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For other uses, see Dasa (disambiguation).

Dasa (IAST dāsa) is a Sanskrit term. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST) is a popular Transliteration scheme that allows a lossless Romanization of Indic Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Under the primary meaning 'enemy' sometimes relates to tribes identified as the enemies of the Aryan tribes in the Rigveda. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The Indo-Aryan tribes mentioned in the Rigveda are described as semi- Nomadic pastoralists subdivided into temporary settlements ( vish, viś and headed The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The word dāsa, later acquired other connotations, meaning 'servant', believed to mean that they were subordinated by the Aryans.

The identity of the Dasa has caused much debate, closely tied to arguments over Indo-Aryan migration, the claim that the Indo-Aryan authors of the Rigveda entered India from outside, displacing its earlier inhabitants. Models of the Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of Prehistoric migrations of the early Indo-Aryans to their historically attested areas of settlement ( North The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" During the nineteenth century Western scholars identified the Dasa with darker Dravidian-speaking peoples, but more recent scholars, notably Asko Parpola, have claimed that they were fellow Indo-Iranians of the BMAC, who initially rejected Aryan religious practices but were later merged with them. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada Asko Parpola is a professor emeritus of Indology and South Asian Studies at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Indo-Iranian peoples consist of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani peoples that is speakers of Indo-Iranian languages The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age

A similar term for enemy people, Dasyu, is also used in the Rig Veda. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" It is unclear whether the Dasa and Dasyu are identical.

Guru, or Sat guru in various traditions of Hinduism is given the name Dasa, Servant of God, as for example the pure teacher, also called Uda ka Das, meaning the servant of the one God. A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. [1] The other Sanskrit word meaning of servant, is retained in all Indian languages where monotheistic devotion to personal God is practiced. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The expression Personal God, refers to the belief that God is - and can be related to as - a Person. In Tamil tontai, dasa, servant or "slave," commonly used to refer to devotees of Vishnu or Krishna. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism [2] According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology Smriti statement dāsa-bhūto harer eva nānyasvaiva kadācana means that living entities (bhuto) are eternally in the service (dasa) of the Supreme Lord (Hari). Gaudiya Vaishnavism (also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism) is a Vaishnava religious movement founded by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534 in India Smriti (Sanskrit स्मृति " that which is remembered " refers to a specific body of Hindu religious Scripture [3] Thus designation for Vaishnava followers of svayam bhagavan Krishna was the status title dasa as part of their names as in Hari dasa. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and This article is about a Hindu philosophical concept the original or absolute manifestation of God [4]

Contents

Dasa, Dasyu and Arya

Dasyu is a term that could also be applied to Vedic kings, if their behaviour changed. In the battle of the Ten Kings (Dasarajna) in the Rig Veda the king Sudas calls his enemies "Dasyu" which included Vedic peoples like the Anus, Druhyus, Turvashas, and even Purus. The Battle of the Ten Kings ( dāśarājñá) is a battle alluded to in Mandala 7 of the Rigveda (hymns 18 33 and 83 The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" Sudās ("worshipping well" an s -stem either from a root dās, or with the extra s added to avoid an archaic root noun in ā, (RV 7. The seventh Mandala of the Rigveda has 104 hymns Most hymns in this book are attributed to {{IAST|vasiṣṭha maitravaurṇi}}. 6, 12-14, 18)

There is also a Dasa Balbutha Taruksa in RV 6. The sixth Mandala of the Rig Veda has 75 hymns mainly to Agni and Indra. 45. 31 who is a patron of a seer and who is distinguished by his generosity (RV 8. The eighth Mandala of the Rigveda has 103 hymns Other than the "family books" (Mandalas 2-7 dated as an old part of the RV and RV 1 and 46. 32). There are several hymns in the Rigveda that refer to Dasa and Aryan enemies [5] and to related (jami) and unrelated (ajami) enemies (e. g. 1. 111. 3, 4. 4. 5); still, in the battle of the ten kings, there are Dasas and Aryas on both sides of the battlefield and in some Rigvedic verses, the Aryas and Dasas stood united against their enemies. [6].

