Dalmatia (South Slavic languages ^[1]: Dalmacija; Italian: Dalmazia; Latin: Dalmatia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Croatia and spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor (in Montenegro) in the southeast. South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant Rab ( Italian Arbe, German: Arbey) is an island and a town of the same name located just off the northern Croatian coast in History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The hinterland, Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers wide in the south. Zagora, sometimes also called Dalmatian Zagora ("dalmatinska Zagora" is a the southern inland region of Croatia. Bosnia has a few kilometers of seashore in southern Dalmatia. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan

Contents 1 Definitions 2 Geography 3 Administrative division 4 History 4.1 Classical antiquity 4.2 Middle Ages 4.2.1 Arrival of the Slavs 4.2.2 Rivalry between Venice, Byzantium, Croatia and Hungary 4.3 Modern era (1420-1797): Venetian-Turkish rivalry 4.3.1 The Republic of Ragusa 4.4 Napoleonic times 4.5 Dalmatia in the time of Nationalisms 4.5.1 Austria-Hungary 4.5.2 After Word War I: Italian-Yugoslavian rivalry 4.6 Dalmatia in Yugoslavia 4.7 Contemporary Dalmatia 5 Postage stamps 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Definitions

In antiquity historical region of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Dalmatia, stretching from Istria to historical Albania. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Dalmatia was an ancient Roman province Its name is probably derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae which lived in the area of the eastern This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but it was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by groups identified as A carbonate platform is a sedimentary body which possesses Topographic relief and is composed of autochthonous calcareous deposits (Wilson 1975 Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble Bedrock, usually Carbonate rock such as Limestone Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge"

Among other things, the ecclesiastical primatical territory today continues to be larger because of the history: it includes part of modern Montenegro (another former republic of Yugoslavia), notably around Bar (Antivari), the (honorary) Roman Catholic primas of Dalmatia, but an exempt archbishopric without suffragans while the archbishoprics of Split (also a historical primas of Dalmatia) have provincial authority over all Croatian dioceses except the exempt archbishopric of Zadar. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Bar ( Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Бар Italian: Antivari, Albanian: Tivari, Greek: Θηβάριον Primate (from the Latin Primus, "first" is a title or rank bestowed on some Bishops in certain Christian churches In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead A suffragan bishop is a Bishop subordinate to a Metropolitan bishop or Diocesan bishop. Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, with a population of 72717 (2001

The southernmost transitional part of historical Dalmatia, the Gulf of Kotor, is not part of present-day Croatian Dalmatia, but part of Montenegro. History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus

Geography

Most of the area is covered by Dinaric Alps mountain ranges running from north-west to south-east.

On the coasts the climate is Mediterranean, further in the inland it is moderate continental. On the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. In the southern part winters are milder.

During the centuries many woods have been cut down and replaced with bush and brush. There is evergreen vegetation on the coast.

The soils are generally poor, except on the plains where areas with natural grass, fertile soils and warm summers provide an opportunity for tillage. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers and poor soils, although certain cultures such as olives and grapes flourish.

Resources of energy are scarce. Hydropower stations are largely used in energetics. There is a considerable amount of bauxite.

The largest Dalmatian mountains are Dinara, Mosor, Svilaja, Biokovo, Moseć and Kozjak. Dinara is one of the more prominent Mountains located on the border of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mosor is a mountain range in Croatia located near the town of Split on the Adriatic coast. Biokovo is second-highest mountain range in Croatia, located along the Dalmatian coast of Adriatic, between the rivers of Cetina and Neretva Kozjak ( is a mountain that is situated on the border between the Republic of Macedonia and Serbia. The regional coherent geographical unit of historical Dalmatia, coastal region between Istria and the Gulf of Kotor includes the Orjen mountain in Montenegro as the highest peak at 1894 m. Orjen ( Serbian Cyrilic: Орјен is a Dinaric Mediterranean Limestone Mountain range in Montenegro - In present-day Dalmatia, the highest peak is Dinara (1913 m), which is not a coastal mountain, while the highest coastal Dinaric mountains are on Biokovo (Sv. Jure 1762 m) and Velebit (Vaganjski vrh 1758 m).

