Darius I of Persia, the Great
Great King (Shah) of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt
Relief of an Achaemenid king, Possibly Darius or Xerxes I, on the wall of Persepolis Palace
Reign	522 BC to 485 BC
Born	c. Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. Births 484 BC — Herodotus, Greek Historian 484 BC — Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek 549 BC
Died	485 BC
Predecessor	Smerdis(Bardiya)
Successor	Xerxes I
Royal House	Achaemenid Dynasty

Darius I the Great (c. Events and trends 546 BC — Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys Events By place Persian Empire Darius I, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of Smerdis, Bardiya or Bardia (𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹 Bardiya) was a son of Cyrus the Great whose name was allegedly usurped by an impostor a Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. 549 BC– 485 BC; Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁^[1] Dārayavahuš^[2]: "Upholder of good"^[3]) was the son of Hystaspes, and king of Persia from 522 BC to 485 BC. Events and trends 546 BC — Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys Births 484 BC — Herodotus, Greek Historian 484 BC — Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) Hystaspes may refer to Vishtaspa, the Avestan language name of Zoroaster's first patron Hystaspes father of King Darius I of Persia The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. Births 484 BC — Herodotus, Greek Historian 484 BC — Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek His name in modern Persian is داریوش (IPA: [dɒrjuʃ]), in Hebrew דַּרְיָוֶשׁ (Daryawesh), the ancient Greek sources call him Δαρεῖος (Dareios), and Indians called him दरायु (Darāyu) in Sanskrit. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Darius was the Latin spelling used by ancient Roman historians. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The English pronunciation is sometimes /'dæriəs/ or /də'raɪəs/. ^[4]

Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed that claimed two sons of Cyrus the Great,^[5] Darius I's reign was marked by revolt; twice Babylonia revolted, three times Susiana, and Ionian revolt precipitated several ill-fated Persian expeditions against Greece, including a defeat at Marathon. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this The Battle of Marathon ( Greek: Μάχη τοῡ Μαραθῶνος Machē tou Marathōnos) during the Greco-Persian Wars took place in 490 ^[6] Darius subjugated the nations of the Pontic and Armenian mountains, and extended Persian dominion to the Caucasus; for the same reasons he fought against the Saka and other Iranian steppe tribes, as well as the Turanians from beyond the Oxus. Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Tūrān ( is the ancient Iranian name for Central Asia, literally meaning "the land of the Tur" The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. In the process of these campaigns he made military reforms such as introducing conscription, pay for soldiers, military training and he also made changes in the army and navy. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority

Empire

Part of entrance hall from the imperial city of Persepolis founded by Darius the Great

Darius in his empire appears as a fervent worshiper of Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda ( ae Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator A great reformer and organizer, Darius thoroughly revised the Persian system of administration and also the legal code. His revisions of the legal code revolved around laws of evidence, slave sales, deposits, bribery, and assault. Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the Truth of an assertion As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another A deposit account is a current account at a Banking institution that allows money to be deposited and withdrawn by the account holder with the transactions and resulting balance Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand,

It was through the organization of the empire he became the true restorer of the heritage of Cyrus the Great. His organizing of provinces and fixing of tributes is described by Herodotus (iii. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash 90 if. ), evidently from good official sources. He divided the Persian Empire into twenty provinces, each under the supervision of a governor or satrap. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient The satrap position was usually hereditary and largely autonomous, allowing each province its own distinct laws, traditions, and elite class. Every province, however, was responsible for paying a gold or silver tribute to the emperor; many areas, such as Babylonia, underwent severe economic decline resulting from these quotas. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital

Each province also had an independent financial controller and an independent military coordinator as well as the satrap, who controlled administration and the law. All three probably reported directly to the king. This distributed power within the province more evenly and lowered the chance of revolt. Darius also increased the bureaucracy of the empire, with many scribes employed to provide records of the administration.

Soldiers of many nationalities served in the armies of Darius, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Egyptians, Jews and Arabs. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[7]