Etymology of Dasa and related terms

Dasa and related terms have been examined by several scholars. [7] While the terms Dasa and Dasyu have a negative meaning in Sanskrit, their Iranian counterparts Daha and Dahyu have preserved their positive (or neutral) meaning. This is similar to the Sanskrit terms Deva (a "positive" term) and Asura (a "negative" term). Deva (देव in Devanagari script pronounced as /'d̪evə/ is the Sanskrit word for "god Deity " In Hinduism In Hinduism, the Asura ( Sanskrit: असुर are a group of power-seeking deities sometimes referred to as Demons or sinful The Iranian counterparts of these terms (Daeva and Ahura) have opposite meanings. Daeva ( daēuua, daāua, daēva) is the Avestan language term for a particular sort of supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics For the fictional character in the Marvel Universe series see Ahura (comics; for the river see Akhurian River.

Dasa

See also Dahae

The meaning of the word dāsa, which has been long preserved in the Khotanese dialect, is "man". The Daheans or Dahaeans (Dahae Δάοι Daoi, or Δάαι Daai) were a confederacy of three tribes who lived in the region to the immediate east of the Two words that contain "dasa" are the Vedic names Divodās (meaning "divine man") and Sudās (meaning "good man"). Dasa is also in Iranian "Daha", known to Graeco-Roman authors as the Dahae (Daai), designating probably Iranian tribes. The Daheans or Dahaeans (Dahae Δάοι Daoi, or Δάαι Daai) were a confederacy of three tribes who lived in the region to the immediate east of the The term Daha occurs in a Persepolis inscription of Xerxes (h 26). [8]

Daha also referred to a dasyu tribe in Margiana. Margu (Greek Margiana) was a Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire mentioned in the Behistun inscriptions of ca Dahistan (east of the Caspian Sea/Gorgan) derives its name from this tribe [9]. Golestān ( گلستان) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Gorgan ( Persian: گرگان Caspian: Vergen is the capital of the Golestan Province, Iran. The Greek historians Q. Curtius Rufus (8,3) and Ptolemy (Geography: 6,10,2) located the region of the Dahas on the river Margos (modern Murghab) or in Margiana (Parpola 1988). Quintus Curtius Rufus was a Roman historian who is generally thought to have written his works during the reign of Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Margu (Greek Margiana) was a Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire mentioned in the Behistun inscriptions of ca The Dahas are also mentioned by Pomponius Mela (3,42)[10] and Tacitus (Ann. Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest Roman Geographer. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. 11,10)[11].

Strabo wrote about the Dahae the following:

"Most of the Scythians, beginning from the Caspian Sea, are called Dahae Scythae, and those situated more towards the east Massagetae and Sacae. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. The Massageteans ( Massagetai; Massagetae or Massagetaeans were an Iranian people of antiquity known primarily from the writings of Herodotus The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, "
(Strabo, 11-8-1)

Strabo's description places Dahae nomads in the area around modern Turkmenistan. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Tacitus, in the Annals , writes of the Parthian king Vardanes I that he subdued "the intermediate tribes as far as the river Sindes, which is the boundary between the Dahae and the Arians. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Annals ( Latin Annales, from annus, a year are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically year by year Vardanes I of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire from about 40–47 " [12]

Dasyu

Dasyus is in Iranian "dahyu" and means tribe, province and district. "Dah-" means "male, man" in Iranian. The "dahyu-pati" (also dahyunam) was the head of the tribe. The Greek "des-potes and the English "despot" correspond to this term (Windfuhr 1999). A "dahyu-sasti" (command of dahyus) is a confederation of two or more dahyus. [13]

Related terms

See also Panis

Other hostile tribes, besides the Dasas and Dasyus, that are mentioned in the Vedic texts are the Panis (Afghan Pannis?), Pakthas (Pakthun or Pashtuns?), Parshus (Persian tribes?), Prthus (Parthians?) and Bhalanas (Baluchis?). The Panis are a class of demons in the Rigveda, from paṇi-, a term for "bargainer miser" especially applied to one who is sparing of sacrificial oblations Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran The Irish term Déisi may be cognate; it originally described "vassals" or "subjects" and was later the proper name of certain population groups. The Déisi was a term used to describe a class of peoples in ancient Ireland.

Anasa

In RV 5. 29. 10, the word anasa is in connection with the Dasyus. Some scholars have translated anasa as "noseless". Although there is only one instance in the Rig Veda where this word occurs, this has led to belief that the Dasyus were "flat-nosed" people. But the classical commentator Sayana translated anasa as "without mouth or face" (anas = an "negative" + as "mouth"). Sāyaṇa ( सायण, with honorific Sāyaṇācārya;died 1387 was an important commentator on the Vedas He flourished under King Bukka I Sayana's translation is supported by the occurrence of the word mrdhravacah in the same verse. Sayana explains the word mrdhravacah as "having defective organs of speech" (Rg Veda 1854-57:3. 276 n. ).