The largest Dalmatian islands are Dugi Otok, Ugljan, Pašman, Brač, Hvar, Korčula, Vis, Lastovo and Mljet. Dugi Otok ( Croatian for “Long Island” Italian: Isola Lunga) is an island in the Adriatic Sea, part of Croatia. Ugljan (Italian Ugliano) is a Croatian Island in the Zadar Archipelago, northwest of the island of Pašman and southeast Pašman is an Island off the coast of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia, located to the south of Zadar, surrounded by the islands Ugljan Brač (ˈbɾaːtʃ Latin Bretia, Brattia; Italian: Brazza; German: Bratz; is an island in the Adriatic Hvar ( local Croatian dialect: Hvor or For, Pharos Φαρος Pharina Lesina is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, located off Korčula ( Greek Κορκυρα Μελαινα Latin Corcyra Nigra, Korkyra Melaina, Old-Slavic Krkar, Venetian Vis ( Greek: Issa) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, the furthest inhabited island Lastovo ( Italian: Lagosta, German: Augusta, Latin: Augusta Insula, Greek: Ladestanos, Illyrian The rivers are Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina and Neretva. Zrmanja is a river in southern Lika and northern Dalmatia, Croatia. Krka is a River in Croatia 's Dalmatia region with length circa 73 km it is famous for its numerous Waterfalls The river has its Cetina is also a place in Zaragoza, Spain. Cetina is a River in southern Croatia. Neretva is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The total length is 225 km of which 203 km are in Herzegovina, while the final 22 km are in the

The Adriatic Sea's good water quality,^[2] along with the immense number of coves, islands and channels, makes Dalmatia an attractive place for nautical races and nautical tourism. Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards A cove is a circular or Oval Coastal Inlet with a narrow entrance An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant A strait is a narrow navigable Channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water Nautical tourism is an increasingly popular activity It is also a very profitable industry which includes sailing and tourists and nautical enthusiasts staying on board

Dalmatia also includes several national parks that are tourist attractions: Paklenica karst river, Kornati archipelago, Krka river rapids and Mljet island. A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution The Paklenica Karst river Canyon is a National park in Croatia. Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble Bedrock, usually Carbonate rock such as Limestone "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The Croatian Kornati Archipelago (Ialian Arcipelago delle Incoronate) is located in northern Dalmatia, south of Zadar, but in An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian Krka is one of the Croatian National parks named after the river Krka that it encloses RAPID is an acronym for Rural Address Property IDentification a scheme instituted in New Zealand to assist emergency services in identifying and locating rural properties Mljet ( Latin: Melita, Italian: Meleda) is the most southerly and easterly of the larger Adriatic Islands of the

Administrative division

Dalmatia is today splitted between Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia. Montenegro owns the southern area, around Kotor, whilst Bosnia owns a short coastal strip around the city of Neum. Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro Neum ( Latin Neum, Greek Nèon, Νεον) is the only seaside town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The greater part of Dalmatia is Croatian and it is composed of four counties, the primary cities of which are Zadar, Šibenik, Split and Dubrovnik. Šibenik is a historic town in Croatia, population 51553 (2001 ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Other large cities in Croatian Dalmatia include Biograd, Kaštela, Sinj, Solin, Omiš, Knin, Metković, Makarska, Trogir, Ploče, Trilj and Imotski. Biograd na Moru ( Italian: Zaravecchia, Venetian: Xara Vècia) is a city and municipality in northern Dalmatia, Croatia Kaštela is a series of seven towns in central Dalmatia, located northwest of Split, west of Solin and east of Trogir, in Croatia. Sinj is a town in the continental part of Split-Dalmatia county, Croatia, at. Omiš (Population 15800; Area 266 km² (103 mi² - the City and port in Dalmatia Croatia (Dalmacija Hrvatska located approximately 25 km (16 miles south-east of the Croatia's Knin ( Croatian: Knin Latin and medieval Hungarian: Tinin, Italian Tenin, Serbian: Книн is a historical town in the Education Metković has the following education facilities Primary schools Stjepan Radić Primary school ( Croatian Makarska ( Italian: Macarsca; German: Macharscha) is a small town on the Adriatic coastline of Croatia, about 60 km southeast Trogir ( Italian & Dalmatian: Traù, Tragurium Greek Tragurion, Trau is a historic town and Harbour on the Adriatic Ploče is a town and a notable Seaport in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county of Croatia, population 6537 (2001 total municipality population 10834 (2001 Trilj (In Italian Treglia, in Latin Pons Tiluri) is a town in inland Dalmatia, Croatia. Imotski is a small town situated in the Dalmatian hinterland of Croatia.

