Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7, 1931) is a former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis The Pentagon Papers is the popular name for a 14000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
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Biography
Ellsberg grew up in Detroit and attended Cranbrook Kingswood School, then attended Harvard University, graduating with a Ph.D. in Economics in 1959 in which he described a paradox in decision theory now known as the Ellsberg paradox. This article is about the private Pre K-12 school in the United States; For alternate uses including other Cranbrook Schools see Cranbrook (disambiguation. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Decision theory in Mathematics and Statistics is concerned with identifying the Values uncertainties and other issues relevant in a given The Ellsberg paradox is a Paradox in Decision theory and Experimental economics in which people's choices violate the Expected utility hypothesis He served as a company commander in the Marine Corps for two years, and then became an analyst at the RAND Corporation. The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis
A committed Cold Warrior, he served in the Pentagon in 1964 under Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara (and, in fact, was on duty on the evening of the Gulf of Tonkin incident, reporting the incident to McNamara). Cold warrior is a phrase used to describe the men and women involved in the shaping and executing of American and Soviet policy during the Cold War. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 1916 in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense The Gulf of Tonkin Incident is the name given to two separate incidents involving naval forces of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam and the United States He then served for two years in Vietnam working for General Edward Lansdale as a civilian in the State Department, and became convinced that the Vietnam War was unwinnable. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Edward Geary Lansdale ( February 6, 1908 &ndash February 23, 1987) was a U He further believed that nearly everyone in the Defense and State Departments felt, as he did, that the United States had no realistic chance of achieving victory in Vietnam, but that political considerations prevented them from saying so publicly. McNamara and others continued to state in press interviews that victory was "just around the corner. " As the war continued to escalate, Ellsberg became deeply disillusioned.
The Pentagon Papers
After returning from Vietnam, Ellsberg went back to work at the Rand Corp. As a Vietnam expert, he was invited, in 1967, to contribute to a top-secret study of classified documents regarding the conduct of the Vietnam War that had been commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia These documents later became known collectively as the Pentagon Papers. The Pentagon Papers is the popular name for a 14000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy Because he held an extremely high-level security clearance, Ellsberg was one of very few individuals who had access to the complete set of documents. For use by the United Nations, see Security Clearance (UN A security clearance is a status granted to individuals allowing them access to Classified They revealed that the government had knowledge, early on, that the war would not likely be won, and that continuing the war would lead to many times more casualties than was ever admitted publicly. A casualty is a person who is the victim of an accident injury or trauma. Further, the papers showed that high-ranking officials had a deep cynicism toward the public as well as disregard for the loss of life and injury suffered by soldiers and civilians.
Ellsberg was appalled by the cynicism and hypocrisy reflected in these papers, and, after a period of soul-searching, became determined to make their contents public. He knew that releasing the papers violated the trust placed in him by his colleagues, would damage reputations and would most likely result in his conviction and a lengthy prison sentence. In late 1969, with the assistance of his former Rand Corp. colleague, Anthony Russo, he secretly made several sets of photocopies of the papers (which was, in itself, a difficult undertaking). Anthony J "Tony" Russo Jr ( October 14, 1936 &ndash August 6, 2008) was an American researcher who assisted Throughout 1970, Ellsberg covertly attempted to persuade a few sympathetic U.S. Senators — among them J. William Fulbright, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and George McGovern, a leading opponent of the war — to release the papers on the Senate floor, because a Senator could not be prosecuted for anything he said on-the-record before the Senate. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives James William Fulbright ( April 9, 1905 &ndash February 9, 1995) was a United States Senator representing Arkansas from US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. George Stanley McGovern
When these efforts came to naught, Ellsberg finally leaked the documents to New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan. Cornelius Mahoney "Neil" Sheehan (born October 27, 1936 in Holyoke Massachusetts) is an American Journalist. On Sunday, June 13, 1971, the Times published the first (of 9) installment of the 7,000 page document. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. For 15 days, the Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration. However, on June, 30 the Supreme Court ordered publication to resume freely. Although the Times did not reveal Ellsberg as their source, he knew that the FBI would soon determine that he was the source of the leak. Ellsberg went underground for sixteen days, living secretly among like-minded people until deciding to turn himself in on June 28. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. He was not caught by the FBI, even though it was under enormous pressure from the Nixon Administration to find him.
