A darkroom is a workspace, usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle, made dark to allow photographers to use light-sensitive materials to develop film and photographic paper to make photographic prints. A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Darkrooms have been in use since the late 19th century for black and white photography. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Using black and white film, photographers could control every step of the photographic process.
Due to the complexity of processing colour film (see C-41 process) and printing color photographs, and to the rise, first of Polaroid technology and later digital photography, darkrooms are decreasing in popularity. This page list various photographic processes. Color Chromogenic positive ( Ektachrome) E-4 process C-41 is a Color print film developing process C-41 also known as CN-16 by Fuji CNK-4 by Konica and AP-70 by AGFA is the most popular film process in use with most photofinishing Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H Land. It is most famous for its Instant film Cameras which reached the market in 1948 and Digital photography is a form of Photography that utilizes Digital technology to make Digital images of subjects
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The darkroom
The darkroom does not have to be completely dark when making black and white prints. Most black and white print papers are only sensitive to blue light, or to blue and green light, so black and white darkrooms feature a specially-made red or amber coloured light, known as a safelight. Safelight is light used in a photographic Darkroom and is designed to provide illumination without that part of the light spectrum to which the material in use is sensitive It enables the photographer to work in the light so they can see what they are doing, without exposing the paper. A low-intensity orange or yellow light can also be used, but these are less common than the red safelight. Colour print paper, on the other hand, is sensitive to all parts of the visible spectrum and therefore must be kept in complete darkness until the prints are properly fixed. There is however a very dim amber safelight that can be used in colour photography, but it is so dim as to be of little use. For both colour or black and white paper, a "paper-safe" -- a light-proof box to safely store photographic paper not in use as opposed to the boxes and light-proof bags that the paper comes packaged in -- can be used. Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers
Another use for a darkroom is to load film in and out of cameras, development spools, or film holders, which requires complete darkness. Lacking a darkroom, a photographer can make use of a changing bag, which is a small bag with sleeved arm holes specially designed to be completely light proof and used to prepare film prior to exposure or developing. A changing bag is a bag specifically designed so that it does not allow light to enter while in usage
Exposure and Development
- Main article Photographic processing
The heart of most darkrooms is the enlarger, an optical apparatus similar to a slide projector that projects the image of a negative down onto a base, and finely controls the focus, amount, and duration of light. Photographic processing is the Industrial process by which conventional Photographic film is treated after Photographic exposure in order to produce the An enlarger is a specialised transparency Projector used to produce photographic prints from film or glass negatives using the Gelatin-silver In photography a negative may refer to three different things although they are all related On the base, a sheet of photographic paper, typically either Resin-coated or fibre-based paper, is exposed to the enlarged image from the negative. Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers
During exposure, values in the image can be adjusted, most often by "dodging" (reducing the amount of light to a specific area of an image by selectively blocking light to it for part or all of the exposure time) and/or "burning" (giving additional exposure to specific area of an image by exposing only it while blocking light to the rest). Dodging and burning are terms used in Photography for a technique used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of a selected area(s on a Photographic Filters, or thin pieces of colored plastic, can be used to increase or decrease an image's contrast, or the difference between dark tones and light tones. After exposure, the photographic printing paper (which still appears blank) is ready to be processed.
Note that some photographers who use large format (usually defined as 4x5" and larger sized film) cameras do not necessarily need to enlarge an image, but are able to produce a same sized print by placing the negative directly on top of the paper, usually pressing it down tight with glass. Large format describes large Photographic films large cameras View cameras (including Pinhole cameras and processes that use a film or digital sensor This is known as a contact print. A contact print is a photographic Image produced from a film, usually a negative, occasionally from a film positive
The paper that has been exposed by enlargement or by contact exposure needs to then be processed in order to become a permanent, viewable print.
For black-and-white images, this process is comprised at a minimum of four chemical steps: (1) development of the print in a photographic developer; (2) stopping of image development by water rinse or use of special stop bath); (3) "fixing" (making the image permanent and removing its light-sensitivity) of the image in a photographic fixer; then (4) washing of the print in order to remove the processing chemicals. In Film developing, photographic developer (or just developer) is a chemical that makes the Latent image on the film or print visible Stop bath is the second of three chemical baths usually used in processing traditional black-and-white Photographic films plates and paper. Photographic fixer is a chemical used in the final step in the Photographic processing of film or paper This is followed by drying the print. There are a variety of other, additional steps a photographer may take, such as toning. Photographic processing is the Industrial process by which conventional Photographic film is treated after Photographic exposure in order to produce the
It is possible to simulate the effects mentioned above by using image editing programs such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP. Image editing encompasses the processes of altering Images whether they be digital photographs traditional analog photographs or Illustrations The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free Raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs
See also
External links
- Instructions for Setting Up A Darkroom in Your Home
- Black and white darkroom resource center
- Darkroom safety
- Darkroom Discussion
- A collection of chemical recipes for the darkroom
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