History

History of Dalmatia

Dalmatae

Dalmatia (Roman province)

Pagania

Republic of Ragusa

Republic of Poljica

Illyrian provinces

Kingdom of Dalmatia

Littoral Banovina

Main article: History of Dalmatia

Classical antiquity

Main article: Dalmatia (Roman province)

Dalmatia's name is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae who lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 1st millennium BC. This article is a detailed account of the history of the Croatian region of Dalmatia. The Dalmatae (or Greek language Delmatoi - Δελματοί) were an ancient people who inhabited the core of what would then become known as Dalmatia after Dalmatia was an ancient Roman province Its name is probably derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae which lived in the area of the eastern Pagania, Merania or Neretvia (the Narentine Frontier, Ancient Greek:, Italian: Narentani The Republic of The Poljica (Poglizza Republic or Duchy ( Croatian: Poljička republika, in older form " Poljička knežija " The Illyrian Provinces (Provinces illyriennes Ilirske province Ilirske pokrajne Province Illiriche were lands on the north and east coasts of the Adriatic Sea which were The Kingdom of Dalmatia was an administrative division (kingdom of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1815 to 1918 The Littoral Banovina or Littoral Banate ( Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Primorska banovina) was a province ( banovina) This article is a detailed account of the history of the Croatian region of Dalmatia. Dalmatia was an ancient Roman province Its name is probably derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae which lived in the area of the eastern Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly The Dalmatae (or Greek language Delmatoi - Δελματοί) were an ancient people who inhabited the core of what would then become known as Dalmatia after The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires It was part of the Illyrian Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the Illyrian Wars (220, 168 BC) when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva. Illyria ( Albanian Iliria ( Ancient Greek; Latin Illyria; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the In the Illyrian Wars of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the Neretva river valley and suppressed the The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Neretva is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The total length is 225 km of which 203 km are in Herzegovina, while the final 22 km are in the The name "Dalmatia" was in use probably from the second half of the 2nd century and certainly from the first half of the 1st century BC, defining a coastal area of the eastern Adriatic between the Krka and Neretva rivers. The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. KRKA (1079 FM, "HOT 1079" is a Rhythmic Top 40 serving the Lafayette area Neretva is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The total length is 225 km of which 203 km are in Herzegovina, while the final 22 km are in the ^[3] It was slowly incorporated into Roman possessions until the Roman province of Illyricum was formally established around 32-27 BC. The Roman province of Illyricum replaced the formerly independent kingdom of Illyria.

Dalmatia then became part of the Roman province of Illyricum. The Roman province of Illyricum replaced the formerly independent kingdom of Illyria. In 9 AD the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts^[4] together with the Pannonians, but it was finally crushed, and in 10 AD, Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia which spread into larger area inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps and most of the eastern Adriatic coast. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides ( Croatian and Bosnian: Dinarsko gorje or Dinaridi, Alpet Dinaride ^[5] Dalmatia was the birthplace of the Roman Emperor Diocletian, who constructed Diocletian's Palace in the core of what is now present day Split. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Diocletian's Palace ( Dioklecijanova palača in Croatian) is a building in Split in Croatia that was built by the emperor Diocletian ^[6] During general reorganization of Roman Empire in 297 AD existing organization in Dalmatia was changed since the southern part of Narona district was cut off and became the Roman province Praevalis (Praevalitana), so Narona district was a region from Budva to the river Cetina,^[7] while Liburnia also one of the provincia Dalmatiarum was northern from Cetina including Skradin. Events By Place Roman Empire Galerius conquers Ctesiphon from the Persians however as part of the peace treaty it Narona was the name of the ancient Roman city that was located in the Neretva valley in present day Croatia. Praevalitana (also Praevaliana or Prevalis) was an ancient Roman province Budva ( Montenegrin language / Serbian language: Будва Budva Italian: Budua is a coastal town in Montenegro. Liburnia in ancient geography was the land of the Liburnians, a region along the northeastern Adriatic coast in Europe, which is today part of Croatia Skradin ( Latin: Scardona) is a small town in the Šibenik-Knin county of Croatia, population about 3986 (2001 census However Liburnia had status of separate administrative-territorial unit sometimes in Antique and later in the early Medieval. ^[8]