Building projects

A symbolic Imperial sculpture constructed during the reign of Darius I, palace of Persepolis, Iran. Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Persepolis ( Old Persian: Pārsa, Modern Persian: تخت جمشید/پارسه Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Many building projects were started during the reign of Darius, the largest being the building of the new capital of Persepolis. Persepolis ( Old Persian: Pārsa, Modern Persian: تخت جمشید/پارسه Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial Pasargadae was too well associated with the previous dynasty of Cyrus and Cambyses and so Darius sought a new capital. Pasargadae (پاسارگاد was a city in ancient Persia, and is today an Archaeological site and one of only five of Iran's UNESCO World Heritage The city would have walls sixty feet high and thirty-three feet thick and would be an enormous engineering undertaking. Darius' tomb was cut into a rock face not far from the city. He dug a canal from the Nile to Suez, and, as the fragments of a hieroglyphic inscription found there show, his ships sailed from the Nile through the Red Sea by Saba to Persia. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Suez (السويس) is a Seaport town (population ca 497000 in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez, near the southern Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. Sheba ( Hebrew: שבא, Sh'va, Arabic: سبأ Sabaʼ, Ge'ez, Amharic, Tigrinya: ሳባ Saba Darius also commissioned the extensive road network that was built all over the country. The Persepolis Tablets mention a ‘royal road’ from Susa to Persepolis and from Sardis to Susa built by Darius. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) Sardis, also Sardes ( Lydian: Sfard, Greek: Σάρδεις, Persian: Sparda) modern Sart in It was highly organised with rest stations, guarded garrisons, inns and apparently no bandits. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Inns are establishments where travellers can procure Food, Drink, and Lodging. This is about the television program Bandit as a general term refers to Outlaw. Darius is also remembered for his Behistun Inscription which was chiselled into the rock face near the town of Behistun. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's It showed Darius' successful ascension to the throne and described Darius' legitimacy to be king.

Economy, diplomacy and trade

Achaemenid Daric, circa 490BC. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of

Darius is often renowned above all as being a great financier. He fixed the coinage and introduced the golden Daric. The daric was a gold Coin used within the Persian Empire. It was of very high gold quality with a purity of 95 He developed commerce within the empire and trade without. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer For example, he sent an expedition down the Kabul and Indus Rivers, led by the Carian captain Scylax of Caryanda, who explored the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. Kabul River (or Kabal River;) classically called the Cophes (ˈkoʊˌfiːz is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources Scylax of Caryanda was an ancient Greek explorer from Caria. He lived during the 6th century BC The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Suez (السويس) is a Seaport town (population ca 497000 in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez, near the southern During his reign, the population increased and industries flourished in towns. Persia under Darius probably had connections with Carthage (cf. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers the Karka of the Nakshi Rustam inscription) of Sicily and Italy. Naqsh-e Rustam (in Persian: نقش رستم Nāqš-e Rostām) is an archaeological site located about 12 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars province Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest At the same time he attempted to gain the good-will of the subject nations, and for this purpose promoted the aims of their priests. He allowed the Jews to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem and it was finished in 516 BC, his sixth year. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name In Egypt his name appears on the temples which he built in Memphis, Edfu and the Great Oasis. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and Edfu (also spelt Idfu or in modern French as Edfou and known in antiquity as Behdet) is an Egyptian city located on the west bank He called the high-priest of Sais, Tzahor, to Susa (as we learn from his inscription in the Vatican Museum), and gave him full powers to reorganize the "house of life," the great medical school of the temple of Sais. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) The Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani in Viale Vaticano in Rome, inside the Vatican City, are one of the greatest museums in the world since they display works In the Egyptian traditions he is considered one of the great benefactors and lawgivers of the country. In similar relations he stood to the Greek sanctuaries (cf. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca his rescript to "his slave" Godatas, the inspector of a royal park near Magnesia on the Maeander, in which he grants freedom of taxes and forced labor to the sacred territory of Apollo); all the Greek oracles in Asia Minor and Europe therefore stood on the side of Persia in the Persian Wars and admonished the Greeks against attempting resistance. Magnesia on the Maeander is an ancient Greek city in Anatolia, located on the Maeander river upstream from Ephesus, near the town of Germencik An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion an Infallible authority usually spiritual in nature Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

Weights and measures were standardized (as in a "royal cubit" or a "king’s measure") but often they still operated side by side with their Egyptian or Babylonian counterparts. For the multi-touch interface see CUBIT (multi-touch. For the unit of information see Qubit. This would have been a boon for merchants and traders as trade would now have been far simpler. The upgraded communication and administration networks also helped to turn the Empire ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty into a seemingly commercial entity based on generating wealth. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of

Darius also continued the process of religious tolerance to his subjects, which had been important parts of the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses. Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own Darius himself was likely monotheistic - in royal inscriptions Ahuramazda is the only god mentioned by name. Ahura Mazda ( ae Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator However, there is considerable evidence that Darius worshiped, funded, and honored various pantheons of gods. A pantheon (from Greek Πάνθειον - pantheion, literally "a temple of all gods " neut This was important as the majority of the empire's inhabitants were polytheists. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals Also, like many other Persian Kings, he was strictly against slavery: for example, all the workers at Persepolis and other construction projects he commissioned were paid, which was revolutionary at the time. His human rights policies were also common to his ancestors and future Persian kings, continuing the legacy of the Cyrus Cylinder. The Cyrus cylinder, also known as the Cyrus the Great cylinder, is a document issued by the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great in the form of a clay

