For the Melbourne based Indie rock band see Dardanelles
- Further information: the Hellespont
The Dardanelles (Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı, Greek: Δαρδανέλλια, Dardanellia), formerly known as the Hellespont (Greek: Ελλήσποντος, Hellespontos), is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. See also Dardanelles Hellespont ( Turkish, Greek; ie "Sea of Helle" variously named in classical literature Hellespontium Pelagus Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly See also Dardanelles Hellespont ( Turkish, Greek; ie "Sea of Helle" variously named in classical literature Hellespontium Pelagus Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A strait is a narrow navigable Channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian It is located at approximately . The strait is 61 kilometers (38 mi) long but only 1. 2 to 6 kilometers (0. 75 to 4 mi) wide, averaging 55 meters (180 ft) deep with a maximum depth of 82 meters (300 ft). Water flows in both directions along the strait, from the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean via a surface current and in the opposite direction via an undercurrent.
Like the Bosporus, it separates Europe (in this case the Gallipoli peninsula) and the mainland of Asia. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu Yarımadası is located in Turkish Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles The strait is an International waterway, and together with the Bosporus, Dardanelles connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. International waterways Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey
The Turkish name Çanakkale Boğazı is derived from the major city adjoining the strait, Çanakkale (which takes its name from its famous castles; kale means "castle"). Çanakkale (ʧɑˈnɑkːɑle is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern (Asian coast of the Dardanelles (or A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. The name Dardanelles derives from Dardania, an ancient land on the Asian shore of the strait. Dardania in Greek mythology is the name of a City founded on Mount Ida by Dardanus from which also the region and the people took their name
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History
The strait has long had a strategic role in history. The ancient city of Troy was located near the western entrance of the strait and the strait's Asiatic shore was the focus of the Trojan War. Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her It was also the scene of the legendary Greek story of Hero and Leander. Hero and Leander is a Greek myth, relating the story of Hero, a priestess of Aphrodite who dwelt in a tower in Sestos, at the edge of the The Persian army of Xerxes I and later the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great crossed the Dardanelles in opposite directions to invade each other's lands, in 480 BC and 334 BC respectively. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Events By place Greece May — King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace Events By place Persian Empire The king of Caria, Pixodarus, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Orontobates. The Dardanelles were vital to the defense of Constantinople during the Byzantine period, and since the 14th century they have almost continuously been controlled by the Turks. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS
Gaining control or special access to the strait became a key foreign policy goal of the Russian Empire during the 19th century. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia — supported by Great Britain in the Dardanelles Operation — blockaded the straits in 1807. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Dardanelles Operation was the Royal Navy 's unsuccessful attempt to impose British demands on the Ottoman Empire as part of the Anglo-Turkish The naval Battle of the Dardanelles took place on 10 - 11 May, 1807 during the Russo-Turkish War (1806-12 part of the Napoleonic Wars Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829, in 1833 Russia forced the Turks to sign the Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelesi which required the straits to be closed to warships of non-Black Sea powers at Russia's request. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Russo–Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (less correctly spelled as Unkiar Skelessi) was a Treaty signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in This would have effectively given Russia a free hand in the Black Sea.
The treaty alarmed the Western powers, who feared the consequences of potential Russian expansionism in the Mediterranean could conflict with their own possessions and economic interest in the region. At the London Straits Convention in July 1841, the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia forced Russia to agree that only Turkish warships could traverse the Dardanelles in peacetime. In the London Straits Convention concluded on July 13th 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe at the time - Russia, the For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The United Kingdom and France subsequently sent their fleets through the straits to attack Crimea during the Crimean War in 1853, though this was done as allies of the Ottoman Empire. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common This convention was formally reaffirmed by the Congress of Paris in 1856, following the Russian defeat in the Crimean War, and it remained theoretically in force into the 20th century. The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, France Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
In 1915, the Allies sent a massive invasion force of British, Indian, Australian, and New Zealand troops to attempt to open up the strait. At the battle of Gallipoli, Turkish troops trapped the Allies on the beaches of the Gallipoli peninsula. The Battle of Gallipoli damaged the career of Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty who eagerly promoted the use of Royal Navy battleships to force open the straits. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were the members of the Board of Admiralty, which exercised command over the Royal Navy. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were The straits were mined to prevent Allied ships from penetrating them, although a British submarine did succeed in evading the minefields and sank a Turkish battleship off the Golden Horn in Istanbul. The Golden Horn ( Turkish: Haliç or Altın Boynuz, Greek: Χρυσόν Κέρας – Chrysón Kéras is an inlet of the Sir Ian Hamilton's Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was unsuccessful in its attempt to capture the Gallipoli peninsula, and a withdrawal was ordered in January 1916, after 10 months and more than 200,000 casualties. General Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton GCB GCMG DSO TD (16 January 1853 &mdash 12 October 1947 was a general in the British The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF was a World War I British Army headquarters formed in March 1915 that commanded all Allied forces at Gallipoli Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
Following the war, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres demilitarized the strait and made it an international territory under the control of the League of Nations. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Treaty of Sèvres ( 10 August 1920) was the Peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 This was amended under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships to traverse the straits freely. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Turkey rejected the terms of this treaty and subsequently remilitarized the area. The reversion to this old regime was formalized under the Montreux Convention of July 1936. The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits was a 1936 agreement that gives Turkey control over the Bosporus Straits and the Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The convention, which is still in force today, treats the straits as an international shipping lane but Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-Black Sea nations (like Greece or Algeria). The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's During World War II, when Turkey was neutral for almost the entire length of the conflict, the Dardanelles were closed to the ships of the belligerent nations. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
See also
- Dardanelles Commission
- Battle of the Dardanelles
- Action of 26 June 1656
- List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits
Trivia
- The acclaimed Australian indie rock band Dardanelles are named after the region. The Dardanelles Commission was an investigation into the disastrous 1915 Dardanelles Campaign. The Action of 26 June 1656 took place on 26 and 27 June 1656 inside the Dardanelles Strait. The list of maritime incidents in the Straits is a listing of major maritime casualties occurred in the Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits in Turkey. Dardanelles are a four-piece Indie rock band from Melbourne, Australia formed in early 2006
- The University of Washington fight song Bow Down to Washington includes the lyrics "It's harder to push them over the line than pass the Dardanelles. See Washington (disambiguation for other uses The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research University Bow Down to Washington is the official Fight song of the University of Washington. "
- The Dardenelles are mentioned in the opening song of the musical Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street, and in the 2007 film adaptation. Sweeney Todd The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a 2007 musical thriller and the Film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim and In the song "No Place Like London", the character Anthony Hope sings,
I have sailed the world, beheld its wonders
From the Dardanelles to the mountains of Peru. This is a list of the thirty-seven 6000m peaks in Peru as defined by a regain height or Prominence, above a col of 300m or more
References
External links
- Pictures of the city of Çanakkale
- Pictures of Çanakkale - Dardanelles
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University
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