Dalmatian
Spoken in:	Croatia, Montenegro
Region:	Adriatic coast
Language extinction:	10 June 1898, when Tuone Udaina was killed
Language family:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Italo-Dalmatian      Dalmatian
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	roa
ISO 639-3:	dlm
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Tuone Udaina (died June 10, 1898; Antonio Udina in Italian was the last speaker of the Dalmatian language. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE!

The Dalmatian speakers lived in the coastal towns: Zadar, Trogir, Split, Dubrovnik and Kotor (Iadera, Tragurium, Spalatum, Raugia and Cattaro), each of these cities having a local dialect, and also on the islands of Krk, Cres and Rab (Vikla, Crepsa and Arbe)

Contents 1 Dialects 1.1 Ragusan 1.2 Vegliot 2 History 3 Characteristics 3.1 Similarities to Romanian 3.2 Vocabulary 3.3 Grammar 4 Language sample 4.1 Parable of the Prodigal Son 5 External links 6 References

Dialects

Almost every city developed its own dialect; however, most disappeared before they were recorded, so the only trace of these ancient dialects is some words borrowed into Croatian local dialects. Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, with a population of 72717 (2001 Trogir ( Italian & Dalmatian: Traù, Tragurium Greek Tragurion, Trau is a historic town and Harbour on the Adriatic Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro Krk ( Italian Veglia, German: Vegl; Latin Curicta) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea Cres (pronounced "Tsres" in Croatian, Cherso Kersch Crepsa Greek: Chèrsos, Χερσος) is an Adriatic island Rab ( Italian Arbe, German: Arbey) is an island and a town of the same name located just off the northern Croatian coast in

Ragusan

Ragusan is the Southern dialect. Its name is derived from the Italian name of Dubrovnik, Ragusa. It was discovered in two letters, from 1325 and 1397, and other medieval texts, which show a language influenced heavily by Venetian. Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. The available sources include hardly 260 Ragusan words. Surviving words include pen (bread), teta (father), chesa (house) and fachir (to do), which were quoted by an Italian, Fillipo Diversi, the rector of Ragusa in the 1430s.

The Republic of Ragusa had at one time an important fleet, but its influence decreased. The Republic of The language was in trouble in the face of Croatian expansion, as the Ragusan Senate decided that all debates had to be held in lingua veteri ragusea (ancient Ragusan language) and the use of the lingua sclava (Croatian) was forbidden. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Nevertheless, in the 16th century, Ragusan fell out of use and became extinct.

Vegliot

Vegliot (the native name being Viklasun^[1]) is the Northern dialect and it is derived from the Italian name of Krk, Veglia, an island in Kvarner. Krk ( Italian Veglia, German: Vegl; Latin Curicta) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea On the inscription dating from the beginning of the 4th century, Krk is named as "Splendissima civitas Curictarum". As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The Croatian name derives from the Roman name (Curicum, Curicta), while the younger title Vecla – Vegla – Veglia (meaning "Old Town") was created in the medieval Romanesque period.

The last speaker of any Dalmatian dialect was Tuone Udaina Burbur (in Italian: Antonio Udina), who was killed by a landmine on June 10, 1898. Tuone Udaina (died June 10, 1898; Antonio Udina in Italian was the last speaker of the Dalmatian language. A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^{[2] [3]} His language was studied by an Italian scholar, Matteo Giulio Bartoli, who visited him in 1897 and wrote down approximately 2800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book that has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. Matteo Giulio Bartoli ( 22 November 1873, Albona &ndash 23 January 1946, Turin) was an Italian linguist from Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Bartoli wrote in Italian and published a translation in German (Das Dalmatische) in 1906. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Italian language manuscripts were lost, and the work was not retranslated into Italian until 2001. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