The historian Theodore Mommsen wrote (in his The Provinces of the Roman Empire) that all Dalmatia was fully romanized by the fourth century. Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen ( 30 November 1817 &ndash 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, However, analysis of the archaeological material from that period has shown that the process of romanization was rather selective. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or While urban centers, both coastal and inland, were almost completely romanized, the situation in the countryside was completely different. Despite the Illyrians being subject to a strong process of acculturation, they continued to speak their native language, worship their own gods and traditions, and follow their own social-political tribal organization which was adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities. ^[9]

After the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476, with the beginning of the Migration Period, the region was ruled by the Goths up to 535, when Justinian I added Dalmatia to the Byzantine Empire, while Liburnia stayed in Gothic possession as Liburnia Tarsatica. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or ^[10]

Middle Ages

In 568 AD the Avar invasions of devastated all Dalmatia, and the decimated Roman population survived only in the fortified Dalmatian coastal cities. Events By Place Europe April 1 — King Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy refugees fleeing from them go on The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The exception was Salona, the capital of Dalmatia, who's size made it difficult to defend. Salona was an ancient Illyrian Delmati city in the first millennium BC. It was sacked some years later in 639 AD, while the inhabitants who escaped by sea later established themselves in the nearby long-abandoned Diocletian's Palace, thus greatly increasing the size and significance of the city of Spalatum, Salona's successor. Events By Place Europe Clovis II succeeds Dagobert I as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy Diocletian's Palace ( Dioklecijanova palača in Croatian) is a building in Split in Croatia that was built by the emperor Diocletian Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest The romanized population of the interior survived only in th mountainous regions, as a shepherd people called Morlachs. Morlachs (in Serbian Morlaci or Морлаци in Greek Μαυροβλάχοι Mavrovlachi or Mauro-Vlachs, meaning "Black Vlachs " in The local inhabitants maintained the romance Dalmatian language. Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro With the barbarian Avars came tribes of Slavs, who settled Dalmatia. In the 14th century the popes confirmed that the Slavs populating Dalmatia had the privilege to celebrate the eucharistic sacrifice using the Roman Rite (original in Latin language) in the Church Slavonic language with even traces of Croatian language. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those The liturgical rite of the Church of Rome is called the Roman Rite. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring

Arrival of the Slavs

The Slavs started organizing their domain into increasingly powerful states. The Croats controlled the northern and central part of Dalmatia at the time and by the 10th century became an independent kingdom which persisted until the turn of the 12th century. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The Croatian people trace their origins to Slavic peoples which moved into the territory of the former Roman provinces Pannonia and Dalmatia The southern sections of inland Dalmatia were more fragmented, with the Duchies of Pagania (Narenta or the Principality of Narentines), Zahumlje (Hum), Travunia and Doclea/Zeta being occasionally prominent, especially in the later periods. Pagania, Merania or Neretvia (the Narentine Frontier, Ancient Greek:, Italian: Narentani Zachlumia ( Croatian: Zahumlje Serbian: Захумље also known as the Land of the Hum and Chelm, was a Medieval Travunia ( Serbian: Травунија or Травуња Transliterations: Travunija, Travunja; Latin: Terbounia) was a Duklja or Diokletija ( Serbian Cyrillic: Дукља or Диоклетија; Latin: Doclea or Diocleia; Zeta (Serbian Cyrillic Зета, Latin Zenta) was a principality whose territory was mostly Serbian territories that approximately encompass present-day The Serbian state of Rascia expanded at the expense of Travunia and Pagania in the 10th century. Raška ( alternative spellings have included Raschka, Rascia and Rassa) was the central and most successful Medieval Serbian Zahumlje became a vassal of the new Croatian Kingdom in the early 10th century, while the Paganians joined the Croats in statehood in 1050. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, The Croatian people trace their origins to Slavic peoples which moved into the territory of the former Roman provinces Pannonia and Dalmatia After the fall of Serbia in the second half of the 10th century, Duklja took over the leadership in the eastern part of the region creating a large kingdom in 1077. The Croatian Kingdom had its capital cities in Dalmatia: Biaći, Nin, Biograd, Šibenik (founded as a port of the Croatian kingdom, while Byzantium controlled Trogir and Split) Knin, Split, Omiš, Klis, Solin. Biograd na Moru ( Italian: Zaravecchia, Venetian: Xara Vècia) is a city and municipality in northern Dalmatia, Croatia Klis is a village located around a mountain fortress bearing the same name In 1166-1168 the Serbian Grand Duke Stefan Nemanja took rule over the southern Dalmatian duchies. Stefan Nemanja ( Old Church Slavonic: Стѣфань Serbian: Стефан Croatian dukes and the Kingdom of Croatia ruled much of Dalmatia for extended periods from the ninth through to the eleventh centuries.

Rivalry between Venice, Byzantium, Croatia and Hungary

The Romance population of Dalmatia started to develop coastal cities like Dubrovnik and Zadar, where the maritime commerce promoted a rich and powerful development.

The Republic of Venice made several attempts from the tenth century to attain control of the Dalmatian islands and city-states, while Byzantium also preserved an influence on them. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica This Byzantine influence faded towards the end of the eleventh century, by which time the Kingdom of Hungary also expanded its influence southwards when Croatia yielded to Hungarian rule resulting in the Pacta conventa agreement. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Pacta conventa ( Lat agreed accords) was an agreement between King Coloman of Hungary and the Croatian nobility in 1102

The 13th, 14th and 15th centuries were marked by a rivalry between Venice and the Hungarian kingdom, as the Byzantine influence had fully faded.

In 1346, Dalmatia was struck by the Black Death. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia The economic situation was also poor, and the cities became more and more dependent on Venice. During this period, Dalmatia was briefly ruled by Croatian magnates Šubić, the first Bosnian kings , and contested by the Angevins and Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor in the early 15th century, but the end result of this conflict was that the Venetians took control of most of Dalmatia by 1420. The Šubić were one of the twelve tribes which constituted Croatian statehood in the Middle Ages they held the county of Bribir (Varvaria in Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9,

Modern era (1420-1797): Venetian-Turkish rivalry

The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797, the southern enclave being called Albania Veneta. Albania Veneta ( English: Venetian Albania) was the name for the possessions of the Republic of Venice in southern Dalmatia that existed from 1420 Venetian was the commercial lingua franca in the Mediterranean at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal Croatian and Albanian. Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco -

In 1481, it switched allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to the Black Sea, and the Republic of Ragusa was one of fiercest competitors to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th century. The Republic of

The Republic of Venice was also one of the powers most hostile to the Ottoman Empire's expansion, and participated in many wars against it. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older European As the Turks took control of the hinterland, many Christians took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia.

After the Great Turkish War, more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland. The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers then joined into a Holy League

The Republic of Ragusa

The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the treaty of Zadar when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to Louis I of Hungary. The Treaty of Zadar, also known as the Treaty of Zara, was a Peace treaty signed in Zadar, Dalmatia on Feb 18 1358 by which Louis I the Great (I (Nagy Lajos Ludwik Węgierski Serbian: Lajoš I/Лајош I Croatian: Ludovik I Czech: Ludvík I

Napoleonic times

This period was abruptly interrupted with the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. Napoleon's troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, but saving it from occupation by the Russian Empire and Montenegro. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

In 1805, Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Cattaro (Kotor). In 1809 he removed the Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces, which were annexed to France, and created his marshal Nicolas Soult duke of Dalmatia. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named

Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with many wars, which caused many rebellions. On the other side, French rule contributed a lot to the Italian and Croatian national awakenings (the first newspaper in Italian and Croatian was issued then, the Il Regio Dalmata-Kraglski Dalmatin in Zara). French rule brought a lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed Marechal Marmont, the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent on Dalmatia. Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont, 1st Duc de Ragusa ( 20 July 1774 &ndash 22 March 1852) was a French

Dalmatia in the time of Nationalisms

Austria-Hungary

At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Dalmatia was granted as a province to the Emperor of Austria. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich It was officially known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Kingdom of Dalmatia was an administrative division (kingdom of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1815 to 1918

In 1848, the Croatian Assembly (Sabor) published the People's Requests, in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia. The Dubrovnik Municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper L'Avvenire (The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the Habsburg territories, the inclusion of Dalmatia into Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood. The president of the council of Kingdom of Dalmatia was the politician Baron Biagio Ghetaldi.

In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature (Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog književstva), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "To Dubrovnik". Petar Preradović ( March 19, 1818 - August 18, 1872) was a Croatian poet This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to the awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the so-called Imposed Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848 and 1849, did not succeed at that time.

In 1861 was the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly, with representatives from Dubrovnik. Representatives of Kotor (the Venetian "Cattaro") came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Dubrovnik gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from the ramparts and exhibiting the slogan: Ragusa with Cattaro (Kotor). The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to Vienna; Dubrovnik nominated Niko Pucić. Niko Pucic went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Assembly.

In 1883 was the death of politician Niko Pucić (born 1820). Niko Pucić de Zagorien (also Nicolaus Pozza) ( February 9 1820 - March 13 1883) was a Croat politician from He was a member of the Croatian Assembly and champion of the unification of Dalmatia (particularly Dubrovnik) with Croatia. He was the editor of the review Ragusa and founder of the review Slovinac. In the same year died Ivan August Kaznacić (born 1817), publicist and promoter of the Illyrian cause. He edited the review Zora dalmatinska (Dalmatian Dawn) and founded the Dubrovnik review L'Avvenire.

In 1893, the minister of the city, the Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, opened the monument for Ivan Gundulić in Piazza Gundulic (Gondola). The unveiling of the Gundulić monument in Dubrovnik on May 20, 1893, was a symbolical

At the same time, part of the population of the coastal cities identified themselves with Italian ethnicity and gave rise to irredentistic movements, especially around Zadar, called Zara in Italian. Irredentism is any position advocating Annexation of territories administered by another State on the grounds of common Ethnicity or prior historical possession

In the First World War, the Austrian Empire disintegrated, and Dalmatia was again split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy which held small portions of northern Dalmatia around Zadar and the islands of Cres, Lošinj and Lastovo. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Cres (pronounced "Tsres" in Croatian, Cherso Kersch Crepsa Greek: Chèrsos, Χερσος) is an Adriatic island Lošinj (pronounced loh-sheen ( Italian Lussino; German: Lötzing; Latin Apsorrus, Greek: Apsorros

After Word War I: Italian-Yugoslavian rivalry

After 1918, nearly all the Italian population of Dalmatia incorporated into Yugoslavia took refuge in Zadar. In 1922, the Dalmatian region of Yugoslavia was divided into two provinces, the District of the City of Split (Splitska oblast), with capital in Split, and the District of the City of Dubrovnik (Dubrovačka oblast), with capital in Dubrovnik.

In 1929, the Maritime Banovina (Primorska Banovina), a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, was formed. The Littoral Banovina or Littoral Banate ( Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Primorska banovina) was a province ( banovina) Its capital was Split, and it included most of Dalmatia and parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Southern parts of Dalmatia were in Zeta Banovina, from the Gulf of Kotor to Pelješac peninsula including Dubrovnik. The Zeta Banovina or Zeta Banate ( Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian: Зетска бановина/ Zetska banovina) was a province ( Pelješac ( Chakavian: Pelišac is a Peninsula in southern Croatia, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county.

