permanent (non-volatile) storage, that is, the data will remain stored when power is removed from the device. Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to Computer components devices and recording media that retain digital In contrast, most electronically stored information within most types of semiconductor (computer chips) microcircuits are volatile memory, for it vanishes if power is removed. Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside Volatile memory, also known as volatile storage or primary storage device, is Computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information

With the exception of barcodes and OCR data, electronic data storage is easier to revise and may be more cost effective than alternative methods due to smaller physical space requirements and the ease of replacing (rewriting) data on the same medium. A bar code (also barcode) is an optical Machine-readable representation of data Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the Mechanical or electronic translation of Images of handwritten typewritten However, the durability of methods such as printed data is still superior to that of most electronic storage media. The durability limitations may be overcome with the ease of duplicating (backing-up) electronic data. In Information technology, backup refers to making copies of Data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a

Contents

Terminology

Devices that are not used exclusively for recording (e. g. hands, mouths, musical instruments) and devices that are intermediate in the storing/retrieving process (e. The hands ( med / lat: manus pl manūs are the two intricate prehensile multi- Fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. g. eyes, ears, cameras, scanners, microphones, speakers, monitors, projectors) are not usually considered storage devices. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. Historical precedent Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices consisting of a rotating drum with a single Photodetector at For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical A display device is an Output device for presentation of Information for Visual or Tactile reception acquired stored or transmitted Devices that are exclusively for recording (e. g. printers), exclusively for reading (e. g. barcode readers), or devices that process only one form of information (e. A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed Barcodes Like a Flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source a lens g. phonographs) may or may not be considered storage devices. The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s In computing these are known as input/output devices. Computing is usually defined like the activity of using and developing Computer technology Computer hardware and software. An input device is any Peripheral (piece of Computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system (such as a An output device is any piece of Computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of Data processing carried out by an Information processing system

An organic brain may or may not be considered a data storage device. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain [2]

All information is data. Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's However, not all data is information. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings

Many data storage devices are also media players. Any device that can store and playback multimedia may also be considered a media player such as in the case with the HDD media player. Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms. An HDD media player is a device that plays Videos Music and Photos from a Hard drive that the user installs themselves (mostly IDE hard drives Designated hard drives are used to play saved or streaming media on home entertainment systems. Streaming multimedia is Multimedia that is constantly received by and normally presented to an end-user while it is being delivered by a streaming provider (the A Home Theater PC ( HTPC) or media PC is a convergence device that combines the functions of a Personal computer and a Digital video recorder.

Trends

International Data Corporation estimated that the total amount of digital data was 281 billion gigabytes in 2007, and had for the first time exceeded the amount of storage. International Data Corporation ( IDC) is a Market research and analysis firm specializing in Information technology, Telecommunications and consumer A gigabyte (derived from the SI prefix Giga-) is a unit of Information or Computer [3]

Data storage equipment

Any input/output equipment may be considered data storage equipment if it writes to and reads from a data storage medium. In Computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an Information processing system (such as a Computer) and the outside Data storage equipment uses either:

The following are examples of those methods:

Portable methods

Semi-portable methods

Inseparable methods

Recording medium

A recording medium is a physical material that holds data expressed in any of the existing recording formats. Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with one's own hands and skill Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Automation ( Ancient Greek: = self dictated) roboticization or industrial automation or Numerical control is the use of Control systems Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Molding is the process of Manufacturing by shaping pliable raw material using a rigid frame or model called a pattern. Solid freeform fabrication (SFF is a collection of techniques for Manufacturing solid objects by the sequential delivery of energy and/or material to specified points in A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes the Surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given Straight line, the axis A tape drive, which is also known as a streamer, is a data storage device that reads and writes data stored on a magnetic tape. A reel is an object around which lengths of another material (usually long and flexible are wound for storage Reel-to-reel, open reel tape recording is the form of magnetic tape audio recording in which the recording medium is held on a Reel, rather than being The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound Disk storage is a general category of a Computer storage mechanisms in which data is recorded on planar round and rotating surfaces ( disks, discs, or Disk storage is a general category of a Computer storage mechanisms in which data is recorded on planar round and rotating surfaces ( disks, discs, or A disk enclosure is essentially a specialized Chassis designed to hold and power Disk drives while providing a mechanism to allow them to communicate to one or more In various types of electronic equipment a cartridge can refer one method of adding different functionality or content (e An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of Electronic components through which an Electric current can flow For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology sociology politics computer hardware and other fields see the Networking hardware typically refers to equipment facilitating the use of a computer network. A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of Electronic components through which an Electric current can flow Non-volatile Random access memory ( NVRAM) is the general name used to describe any type of random access memory which does not lose its information An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of Electronic components through which an Electric current can flow Volatile memory, also known as volatile storage or primary storage device, is Computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information A recording format is a Format for encoding data for storage on a Storage medium. With electronic media, the data and the recording medium is sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software. Electronic media are media that utilize Electronics or Electromechanical energy for the End user ( Audience) to access the content With (traditional art) static media, art materials such as crayons may be considered both equipment and medium as the wax, charcoal or chalk material from the equipment becomes part of the surface of the medium. In the Arts media (plural of Medium) are the materials and techniques used by an Artist to produce a work Techniques and materials related to Art: Traditional techniques Acrylic paint Charcoal Clay A crayon is a stick of colored Wax, Charcoal, Chalk, or other materials used for writing and Drawing.