The religion of the Dasas/Dasyus

The main difference between the Aryas and the Dasas in the Rig Veda is a difference of religion. [14] Already A. A. Macdonell and A. B. Keith (1912) remarked that: "The great difference between the Dasyus and the Aryans was their religion. Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1854 - 1930 7th of Lochgarry, was a noted Sanskrit scholar Arthur Berriedale Keith (1879-1944 was a constitutional lawyer and scholar of Sanskrit. . . It is significant that constant reference is made to difference in religion between Aryans and Dasa and Dasyu. " The Dasas and Dasyus are also described as brahma-dvisah in the Rig Veda [15], which Ralph T.H. Griffith translates as "those who hate devotion" or "prayer haters". Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith (1826-1906 scholar of Indology, B Thus Dasa has also been interpreted as meaning the people that don't follow the same religion as the Aryans. Rig Veda 10. 22. 8 describes the Dasa-Dasyus as a-karman (non-performers of Aryan sacrifices), anya-vrata (observers of other rites) and in Rig Veda 10. 105. 8 they are described as anrc (non-singer of laudatory hymns). In RV 8. 70. 11 they are described as a-deva-yu (not regarding Deva ). [16]

Devas versus Asuras

This divide goes back to the composition of the Rig Veda. Both the religions believe in the holiness of the Veda except that the Zarathustrians believe in certain sections of the Rig Veda. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. When the Rig Veda was being written, there occurred a divide among the Brahmanas writing it. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Brahmanas of the Pauravas (Indians) or Parthas believed that Aditi was the good mother of the gods while the Irani or Dasa Brahmanas believed that Diti was. The Pauravas ( Sanskrit: पौरव was the name given to the many petty kingdoms and tribes of ancient northwestern India (including modern Pakistan) Aditi ( Sanskrit अदिति - limitless) ''a'' not + ''diti'' bound from the verbal root ''da'' to bind unbounded free as a noun infinite and shoreless The Iranis are an ethno-religious community of the Indian subcontinent; descendants of Zoroastrians who emigrated from Greater Iran (in the main from The Pauravas' chief god was Shri Indra and said that He has overtaken Shri Varuna as the leader of the gods. Indra ( Sanskrit: इन्द्र or इंद्र Indra, Malay: Indera, Thai: พระอินทร์ Phra-Intra The Irani believed that Shri Varuna was still the chief of the gods. In the Irani pantheon, Shri Indra was given the status of a demon while they worshipped an Indra-like character who accepts the law of Varuna known as Indar. From this originated the Dasarajna war in which the ten kingdoms of the Irani, represented by the Brahmana Vishwamitra fought against the Indian King Sudas. The Battle of the Ten Kings ( dāśarājñá) is a battle alluded to in Mandala 7 of the Rigveda (hymns 18 33 and 83 Sudās ("worshipping well" an s -stem either from a root dās, or with the extra s added to avoid an archaic root noun in ā, From then on, the Indians referred to the asuras as the demons while Devas were the gods and the Irani, viceversa. When Zarathustrianism was established, Shri Varuna who Zarathustra referred to as the Ahura Mazda (Rigvedic Assur Mehda or Assur Mahad) was God Almighty while all other spirits were given the status of angels.

That the Dasa were Iranic is no doubt as the Rig Veda mentions, that the Dasa, along with the Dasyu and Panis live beyond the Rasa River. The Panis are a class of demons in the Rigveda, from paṇi-, a term for "bargainer miser" especially applied to one who is sparing of sacrificial oblations [17] That the river was a division between the "Devas" and the "Asuras" is also acknowledged in the Vedas. [18] Scholars such as Tilak [19] have connected "Rasa" to the Avestan "Rangha", which is supposed to have been near the Hapta Hindu. [20]

Symbolical and spiritual interpretations

Religious Hindu authors like Sri Aurobindo believe that words like Dasa are used in the Rig Veda symbolically and should be interpreted spiritually, and that Dasa does not refer to human beings, but rather to demons who hinder the spiritual attainment of the mystic. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sri Aurobindo (শ্রী অরবিন্দ Sri Ôrobindo) ( August 15, 1872 – December 5, 1950) was an Indian Many Dasas are purely mythical and can only refer to demons. There is for example a Dasa called Urana with 99 arms (RV II. 14. 4), and a Dasa with six eyes and three heads in the Rig Veda. [21]

According to Aurobindo (The Secret of the Veda), RV 5. 14. 4 is a key for understanding the character of the Dasyus:

Agni born shone out slaying the Dasyus, the darkness by the light, he found the Cows, the Waters, Swar. (transl. Aurobindo)[22][23]

Aurobindo explains that in this verse the struggle between light and darkness, truth and falsehood, divine and undivine is described. [24] It is through the shining light created by Agni, god of fire, that the Dasyus, who are identified with the darkness, are slain. The Dasyus are also described in the Rig Veda as intercepting and withholding the Cows, the Waters and Swar ("heavenly world"; RV 5. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" 34. 9; 8. 68. 9). It is not difficult, of course, to find very similar metaphors, equating political or military opponents with evil and darkness, even in contemporary propaganda. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people

K.D. Sethna (1992) writes: "According to Aurobindo,(. Kaikhosru Dadhaboy (KD Sethna (born 26 November 1904) is an Indian poet scholar writer philosopher and cultural critic . . ) there are passages in which the spiritual interpretation of the Dasas, Dasyus and Panis is the sole one possible and all others are completely excluded. There are no passages in which we lack a choice either between this interpretation and a nature-poetry or between this interpretation and the reading of human enemies. " And according to Koenraad Elst: "When it is said that Agni, the fire, “puts the dark demons to flight”, one should keep in mind that the darkness was thought to be filled with ghosts or ghouls, so that making light frees the atmosphere of their presence. Koenraad Elst (born 7 August 1959) is a Belgian Writer and Orientalist (without institutional affiliation And when Usha, the dawn, is said to chase the "dark skin" or "the black monster" away, it obviously refers to the cover of nightly darkness over the surface of the earth. " [25]

The Dasas/Dasyus and krsna or asikni

In the Rig Veda, Dasa, Dasyu and similar terms (e. g. Pani) occur sometimes in conjunction with the terms krsna ("black") or asikni ("black"). This was often the basis for a "racial" interpretation of the Vedic texts. But Sanskrit is a language that uses many metaphors. The word cow for example can mean Mother Earth, sunshine, wealth, language, Aum etc. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Sunlight, in the broad sense is the total spectrum of the Electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. Aum (also Om) ॐ is a mystical or sacred Syllable in the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religions Words like "black" have similarly many different meanings in Sanskrit, as it is in fact the case in most languages. Thus "black" has many symbolical, mythological, psychological and other uses that are simply unrelated to human appearance.

Also Iyengar (1914) commented on such interpretations: "The only other trace of racial reference in the Vedic hymns is the occurrence of two words, one krishna in seven passages and the other asikini in two passages. In all the passages, the words have been interpreted as referring to black clouds, a demon whose name was Krishna, or the powers of darkness. A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another Planetary body " (6-7, Iyengar, Srinivas. 1914. )

Sri Aurobindo [26] commented that in the RV III. Sri Aurobindo (শ্রী অরবিন্দ Sri Ôrobindo) ( August 15, 1872 – December 5, 1950) was an Indian 34 hymn, where the word Arya varna occurs, Indra is described as the increaser of the thoughts of his followers: "the shining hue of these thoughts, sukram varnam asam, is evidently the same as that sukra or sveta Aryan hue which is mentioned in verse 9. Indra carries forward or increases the "colour" of these thoughts beyond the opposition of the Panis, pra varnam atiracchukram; in doing so he slays the Dasyus and protects or fosters and increases the Aryan "colour", hatvi dasyun pra aryam varnam avat. "[27] Thus, Aurobindo sees the Arya varna or lustre of the thoughts that Indra increases as psychological. In several Lord Indra is also said to be a white bull with and his friends are the Maruts, who are horses so when the Rig Veda speaks of a certain color they mean the color of god as an animal. For example, the twin deities Nastya and Dasra are said to be "horse princes. " In some Rig Vedic verses, even Lord Agni is said to be the red bull that stands out from the dark bulls. Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word agni is Sanskrit for "fire" (noun cognate with Latin ignis [1]

The term krsnavonih in RV 2. 20. 7 has been interpreted by Asko Parpola as meaning "which in their wombs hid the black people". Sethna (1992) writes, referring to a comment by Richard Hartz, that "there is no need to follow Parpola in assuming a further unexpressed word meaning "people" in the middle of the compound krsnayonih", and the better known translation by Griffith, i. Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith (1826-1906 scholar of Indology, B e. "who dwelt in darkness" can be considered as essentially correct. [28] Another scholar, Hans Hock (1999), finds Karl Friedrich Geldner's translation of krsnayonih (RV 2. Friedrich Karl Geldner ( December 17, 1852 &ndash February 5, 1929) was a German Linguist best known for his analysis and 20. 7) as "Blacks in their wombs" and of krsnagarbha (RV 1. 101. 1) as "pregnant with the Blacks" "quite recherché" and thinks that it could refer to the "dark world" of the Dasas.