History

The Romans gradually occupied the territory of Illyria between 229 BC and 155. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Illyria ( Albanian Iliria ( Ancient Greek; Latin Illyria; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the Events By place Greece The First Illyrian War starts when the Roman Senate dispatches an army under the command of the Consuls The traders and the authorities spoke Latin and the inhabitants mostly abandoned their language for Latin (in fact, the "Vulgar Latin"). Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin It is noteworthy that there were some Roman Emperors of Illyrian origin; the best known are Aurelian, Diocletian and Constantine I. Lucius Domitius Aurelianus ( September 9, 214 or 215 &ndashSeptember or October 275 known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270&ndash275 Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Illyrian towns continued to speak Latin and their language evolved relatively independently from other Romance languages, progressing towards a regional variant and finally to a distinct language called Dalmatian language. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The earliest reference on the language dates from the 10th century and it is estimated that about 50,000 people spoke it at that time (according to the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli, however, that number is probably exaggerated). Matteo Giulio Bartoli ( 22 November 1873, Albona &ndash 23 January 1946, Turin) was an Italian linguist from The Dalmatian language is a Romance language that was spoken along the eastern Adriatic in the Dalmatian coast from Rijeka as far south as Kotor in Montenegro. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Dalmatian speakers lived mainly in the coastal towns of Iadera (Zadar), Tragurium (Trogir), Spalatum (Split), Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Acruvium (Kotor), each of these cities having a distinct local dialect, and also on the islands of Curicta (Krk), Crepsa (Cres) and Rab. Tragurium is a Catholic Titular see, corresponding to present-day Trogir in Croatia Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro Krk ( Italian Veglia, German: Vegl; Latin Curicta) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea Cres (pronounced "Tsres" in Croatian, Cherso Kersch Crepsa Greek: Chèrsos, Χερσος) is an Adriatic island Rab ( Italian Arbe, German: Arbey) is an island and a town of the same name located just off the northern Croatian coast in
Almost every city developed its own dialect, but the most important dialects we have information on are the Vegliot a northern dialect, spoken on the island of Curicta and the Ragusan', a southern dialect, spoken at Dubrovnik . ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; The dialect of Iadera disappeared because of strong Venetian influence while the two other dialects due even to the assimilation by Slavic language speakers.
We know about the Dalmatian dialect of Ragusa from two letters, dated 1325 and 1397, as well as from other medieval texts. The available sources include roughly 260 Ragusan words. Surviving words include pen (bread), teta (father), chesa (house) and fachir (to do), which were quoted by an Italian, Fillipo Diversi, the head of school of Ragusa in the 1430s. Other languages, namely Croatian and the Venetian dialect of Italian influenced Dalmatian, but without erasing its Latin roots (superstrates). Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The oldest preserved documents written in Dalmatian are 13th century inventories in the Ragusan dialect. A letter of the 14th century from Zadar shows strong Venetian influence, which was also the cause of its extinction soon after.

Characteristics

Once thought to be a language that bridged the gap between the Romanian language and Italian, it was only distantly related to the nearby Romanian dialects, such as the nearly extinct Istro-Romanian, also spoken in nearby Istria, Croatia. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Istro-Romanian is an Eastern Romance language, or a Dialect of the Romanian language. This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Some of its features are quite archaic; for example, Dalmatian is one of the two Romance languages (the other one is Sardinian) that did not palatalise /k/ and /g/ before /e/ and /i/: Latin cenare > Vegliot: kenur (to dine). Sardinian ( Sardu, Saldu) is after Italian the main language spoken in the island of Sardinia, Italy, remarkable for being the most conservative

Some of its words have been preserved as borrowings in South Slavic languages, chiefly in Croatian, and also a few in Albanian. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco -

Similarities to Romanian

Among the similarities with Romanian, there are some consonant shifts that can be found among the Romance languages only in Dalmatian and Romanian:

source	destination	Latin	Vegliot	Romanian	Italian	Meaning
/kt/	/pt/	octo	guapto	opt	otto	eight
/ŋn/	/mn/	cognatus	comnut	cumnat	cognato	cognate
/ks/	/ps/	coxa	copsa	coapsa	coscia	thigh

Vocabulary

Dalmatian kept Latin words related to urban life, present too in Romanian, such as čituot (city), (in Romanian cetate). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Dalmatians retained an active urban society in their city states, whereas most Romanians were driven into small mountain settlements during the Great Migrations of the Dark Ages. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe

Also, unlike Romanian, Dalmatian did not keep any substrate words of Thracian or Illyrian origin, as the speakers are considered to have initially been colonists, not a Romanized population.

