Darknet - Citizendia

This article is about private file sharing networks. For machines or clusters of machines unreachable by other computers on the internet, see Dark internet. The terms dark internet or dark address refer to any or all of the unreachable network hosts on the Internet. For website content not indexed by search engines, see Deep Web. The deep Web (also called Deepnet, the invisible Web, or the hidden Web) refers to World Wide Web content that is not part of the Surface For unused fiber infrastructure, see Dark fiber. In Fiber-optic communications dark fiber or unlit fiber (or fibre refers to unused fibers, available for use

A darknet is a private virtual network where users connect only to people they trust. In its most general meaning, a darknet can be any type of closed, private group of people communicating, but the name is most often used specifically for file sharing networks. See Shared resource for the conventional meaning of file sharing File sharing refers to the providing and receiving of digital files over a "The darknet" can be used to refer collectively to all covert communication networks.

The term was originally coined in the 1970s to designate networks which were isolated from ARPANET (which evolved into the Internet) for security purposes. The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Some darknets were able to receive data from ARPANET but had addresses which did not appear in the network lists and would not answer pings or other inquiries. Ping is a Computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network it is also used to self test the network interface The root of the name is believed to be related to the term black box, which meant a system or device whose contents were unknown. Black box is a technical term for a device or system or object when it is viewed primarily in terms of its input and output characteristics Darknets that can take information from the larger net are also known as Data Motels, a reference to an advertising slogan for the commercial insect trap Roach Motel, where "roaches check in, but they don't check out".

The term gained public acceptance following publication of The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution, a 2002 article by Peter Biddle, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman, four employees of Microsoft who described the concept as follows:

The idea of the darknet is based upon three assumptions:

Any widely distributed object will be available to a fraction of users in a form that permits copying. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Peter Nicholas Biddle (born December 22, 1966) joined Microsoft in 1990 Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer

Users will copy objects if it is possible and interesting to do so.

Users are connected by high-bandwidth channels.

The darknet is the distribution network that emerges from the injection of objects according to assumption 1 and the distribution of those objects according to assumptions 2 and 3.

They argued that the presence of the darknet was the major hindrance to the development of workable DRM technologies. Digital rights management ( DRM) is a generic term that refers to Access control technologies used by hardware manufacturers publishers and Copyright holders This term has since seen usage in major media sources, including Rolling Stone and Wired, and it is also the title of a book by J.D. Lasica. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published Wired is a full-color monthly American Magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993 J D Lasica is the byline of Joseph Daniel Lasica an online Journalist and Blogger He is the author of Darknet Hollywood's War Against the Digital Generation

Lucas Gonze has compared "the darknets" to "the lightnet", which is the network in which content is freely shareable and available via standard URIs. History Webjay was a web-based Playlist service launched in early 2004 A Lightnet is a type of content and media sharing Network or Web portal in which resources are available to everyone and linked to via publicly available URIs In his estimation: "lightnet" is always singular (because everything in it is interoperable and interconnected), "darknets" is always plural (because by definition they are not interoperable or interconnected). (From a comment on The Jason Boog Show: Darknets and the Lightnet. )

When used to describe a file sharing network, the term is often used as a synonym for "friend-to-friend" -- both describing networks where direct connections are only established between trusted friends. A friend-to-friend (or F2F) computer network is a type of Peer-to-peer network in which users only make direct connections with people they know However, "darknet" can also be used in a broader sense to describe any private file sharing network. Private P2P networks are Peer-to-peer (P2P networks that only allow some mutually trusted computers to share files The most widespread file sharing networks, such as Kazaa, are not darknets, since peers will communicate with anybody else on the network. Kazaa Media Desktop (once capitalized as " KaZaA " but now usually written " Kazaa " is a Peer-to-peer File sharing application Popular darknet software includes Nullsoft's WASTE and Freenet. Nullsoft Inc is a Software house founded in 1997 by Justin Frankel. WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features Freenet is a decentralized Censorship -resistant Distributed data store originally designed by Ian Clarke. The current version of Freenet, unlike typical darknets, is capable of supporting potentially millions of users using an application of small world theory. Freenet is a decentralized Censorship -resistant Distributed data store originally designed by Ian Clarke. The small world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram examining the Average path length for Social networks of people in

Early versions of Apple's iTunes allowed users to specify the IP of a remote subnet and share their music with users in that subnet in a darknet-like fashion. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics iTunes is a proprietary digital media player application introduced by Apple Inc Newer versions disable that functionality, but still allow users to stream music within their own subnet; hacks such as ourTunes allow users on the same iTunes network to download each others' music with no loss of quality. ourTunes is an Open source Cross-platform Java -based File sharing client which allows users to connect to ITunes and share MP3

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GNUnet is a Free software framework for decentralized, Peer-to-peer networking. I2P (originally short for Invisible Internet Project, though it is not commonly referred to by this name anymore is a mixed-license free and Open source Tor ( The Onion Router) is a Free software implementation of second-generation Onion routing – a system enabling its users to communicate anonymously Turtle is a free Anonymous peer-to-peer network project being developed at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, involving professor Andrew WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features

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