European campaigns

Scythians meeting with Darius, imaginative painting by Franciszek Smuglewicz, 1785

Darius on an ancient Greek vase

About 512 BC Darius undertook a war against the Scythians. Franciszek Smuglewicz (Pranciškus Smuglevičius (1745-1807 was a Polish draughtsman and painter In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th A great army crossed the Bosporus, subjugated eastern Thrace, Macedonia submitted voluntarily, and crossed the Danube. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The purpose of this war can only have been to attack the nomadic tribes in the rear and thus to secure peace on the northern frontier of the empire. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Yet the whole plan was based upon an incorrect geographical assumption; a common one in that era, and repeated by Alexander the Great and his Macedonians, who believed that on the Hindu Kush (which they called the Caucasus Indicus) and on the shores of the Jaxartes (which they called Tanais, i. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Tanais ( Greek: Τάναϊς Tánaïs) is the ancient name for the River Don in Russia. e. , the River Don) they were quite near to the Black Sea. The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Of course the expedition undertaken on these grounds could only prove a failure; having advanced for some weeks into the steppes of Ukraine, Darius was forced to return. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The details given by Herodotus (according to him, Darius had reached the Volga) are quite fantastic; and the account which Darius himself had given on a tablet, which was added to his great inscription in Behistun, is destroyed with the exception of a few words. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's

At the time, European Greece was intimately connected with the Greek cities on the coast of Asia Minor and as a result Athens and Eretria gave support to the Ionian Revolt against the Persians. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria on Euboea It should not be confused with Eretria in western Magnesia, Greece or the modern African nation The Ionian Revolts were triggered by the actions of Aristagoras, the Tyrant of the Ionian city of Miletus at the end of the 6th century Once the rebellion was put down, the Persians attempted to punish Athens and European Greece for meddling in the rebellion. But the first expedition, that of Mardonius, failed on the cliffs of Mount Athos (492 BC), and the army which was led into Attica by Datis in 490 BC was beaten at the Battle of Marathon. This page is about the historical figure for the Millipede Genus, see Mardonius (genus Mardonius (d Mount Athos (Όρος Άθως is a mountain on the Peninsula of the same name in Macedonia, of northern Greece, called in Greek Άγιον Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece For other uses of the word Dati, see the disambiguation page Datis or Datus was a Median admiral who served the Persian Empire The Battle of Marathon ( Greek: Μάχη τοῡ Μαραθῶνος Machē tou Marathōnos) during the Greco-Persian Wars took place in 490 Before Darius had finished his preparations for a third expedition an insurrection broke out in Egypt (486 BC). An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution In the next year Darius died, probably in October 485 BC, after a reign of thirty-six years. Events By place Persian Empire Darius I, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of

Offspring

The Achaemenid Empire under Darius I

By the daughter of Gobryas

• Artabazanes
• Ariabignes
• An unnamed son. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Gubaru (also Ugbaru, Old Persian: Gaubaruva "beef-eater" Elamite: Kambarma) was a common name of several Persian noblemen

By Atoosa

• Xerxes
• Achaemenes
• Hystaspes
• Masistes
• Mandane (sometimes identified with Sandauce)

By Artystone

• Arsames
• Gobryas
• Artazostre, wife of Mardonius

By Parmys, daughter of Smerdis

• Ariomardus

By Phratagune

• Abrocomes
• Hyperanthes

By Phaedymia, daughter of Otanes

Unknown

By unknown wives

• Ariamenes (sometimes identified with one of the three sons of Gobyias' daughter)
• Arsamenes
• The unnamed wife of Artoces
• The unnamed wife of Daurises
• The unnamed wife of Himeas
• Sandauce
• Ištin
• Pandušašša

See also

• List of people known as the Great
• Ardumanish
• Darius and his life are discussed by Gore Vidal in his novel Creation. Smerdis, Bardiya or Bardia (𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹 Bardiya) was a son of Cyrus the Great whose name was allegedly usurped by an impostor a The following is a comprehensive list of kings of Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. Events By place Persian Empire Darius I, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. Events By place Persian Empire Darius I, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of This is a list of people whose names in English are commonly appended with the phrase " the Great " or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own Ardumaniš was a Persian nobleman and son of Vakauka He was one of the seven conspirators who killed the Magian Gaumāta who had attempted to usurp the throne of Gore Vidal (born October 3 1925 ˌgɔər vɪˈdɑːl or /vɪˈdæl/ is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Playwright, Creation is an epic Historical fiction Novel by Gore Vidal which was published in 1981. This book's veracity of how Darius came to the throne has been widely disputed.

Notes

References

• Darius I the Great
• Brosius, M: Women in Ancient Persia, 559-331 BC, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998.
• Farrokh, Kaveh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1846031087.