On June 29, 1971, U.S. Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel (grəˈvɛl (born May 13 1930 is a former Democratic United States Senator from Alaska, who served two terms from Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent These portions of the Papers were subsequently published by Beacon Press. [1]
The Nixon administration also began a campaign to discredit Ellsberg. Nixon's plumbers broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Lewis Fielding, in an attempt to find damaging information. The White House Plumbers or simply the Plumbers is the popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established July 24 When they failed to find Ellsberg's file, they made plans to break into Fielding's home.
Fallout
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Nixon's Oval Office tape from June 14 shows H. R. Haldeman describing the situation to Nixon. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Timeline of the Watergate scandal &mdashRegarding attempts by the sitting U The Pentagon Papers is the popular name for a 14000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy The Watergate burglaries, which took place on May 28 and June 17, 1972, have been cited in testimony media accounts and popular works on Watergate as The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U This is about the 1974 case on the powers of President Richard Nixon New York Times Co v United States, 403 US 713 ( 1971) was a United States Supreme Court Per curiam decision Ben Haig Bagdikian (born 1920 Maraş, Ottoman Empire; now in Turkey) is an American Educator and Journalist Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The Archibald Cox Jr, ( May 17, 1912 &ndash May 29, 2004) was an American Lawyer who served as U John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) was White House Counsel to U Deep Throat is the Pseudonym given to the secret source who provided information to the Washington Post about the involvement of U William Mark Felt Sr (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, who retired in 1973 Everette Howard Hunt Jr ( October 9 1918 – January 23 2007) was an American Author and spy. Egil “Bud” Krogh Jr (born in Chicago, Illinois, United States is a lawyer who came to prominence as a Nixon Administration official who went George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Angelo J Lano was an American field agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington DC, notable for his work heading the investigation of John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and John Joseph Sirica ( March 19 1904 – August 14 1992) was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of The Watergate Seven were advisors and aides to United States President Richard M Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP (an acronym used derisively by critics of the Nixon administration was a Nixon The White House Plumbers or simply the Plumbers is the popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established July 24 The Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee convened by the United States Senate to investigate the Watergate burglaries and the ensuing Watergate The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Harry Robbins Haldeman (publicly known as H R Haldeman, and informally as Bob Haldeman) ( October 27, 1926 &ndash November 12,
- To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of gobbledygook. Gobbledygook or gobbledegook (sometimes shortened to gobbledegoo, gobbledeegook or other forms) is an English term used to describe nonsensical But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing: you can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment. And the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because it shows that people do things the President wants to do even though it's wrong, and the President can be wrong.
The release of these papers was politically embarrassing, not only to the incumbent Nixon Administration, but also to the previous Johnson and Kennedy Administrations. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of John Mitchell, Nixon's Attorney General, almost immediately issued a telegram to the Times ordering that it halt publication. John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement The Times refused, and the government brought suit against it.
Although the Times eventually won the trial before the Supreme Court, an appellate court ordered that the Times temporarily halt further publication. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Court of Appeal, Court of Appeals, and Appellate Division redirect here for a list of specific courts using those titles see Court of Appeal This was not the first successful attempt by the federal government to restrain the publication of a newspaper as Lincoln illustrated during the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers to other newspapers in rapid succession, making it clear to the government that they would have to obtain injunctions against every newspaper in the country to stop the story. The right of the press to publish the papers was upheld in New York Times Co. v. United States. New York Times Co v United States, 403 US 713 ( 1971) was a United States Supreme Court Per curiam decision
Trial and mistrial
On June 28, Ellsberg publicly surrendered to the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts in Boston. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts is the Federal district court whose jurisdiction is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, USA He was taken into custody believing he would spend the rest of his life in prison; he was charged with theft, conspiracy, and espionage.