In RV 4. 16. 13, Geldner has assumed that "krsna" refers to "sahasra" (thousands). But this would be grammatically incorrect. If krsna would refer to "sahasra", it should be written as krsnan (acc. pl. masc. ). Hans Hock (1999) suggests that "krsna" refers to "puro" (forts) in this verse.

Tvac

There are three instances in the Rig Veda where the phrase krsna (or ashikni) tvac occurs, literally translating to "black (or swarthy) skin":

1. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism 130. 8de mánave śâsad avratân tvácaṃ kṛṣṇâm arandhayat
— "Plaguing the lawless he [Indra] gave up to Manu's seed the dusky skin" (trans. Griffith)
9. 41. 1 prá yé gâvo ná bhûrṇayas / tveṣâ ayâso ákramuḥ / ghnántaḥ kṛṣṇâm ápa tvácam[29]
— "active and bright have they come forth, impetuous in speed like bulls, Driving the black skin far away. " (trans. Griffith)
9. 73. 5cd índradviṣṭām ápa dhamanti māyáyā tvácam ásiknīm bhûmano divás pári[30]
— "Blowing away with supernatural might from earth and from the heavens the swarthy skin which Indra hates. " (trans. Griffith)

Tvac "skin" does, however, also take a secondary, more general meaning of "surface, cover" in the Rigveda, in particular referring to the Earth's surface. For this reason, there can be debate on whether instances of krsna tvac should be taken to refer literally to a "black skinned people". The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse Maria Schetelich (1990) considers it a symbolic expression for darkness. Similary, Michael Witzel (1995b) writes about terms like krsna tvac that "while it would be easy to assume reference to skin colour, this would go against the spirit of the hymns: for Vedic poets, black always signifies evil, and any other meaning would be secondary in these contexts". Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of Hans Hock argues along similar lines [31] This interpretation could also be viewed as nothing more than political bias against the suggestion of racism. Hans Henrich Hock is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Sanskrit at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that

The Rigvedic commentator Sayana explains the word tvacam krsna (RV 1. Sāyaṇa ( सायण, with honorific Sāyaṇācārya;died 1387 was an important commentator on the Vedas He flourished under King Bukka I 130. 8) as referring to an asura (demon) called Krsna whose skin was torn apart by Indra. In Hinduism In Hinduism, the Asura ( Sanskrit: असुर are a group of power-seeking deities sometimes referred to as Demons or sinful

Dasa, in Hinduism

The present day usage of Dasa in Hinduism has respectful connotation and not derogatory. It always means 'slave of god'. In the past, many saints from all castes added it in their names signifying their total devotion to god. An example is Mohandas Gandhi. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Another example is Surdas, the blind Brahmin poet. Surdas (1479-1586 was a Hindu devotional poet singer and a saint ( sant) who followed the Shuddhadvaita school of Brahmavada 'Das' is one of the common surnames of Brahmins, especially in East India. '. As any other proper word to translate the word "slave" is absent in Sanskritized Hindi, the word Dāsa is used for the same. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Further more in the bhakti yoga a person can be in a relationship with God in any of the 5 ways and one of the relationships is Dasyu-bhakta, meaning being a "slave of God" as said before. Bhakti Yoga ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति योग is a term within Hinduism which denotes the spiritual practice of fostering loving devotion to God All initiated male members of ISKCON have the word "dasa" at the end of their initiated names, meaning "servant", and all initiated female members of ISKCON have the words "devi dasi", which means "goddess servantess" (dasi is the feminine form of das) Example: Urmila devi dasi. The International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON) also known as 'the Hare Krishna ' movement is one of several Vaishnava groups Urmila Devi Dasi, (also known as Dr Edith E Best) was born in 1955 in New York City. Then the first part of their names is a name for something connected with divinity: often a name of Radha Krishna or Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Radha Krishna ( IAST rādhā-kṛṣṇa, Sanskrit राधा कृष्ण is a Hindu Deity. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (also transliterated Caitanya, IAST caitanya mahāprabhu) ( Bengali চৈতন্য মহাপ্রভূ (1486 -