Venetian became a major influence on the language as Venice's commercial influence grew. Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. The Chakavian dialect and Dubrovnik Jekavian dialect in Croatia, which was spoken outside the cities since the Slavs migrated, gained importance in the cities by the 16th century, and it eventually completely replaced Dalmatian as a day-to-day language. Chakavian dialect ( Čakavian; Croatian: čakavski, proper name čakavica or čakavština) is a dialect of the Croatian language ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Grammar

An analytic trend can be observed in Dalmatian: nouns and adjectives began losing their gender and number inflections, the noun declension disappeared completely and the verb conjugations began to follow the same path; however, the verb maintained a person and number distinction, except in the third person (in common with Romanian and several dialects of Italy). In morphological typology (in linguistics an isolating language (also analytic language) is any Language in which words are composed of

The definite article is used as a preposition, unlike the Eastern Romance languages (like Romanian) which have it postposed to the noun. The Eastern Romance languages, sometimes known as the Vlach languages, are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe

Language sample

Here are examples of the Lord's prayer in Latin, Dalmatian, Italian, Istro-Romanian and Romanian:

Latin	Dalmatian	Italian	Istro-Romanian	Romanian
Pater noster, qui es in caelis:	Tuota nuester, che te sante intel sil,	Padre nostro, che sei nei cieli,	Ciace nostru car le şti en cer,	Tatăl nostru care eşti în ceruri,
sanctificetur Nomen Tuum;	sait santificuot el naun to. The Lord's Prayer, also known as the Our Father or Pater noster, is probably the best-known Prayer in Christianity. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance	sia santificato il tuo nome.	neca se sveta nomelu teu.	sfinţească-se numele tău.
adveniat Regnum Tuum;	Vigna el raigno to.	Venga il tuo regno.	Neca venire craliestvo to.	Vie împărăţia ta.
fiat voluntas Tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra.	Sait fuot la voluntuot toa, coisa in sil, coisa in tiara.	Sia fatta la tua volontà, come in cielo così in terra.	Neca fie volia ta, cum en cer, aşa şi pre pemânt.	Facă-se voia ta, precum în cer, aşa şi pe pământ.
Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie;	Duote costa dai el pun nuester cotidiun.	Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano	Pera nostre saca zi de nam astez.	Pâinea noastră cea de toate zilele, dă-ne-o nouă astăzi.
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,	E remetiaj le nuestre debete,	E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti,	Odproste nam dutzan,	şi ne iartă nouă păcatele noastre,
Sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris;	coisa nojiltri remetiaime a i nuestri debetuar.	come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori.	ca şi noi odprostim a lu nostri dutznici.	precum şi noi le iertăm greşiţilor noştri.
et ne nos inducas in tentationem;	E naun ne menur in tentatiaun,	E non ci indurre in tentazione,	Neca nu na tu vezi en napastovanie,	Şi nu ne duce pe noi în ispită,
sed libera nos a Malo.	miu deleberiajne dal mal.	ma liberaci dal male.	neca na zbăveşte de zvaca slabe.	ci ne mântuieşte de cel rău.

Parable of the Prodigal Son

. . . E el daic: Jon ciairt jomno ci avaja doi feil, e el plé pedlo de louro daic a soa tuota: Tuota duoteme la puarte de moi luc, che me toca, e jul spartait tra louro la sostuanza e dapù pauch dai, mais toich indajoi el feil ple pedlo andait a la luorga, e luoc el dissipuat toich el soo, viviand malamiant. Muà el ju venait in se stiass, daic: quinci jomni de journata Cn cuassa da me tuota i ju bonduanza de puan e cua ju muor de fum.

External links

• Dalmatian language at Ethnologue

References

• Bartoli, Matteo Giulio, (1906) Das Dalmatische (2 vols), Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna
• Bartoli, Matteo Giulio. Matteo Giulio Bartoli ( 22 November 1873, Albona &ndash 23 January 1946, Turin) was an Italian linguist from (2000) Il Dalmatico, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Italy (translation from the German original)
• Fisher, John. (1975). Lexical Affiliations of Vegliote, Rutherford, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ISBN 0-8386-7796-7
• Hadlich, Roger L. (1965) The phonological history of Vegliote, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press
• Price, Glanville. (April 2000) Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. ISBN 0-631-22039-9; Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK;

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