In one of Nixon's actions against Ellsberg, G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, members of the White House Special Investigation Unit (also called the "White House Plumbers") broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Lewis Fielding, in September 1971, hoping to find information they could use to discredit him. George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Everette Howard Hunt Jr ( October 9 1918 – January 23 2007) was an American Author and spy. The White House Plumbers or simply the Plumbers is the popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established July 24 The revelation of the break-in became part of the Watergate scandal. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Due to the gross governmental misconduct, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, all valid charges against Ellsberg were eventually dropped. Leonard B Boudin ( July 20, 1912 - November 24, 1989) was a prominent Civil liberties Attorney and Left-wing Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. Charles Rothwell Nesson (born February 11, 1939) is the William F White House counsel Charles Colson was later prosecuted and pled no contest for obstruction of justice in the burglary of Fielding's office. Kingdoms in Conflict (1988 but I don't know where--> Charles (Chuck Wendell Colson (born October 16
Later life
Since the end of the Vietnam War, Ellsberg has continued his political activism, giving lecture tours and speaking out about current events. Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change During the runup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq he warned of a possible "Tonkin Gulf scenario" that could be used to justify going to war, and called on government "insiders" to go public with information to counter the Bush administration's pro-war propaganda campaign, praising Scott Ritter for his efforts in that regard. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia The Gulf of Tonkin Incident is the name given to two separate incidents involving naval forces of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam and the United States The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America This article is about the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. For more information on this particular part of the topic see Support and opposition for the 2003 invasion of Iraq William Scott Ritter Jr (born July 15 1961 is noted for his role as a chief United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq from 1991 to 1998 and later for his He later provoked criticism from the Bush administration for supporting British GCHQ translator Katharine Gun and calling on others to leak any papers that reveal government deception about the invasion. The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ is a British Intelligence agency responsible for providing Signals intelligence (SIGINT and Information Katharine Teresa Gun (born Katharine Teresa Harwood in 1974 is a former Translator for Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ a British Intelligence Ellsberg also testified at the 2004 conscientious objector hearing of Camilo Mejia at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support Camilo Ernesto Mejía (b Managua, Nicaragua, August 28, 1975) is a Nicaraguan American who was a former staff sergeant Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City.
Ellsberg was arrested, in November 2005, for violating a county ordinance for trespassing while protesting against George W. Bush's conduct of the Iraq War. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [1]
In September 2006, Ellsberg wrote in Harper's Magazine that he hoped someone would leak information about a U. Harper's Magazine (also Harper's) is a monthly general-interest Magazine of literature politics culture finance and the arts S. invasion of Iran before the invasion happened, to stop the war. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. [2] He reiterated this in a September 21, 2006 interview on The Colbert Report. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Colbert Report (/kolˈbɛr rəˈpɔr/&mdashthe t is silent in "Colbert" is a Peabody Award and Emmy Award winning American
Ellsberg is the recipient of the Inaugural Ron Ridenhour Courage Award; a prize established by The Nation Institute and The Fertel Foundation. The Ridenhour Prizes comprise awards in three categories given annually in recognition of those "who persevere in acts of truth-telling that protect the public interest promote social On September 28, 2006 he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Right Livelihood Award, established in 1980 by Jakob von Uexkull, is an award that is presented annually usually on December 9 to honour those "working on
In November of 2007, Daniel Ellsberg was interviewed by Brad Friedman on his Bradblog in regards to former FBI translator turned whistleblower Sibel Edmonds. Brad Friedman is a US self-described "election integrity muckraking Journalist jerk" blogger, Actor, director Sibel Deniz Edmonds (born 1970 is a Turkish-American former FBI Translator and founder of the National Security Whistleblowers Coalition (NSWBC "I'd say what she has is far more explosive than the Pentagon Papers," Ellsberg told Friedman. [3]
In a speech March 30, 2008 in San Francisco's UU church, Ellsberg observed that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi doesn't really have the power to declare that "Impeachment is off the table". Unitarian Universalism ( UUism) is a theologically liberal Religion characterized by its support for a "free and responsible search for truth Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi (born March 26 1940 is the current Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. Congress' oath of office requires them to "defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic". He also observes that under the US Constitution, Treaties, including the United Nations Charter, become the supreme law of the land that neither the States, the President, nor the Congress have the power to break. The United Nations Charter is the Treaty that forms and establishes the International organization called the United Nations. For example, if Congress votes to authorize an unprovoked attack on a sovereign nation, that wouldn't make it legal. Such a President could stand trial at the International Criminal Court for war crimes, and it is Congress' duty to impeach them regardless what agreements they may have made in the past. The International Criminal Court ( ICC or ICCt) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for Genocide, crimes against
Books
- Daniel Ellsberg. 2002. Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press. Viking Press is an American Publishing company currently owned by Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-03030-9
- Daniel Ellsberg. 2001. Risk, Ambiguity and Decision Routledge. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0-8153-4022-2 (Ellsberg's 1962 PhD was released as a book)
- The Pentagon Papers (As published in The New York Times) New York: Bantam Books. Bantam Books is a major US publishing house owned by Random House and is part of the Bantam Dell Publishing Group ISBN 0-552-64917-1.