References

  1. ^ (2006) Essays And Lectures On The Religions Of The Hindus: Religious Sects of the Hindus V1. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, p. 353. ISBN 1-4286-1308-0.  
  2. ^ Steven P. Hopkins (2007). An ornament for jewels: love poems for the Lord of Gods. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, p. 160. ISBN 0-19-532639-3.  
  3. ^ Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada ( Sanskrit:, abhaya-caraṇāravinda bhakti-vedānta svāmī prabhupāda, Bangla: অভয়চরনাবিন্দ C. (1972). The Bhagavad-gita As It Is, second edition. Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is is a translation and commentary of the Bhagavad Gita by A New York: Macmillan. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck
  4. ^ Talbot, Cynthia (2001). Precolonial India in practice: society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, p. 81. ISBN 0-19-513661-6.  
  5. ^ (e. g. 6. 22. 10, 6. 33. 3, 6. 60. 6), Ambedkar 1946, Who were the Shudras
  6. ^ RV 6. 33. 3, 7. 83. 1, 8. 51. 9, 10. 102. 3; Ambedkar, 1946, Who were the Shudras
  7. ^ e. g. , Asko Parpola (1988), Mayrhofer (1986-1996), Benveniste (1973), Lecoq (1990), Windfuhr (1999)
  8. ^ Parpola 1988:220-21
  9. ^ (G. Asko Parpola is a professor emeritus of Indology and South Asian Studies at the University of Helsinki, Finland. L. Windfuhr in Bronkhorst & Desphande (ed. ) 1999)
  10. ^ He places them near the Oxus. Parpola 1988
  11. ^ He places them on the northern border of Areia, at the Sindes (Tejend) River. Parpola 1988
  12. ^ Tacitus (109 CE), Book XI.
  13. ^ (G. L. Windfuhr in Bronkhorst & Desphande (ed. ) 1999)
  14. ^ R. C. Majumdar and A. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (December 4 1888- February 12 1980 was an Indian Historian and Vice-Chancellor of Dacca University. D. Pusalker (editors): The history and culture of the Indian people. Volume I, The Vedic age. Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1951, p. 253. Keith and Macdonell 1922.
  15. ^ (e. g. RV 5. 42. 9; 8. 45. 23; 10. 36. 9; 10. 160. 4; 10. 182. 3)
  16. ^ e. g. Sethna 1992, Elst 1999, Ambedkar 1946 Who were the Shudras
  17. ^ Khuhro, Hamida, P. 66 Sind Through the Centuries, 1981.
  18. ^ P. 3 The Sacred Books of the East By Friedrich Max Müller
  19. ^ Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, P. 364 The Arctic Home in the Vedas
  20. ^ P. 85 Gods, Sages and Kings: Vedic Secrets of Ancient Civilization By Dr. David Frawley
  21. ^ Parpola 1988, Sethna 1992:329
  22. ^ Sethna 1992:114-115 and 348-349
  23. ^ Which is translated by Griffith thus: Agni shone bright when born, with light killing the Dasyus and the dark He found the Kine, the Floods, the Sun. (trans. Griffith)
  24. ^ Sethna 1992:114-115 and 348-349
  25. ^ Elst 1999; Cf. Sir Monier-Williams: A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, entry tvac, Reference is to Rgveda 1:92:5 and 4:51:9. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit
  26. ^ Sethna 1992:114 and 340, Aurobindo, The Secret of the Veda, p. 220-21
  27. ^ Sethna 1992:114 and 340
  28. ^ Sethna 1992:337-338
  29. ^ note the sāhvâṃso dásyum avratám "vanquishing the rite less Dasyu" in the following verse.
  30. ^ again note the context of saṃdáhantaḥ avratân "burning up riteless men" in pada b.
  31. ^ Hock (1999). Hock also remarked that in RV 1. 65. 8, a similar metaphor is used. In this verse, "roma prthivyah" refers to the "body-hair of the earth", i. e. to the plants.

Further reading

See also

Mleccha (from Vedic Sanskrit म्लेच्छ mleccha, meaning "non- Aryan, Barbarian " is a derogatory term for people who did The Panis are a class of demons in the Rigveda, from paṇi-, a term for "bargainer miser" especially applied to one who is sparing of sacrificial oblations In Hinduism In Hinduism, the Asura ( Sanskrit: असुर are a group of power-seeking deities sometimes referred to as Demons or sinful The Daheans or Dahaeans (Dahae Δάοι Daoi, or Δάαι Daai) were a confederacy of three tribes who lived in the region to the immediate east of the
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