In 1939, the Maritime Banovina was joined with Sava Banovina (and with smaller parts of other banovina's) to form a new province named the Banovina of Croatia. The Sava Banovina or Sava Banate ( Croatian: Savska banovina) was a province ( banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and The Banovina of Croatia or Banate of Croatia ( Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian: Banovina Hrvatska) was a province ( Banovina In 1939, ethnic Croatian areas of the Zeta Banovina from the Gulf of Kotor to Pelješac including Dubrovnik were merged with a new Banovina of Croatia.

During World War II, in 1941, Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria occupied Yugoslavia, redrawing their borders. The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian A new Nazi puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), was formed, and the Kingdom of Italy was assigned some parts of the Dalmatian coast, notably around Zadar and Split, as well as many islands. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom The remaining parts of Dalmatia became part of the NDH. Many Croats moved away from the Italian Governatorato di Dalmazia (as the Italian Dalmatia was called) and took refuge in the Fascist state of Croatia, which became the fighting ground for a guerrilla war between the Axis and the Partisans. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani

After the surrender of Italy in September 1943, the Italian population concentrated in Zara was harassed for over a year by allied bombardments carried out at the request of Tito (Zara is nicknamed "The Italian Dresden") and finally was forced to escape en masse from Tito's partisans. There were more than 20,000 Italians in Zara before World War II, but only 80 Italians remained in this city after 1946.

Dalmatia in Yugoslavia

After the defeat of Italy and NDH, Dalmatia was restored to Croatia, more precisely, to the People's Republic of Croatia, part of the Second Yugoslavia (then called the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia). The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian:

Dalmatia was divided between three federal republics of Yugoslavia - almost all of the territory went to Croatia, leaving the Gulf of Kotor to Montenegro and a small strip of coast at Neum to Bosnia and Herzegovina. A federal republic is a Federation of States with a republican form of government Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Neum ( Latin Neum, Greek Nèon, Νεον) is the only seaside town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. When Yugoslavia dissolved in 1991, the republican borders became international borders as they are now.

Contemporary Dalmatia

After the Balkan war of the nineties, Dalmatia is divided between:

• Croatia (nearly 92% of the Dalmatia coast). Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between
• Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the administrative area of coastal Herzegovina-Neretva). The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine Федерација Босне и Херцеговине) is one of the two political Municipalities The canton is split into the municipalities of Čapljina, Čitluk, Jablanica, Konjic, Mostar, Neum
• Montenegro (the municipalities of the Bay of Kotor, Budva, Bar and Ulcinj. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus Budva ( Montenegrin language / Serbian language: Будва Budva Italian: Budua is a coastal town in Montenegro. Ulcinj ( Montenegrin / Serbian Cyrillic: Улцињ Albanian: Ulqin or Ulqini, Italian: Dulcigno, Ülgün

Postage stamps

Italy issued special postage stamps for the part of northern Dalmatia it had occupied during World War I, necessitated by the locals' use of Austrian currency. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services The stamps were produced as surcharges of Italian stamps; the first appeared 1 May 1919, and consisted of the Italian one-lira overprinted "una / corona". Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

5c and 10c overprints were issued in 1921, reading "5[10] / centesimi / di corona", followed by an additional five values in 1922. Similar overprints were made for special delivery and postage due stamps. Postage due is the term used for Mail sent with insufficient postage

Soon after, the annexed territories switched to Italian currency and stamps. As a result, usage was uncommon and validly-used stamps are today worth about 50-100% more than unused. They are easily confused with the Italian issues used in occupied Austria; the Dalmatian overprints are distinguished by their use of a sans serif typeface. History Ancient usages Sans-serif letter forms can be found in Latin Etruscan, and Greek inscriptions for as early as 5th century BC

Gallery

The Pjaca square in Split. Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest	Šibenik	Panoramic view of Zadar	Roman Forum in Zadar
Summer on a street in Krapanj	Panoramic view of Hvar	Panoramic view of Bol	Inside the Korčula (town)

See also

• Kingdom of Dalmatia
• Dalmatian language
• Dalmatian Italians
• Illyria
• Morlachs

References

External links

• Dalmatia travel guide from Wikitravel
• Dalmatia travel guide

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