- The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam. "Senator Gravel Edition", with documents not included in government version. Boston: Beacon Press. 5 volumes. ISBN 0-8070-0526-6 & ISBN 0-8070-0522-3.
- Online version of Gravel edition of the Pentagon Papers Complete text, with supporting documents, maps, and photos
Movie
- The Pentagon Papers (2003) is a historical film directed by Rod Holcomb about the Pentagon Papers and Daniel Ellsberg involvment in their publication. The year 2003 in film involved some significant events Releases of sequels took place with movies like 2 Fast 2 Furious, The Lord of the Rings The Return The historical drama is a Film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous persons Rod Holcomb is an American Television director and producer He has directed episodes of television series such as Quincy M Movie documented Ellsberg's life starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial.
See also
• Official name of the Pentagon Papers: "History of United States Decision-Making Process on Vietnam Policy, 1945-1967".
• The New York Times version of Pentagon Papers: June 13, 14, 15 and July 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 1971. Late in this year this edited version was published in the book "The Pentagon Papers as published by N. Y. Times", Bantam Books, Toronto - New York - London, 1971.
• "United States-Vietnam Relations 1945-67, Department of Defense Study", 12 vols. , Government Printing Office, Washington, 1971. This is the official and complete edition of the Pentagon Papers, published by the Government after the release by the press.
• UNGAR, Sanford, "The Papers and the Papers. An account of the legal and political battle over the Pentagon Papers", E. P. Dutton & Co, New York, 1972.
References
- ^ The Pentagon Papers, Senator Mike Gravel, Beacon Press. Retrieved on December 5, 2005. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
External links
- Official website for "Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers"
- The Truth-Telling Project - Project formed by Ellsberg for whistleblowers
- "Top Secret: Battle for the Pentagon Papers" a resource site that supports a currently-playing docu-drama about the Pentagon Papers. This is an article about a term For the 2008 RTÉ drama see Whistleblower (TV series. The site provides historical context, time lines, bibliographical resources, information on discussions with current journalists, and helpful links.
- Democracy Now! Special: "How the Pentagon Papers Came to Be Published by the Beacon Press: Mike Gravel and Daniel Ellsberg (audio/video and transcript)
- Interview starts at 9:30
- 2006 Right Livelihood Award Recipient Daniel Ellsberg
- Ron Ridenhour Courage Award
- Notes on Iraq War and Further Escalation
- Bush as Col. Kurtz- Comparison of Vietnam and Iraq viz Apocalypse Now
- Ellsberg at Roskilde Universitets Center
- - Interview at Petaluma Progressive Festival 2005 - Elaine Lucia interviews Daniel Ellsberg and Matt Gonzales re: voter reform and other topics - audio only
- Daniel Ellsberg /Bill Kristol debate Iraq war in 2003 on cspan
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ellsberg, Daniel |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | military analyst and anti-war activist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 7, 1931 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| DATE OF DEATH | living |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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