Some recording media may be temporary either by design or by nature. Volatile organic compounds may be used to preserve the environment or to purposely make data expire over time. This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section Sustainable design (also referred to as "green design" "eco-design" or "design for environment" is the art of designing physical objects the built environment Data such as smoke signals or skywriting are temporary by nature. The smoke signal is one of the oldest forms of communication in recorded history Skywriting is the process of using a small Aircraft, able to expel special Smoke during flight to fly in certain patterns to create Writing readable by Depending on the volatility, a gas (e. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter g. atmosphere, smoke) or a liquid surface such as a lake would be considered a temporary recording medium if at all. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " Smoke is the collection of airborne solid and liquid Particulates and Gases ref> ''Smoke Production and Properties'' - SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the

Ancient and timeless examples

The Gutenberg Bible displayed by the United States Library of Congress, demonstrating printed pages as a storage medium.
The Gutenberg Bible displayed by the United States Library of Congress, demonstrating printed pages as a storage medium. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress

Modern examples by energy used

Graffiti on a public wall. Public surfaces are being used as unconventional data storage media, often without permission.
Graffiti on a public wall. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + ‘ορμόνη " Hormone " is a Chemical that triggers a natural Public surfaces are being used as unconventional data storage media, often without permission.
Photographic film is a photochemical data storage medium
Photographic film is a photochemical data storage medium
A floppy disk is a magnetic data storage medium
A floppy disk is a magnetic data storage medium
Hitachi 2.5 inch laptop hard drive. A hard drive is both storage equipment and a storage medium
Hitachi 2. 5 inch laptop hard drive. A hard drive is both storage equipment and a storage medium
Four major types of memory cards (from left to right: CompactFlash, MemoryStick, Secure Digital, and xD.
Four major types of memory cards (from left to right: CompactFlash, MemoryStick, Secure Digital, and xD.

Modern examples by shape

A typical way to classify data storage media is to consider its shape and type of movement (or non-movement) relative to the read/write device(s) of the storage apparatus as listed:

Bekenstein (2003) foresees that miniaturization might lead to the invention of devices that store bits on a single atom. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. A dipstick is one of several devices dipped into a liquid to perform a chemical test or to provide a measure of quantity of the liquid In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " The thermometer is a device that measures Temperature or Temperature gradient using a variety of different principles it comes from the Greek roots Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of Chemistry, is the study of the interactions between Atoms, small Molecules, and light (or Electromagnetic radiation This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects Punched tape or paper tape is a largely obsolete form of Data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data A Music Roll is used to operate a Mechanical organ, electronic carillon, or Orchestrion and contains the music to be played The earliest method of recording and reproducing sound was on phonograph cylinders. A gramophone The Dictabelt or Memobelt was a form of recording medium introduced by the American Dictaphone company in 1947 The Capacitance Electronic Disc (or CED) was a video playback system developed by RCA, in which video and audio could be played back on a TV using a special analog Magnetic storage and magnetic recording are terms from Engineering referring to the storage of Data on a Magnetized medium Wire recording is a type of analogue Audio storage in which the recording is made onto thin steel or stainless steel Wire. Magnetic tape is a medium for Magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of Plastic. Drum memory is a magnetic Data storage device and was an early form of Computer memory widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s invented by Gustav Tauschek A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased Optical storage is a term from Engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Holography (from the Greek, ὅλος - hólos whole + γραφή - grafē writing drawing is a technique that allows the A transparency is a thin sheet of transparent flexible material typically Cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn A magneto-optical drive is a kind of Optical disc drive capable of writing and rewriting data upon a magneto-optical disc. The Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD) is an optical disc technology that would hold up to 3 3D optical data storage is the term given to any form of Optical Data storage in which information can be recorded and/or read with three dimensional A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Volatile memory, also known as volatile storage or primary storage device, is Computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information The floating gate transistor is a kind of Transistor that is commonly used for Non-volatile storage such as flash, EPROM and EEPROM Non-volatile Random access memory ( NVRAM) is the general name used to describe any type of random access memory which does not lose its information A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic Flash memory Data storage device used with Digital Punched tape or paper tape is a largely obsolete form of Data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data Magnetic tape is a medium for Magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of Plastic. Disk storage is a general category of a Computer storage mechanisms in which data is recorded on planar round and rotating surfaces ( disks, discs, or A gramophone A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable Disk storage system introduced by Iomega in late 1994 In late 1995 a joint university industry and government consortium initiated the Holographic Data Storage System (HDSS programme with the initial goals of developing several key components A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is A MiniDisc ( MD) is a Magneto-optical disc-based Data storage device initially intended for storage of up to 80 minutes of digitized audio A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device Prehistory twistor memory Bubble memory is largely the brainchild of a single person Andrew Bobeck. Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic Flash memory Data storage device used with Digital Semiconductor memory is Computer memory implemented on a Semiconductor -based Integrated circuit. The xD-Picture Card is a type of flash Memory card, used mainly in Digital cameras xD originally stood for e' x' treme D igital The MultiMediaCard ( MMC) is a Flash memory SmartMedia is a flash Memory card standard owned by Toshiba, with capacities ranging from 0 CompactFlash ( CF) is a Mass storage device format used in portable electronic devices Secure Digital ( SD) is a non-volatile Memory card format developed by Matsushita, SanDisk, and Toshiba for use in Memory Stick is a removable flash Memory card format launched by Sony in October 1998, and is also used in general to describe the whole family A solid-state drive ( SSD) is a Data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent Data. A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1 Binary digits are a basic unit of Information storage and communication History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny

See also

References

  1. ^ Gilbert, Walter (Feb 1986). Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, and Molecular biology pioneer "The RNA World". Nature 319: 618. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 doi:10.1038/319618a0. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  2. ^ Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451, 1950, 1953 pp:150-152, ISBN 0345342968
  3. ^ Gantz, John F. et al. (2008). The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe. International Data Corporation via EMC. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  4. ^ Aaron P. Nelson and Susan Gilbert, Harvard Medical School Guide to Achieving Optimal Memory, Mar 2005, page 66

Bibliography

[1]

External links

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